动脉置入导管化疗后二期切除治疗晚期直肠癌

目的探讨晚期直肠癌动脉栓塞化疗后二期切除的远期疗效。方法对９６例不能手术根治切除的晚期直肠癌行髂内动脉、直肠上动脉置管栓塞化疗,对其中部分缓解且无远处或局部广泛转移的３１例进行二期切除。结果获随访２９例,死亡８例,２１例健在,其中无癌生存１６例,１,３,５年生存率（寿命表法）分别为９３０％,７８０％,７０８％。结论髂内动脉、直肠上动脉置管栓塞化疗后二期切除晚期直肠癌,提高了根治性切除率和远期疗效。     

直肠癌 Dixon 术后直肠静息压力与吻合口漏发生的关系

目的：探讨直肠静息压力在直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏发生的关系及在临床中的应用价值。方法将2009年1月至2013年7月间收治的89例经腹直肠癌前切除术患者采用随机分组方式,治疗组46例：术后给予扩肛治疗;对照组43例：术后未行扩肛治疗。应用SPSS 11．5统计学软件进行统计分析,术前、术后直肠静息压变化数据采用配对t检验,两组间吻合口漏发生率比较采用χ2检验,P＜0．05为有统计学意义。结果89例经腹直肠癌前切除术患者均顺利完成手术,对照组术后直肠静息压平均值（5．37±2．43） kPa,显著高于术前,差异有统计学意义（t＝2．526, P＝0．012）;治疗组术后直肠静息压平均值（1．56±0．79） kPa,显著低于术前和对照组,差异有统计学意义（t＝3．021、t＝4．526, P＝0．027、P＝0．035）。吻合口漏发生率比较：治疗组（4．3％）吻合口漏发生率明显低于对照组（13．9％）,差异有统计学意义（χ2＝3．526, P＝0．01）。结论术后直肠静息压高低与直肠癌前切除术后吻合口漏的发生有一定关系,降低直肠静息压可以预防术后吻合口漏的发生。     

手术前区域动脉灌注化疗治疗结肠直肠癌的远期疗效观察

目的：总结应用术前区域动脉灌注化疗（preoperative regional intraarterial chemotherapy,PRAC)治疗结肠直肠癌的临床经验,探讨结肠直肠癌综合治疗方法的远期临床疗效。方法;采用Seldinger方法选择肿瘤的供应动脉,造影明确诊断后,注入化疗药物,术后10d进行结肠直肠癌的根治手术,术后应用5－氟脲嘧啶加甲酰四氢叶酸钙化疗方案6个疗程,同期未行PRAC而直接接受手术治疗者作为对照组,结果：PRAC组患者术后1年生存率为93．05％,对照组为80．78％,3年生存率则分别为71．80％和40．76％,2组对比差异有显著性意义（P＝0．023）,通过对2组多项临床病理因素对术后生存期的影响进行COX多因素分析,发现肿瘤的Dukes分期以及是否行PRAC对预后有明显影响,行PRAC组患者术后生存期明显延长,结论：PRAC治疗结肠直肠癌可以提高患者术后长期生存时间。     

三维超声对直肠无蒂息肉及早期癌的诊断价值探讨

本文对１７例直肠无蒂息肉及早期癌和５７例直肠浸润癌进行直肠腔内三维超声扫查，旨在探讨超声对直肠无蒂息肉与直肠癌的诊断价值。结果，腔内三维超声对病变侵犯肠壁层次判断的符合率为９１．９％（Ｐ＜０．００１）。腔内三维超声可清晰显示肠壁受累层次肠周淋巴结状况，但不能完全区分直无蒂息和早期癌，区分两者尚需开发频率更高的直肠腔内探头。     

静脉营养支持对晚期直肠癌化疗效果的影响

目的 应用细胞动力学方法，研究短期静脉营养支持对晚期直肠癌化疗效果的影响。方法将无法根治切除或复发的晚期直肠癌患者３２例随机分为（１）营养组、（２）化疗组和（３）营养＋化疗组，分析三组的癌细胞和正常细胞ＤＮＡ含量、倍体类型及细胞周期各时相比例，比较组间的化疗有效率。结果 营养组治疗后肿瘤细胞Ｓ期和Ｓ＋Ｇ２＋Ｍ期的百分数明显增高，营养＋化疗组显著下降，化疗组无变化，各组正常直肠膜在治疗前后无变化。营     

消痔灵注射治疗后,晚期直肠癌6例临床观察

１９９１～１９９８年间，对６例中、晚期直肠癌患者，采用“消痔灵”注射的方法，即用稀释后（１：１）的消痔灵液作两侧骨盆直肠间隙、直肠后间隙、直肠腔内癌瘤周围及直肠腔内癌瘤实体的四步注射，收到了满意的效果。该方法简便安全，易掌握，患者痛苦小，易接受。该方法是直肠癌切除手术、放、化疗等综合治疗的一种补充。     

腹腔镜联合辅助化疗及内镜治疗进展期结直肠癌合并腺瘤的应用研究

目的：探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗加二期内镜下治疗结直肠癌合并根治术切除范围外结直肠腺瘤的临床应用价值。方法：2005年1月-2010年6月对54例进展期结直肠癌合并根治术切除范围外结直肠腺瘤（〉1．0cm）的患者（研究组）行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗（FOLFOX4方案）加二期内镜下腺瘤切除的综合治疗,对同期396例单发进展期结直肠癌患者（对照组）行腹腔镜结直肠癌切除术加辅助化疗（FOLFOX4方案）。通过并发症发生率、长期随访等评价治疗效果。结果：2组患者在年龄、性别、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率、平均住院时间、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、TNM分期及1、3和5年存活率差异无统计学意义（P〉O．05）。研究组辅助化疗后对合并腺瘤进行内镜下切除治疗,4例出血经保守治疗后成功止血,未发生穿孔、狭窄等严重并发症;3例患者术后病理组织学检查为腺瘤癌变,其中2例癌变局限于腺瘤中,1例癌细胞侵犯达黏膜下层,该例患者再次行腹腔镜下切除,术后随访无复发。结论：腹腔镜联合辅助化疗及内镜为合并结直肠癌根治术切除范围外腺瘤的患者提供了一种安全有效的微创治疗方法,值得临床推厂和应用。     

三泵化疗预防直肠癌术后局部复发及肝转移的研究

目的探讨双侧髂内动脉加门静脉置泵化学治疗（三泵化疗）预防直肠癌根治术后局部复发和肝脏转移的价值。方法回顾性总结直肠癌根治术１４６例患者采用三泵化疗（Ⅰ组）４４例,单侧髂内动脉加门静脉置泵化疗（Ⅱ组）５０例,全身化疗（Ⅲ组）５２例,均行５氟脲嘧啶加丝裂霉素Ｃ化疗方案。结果ＤｕｋｅｓＣ期患者：Ⅰ组３年生存率、局部复发率、肝转移率分别为８２１％、１０７％、７１％,Ⅲ组为４３３％、５０％和３６７％,两组分别相比差异均有显著意义（Ｐ＜００１）。Ⅱ组局部复发率（４０６％）与Ⅰ组（１０７％）相比差异有显著意义（Ｐ＜００１）。结论三泵化疗效果优于全身化疗,双侧髂内动脉置泵化疗优于单侧髂内动脉置泵化疗。     

消痔灵注射治疗中、晚期直肠癌6例临床观察

１９９１～１９９８年间,对６例中、晚期直肠癌患者,采用“消痔灵”注射的方法,即用稀释后1：１）的消痔灵液作两侧骨盆直肠间隙、直肠后间隙、直肠腔内癌瘤周围及直场腔内癌瘤实体的四步注射,收到了满意的效果。该方法简便安全,易掌握,患者痛苦小,易接受。该方法是直肠癌切除手术、放、化疗等综合治疗的一种补充。     

盆腔灌洗防治直肠癌低位前切除术后吻合口瘘的对比研究

目的探讨直肠癌前切除或低位前切除术后盆腔内连续灌洗法防治吻合口瘘的作用。方法将１９９５年１月至１９９８年６月间我院收治直肠癌行直肠前切除（ＡＲ）或低位直肠前切除（ＬＡＲ）７４例随机分为２组,一组进行连续灌洗,另一组常规引流对照观察。结果灌洗组无瘘发生,而对照组瘘发生率为１３５％（５／３７）,两组比较差异有显著意义（Ｐ＝００１１５）。结论连续灌洗法可有效清除吻合口周围的血液和坏死组织,是防治吻合口瘘的一项有效措施。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.