胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因修饰后间充质干细胞的生长与分化

背景：近年来,研究表明外源性神经营养因子或化学诱导剂可诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化,但外源性诱导剂诱导作用短暂且化学性物质不可避免的对细胞活力造成负面影响,一定程度上限制了骨髓间充质干细胞的基础研究与临床应用空间。 目的：以载胶质细胞源性神经营养因子和绿色荧光蛋白基因重组腺病毒(Ad-rGDNF-GFP)转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,观察目的基因在靶细胞内的表达、对细胞的营养作用及对骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化的影响。 方法：转染组中以Ad-rGDNF-GFP转染骨髓间充质干细胞,感染复数分别为10,50,80,100,150,200;对照组加入等量的培养液作为对照。转染后12 h,倒置荧光显微镜观察2组中绿色荧光蛋白的表达情况;转染后72 h,流式细胞仪测定转染组中转染效率;MTT法测定2组中细胞活力;转染后5,10 d,PCR检测转染组中胶质细胞源性神经营养因子mRNA的表达;转染后5 d免疫荧光鉴定2组中神经元烯醇化酶的表达情况,转染后10 d鉴定微管相关蛋白2的表达。 结果与结论：转染后12 h,细胞中可观察到绿色荧光蛋白的表达,随时间延长荧光强度逐渐加强。以感染复数=100时绿色荧光蛋白的表达强度、稳定性较好,转染后3 d,转染效率近90%;转染后转染组细胞活力增加;转染5 d后,骨髓间充质干细胞表达神经元烯醇化酶,细胞伸出神经样细胞突起;转染10 d后,胶质细胞源性神经营养因子mRNA表达显著增强,骨髓间充质干细胞表达神微管相关蛋白2,细胞突触样结构明显且相互连接成网,呈现典型神经样细胞形态。说明以Ad-rGDNF-GFP转染骨髓间充质干细胞,感染复数=100时,可获得较高的转染效率,胶质细胞源性神经营养因子表达后明显提高了骨髓间充质干细胞活力,并诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞定向分化。     

转染胶质细胞源性神经营养因子诱导神经干细胞分化

背景：神经干细胞为神经系统功能重建和神经再生提供了一条新的途径,解决其定向诱导分化问题仍是目前的研究热点。 目的：探讨转染胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因诱导大鼠胚胎神经干细胞向神经元和多巴胺能神经元分化的作用。 方法：构建PcDNA3-GDNF-GFP表达质粒,用脂质体介导该质粒转染大鼠胚胎神经干细胞并进行诱导分化,荧光显微镜观察转染情况,免疫荧光染色检测β微管蛋白Ⅲ和酪氨酸羟化酶表达。 结果与结论：胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因转染后3 d,可观察到细胞呈绿色荧光细胞球状。诱导分化7 d,神经干细胞分化为神经元以及多巴胺神经元的比例明显增高。结果表明胶质细胞源性神经营养因子基因可以促进神经干细胞向神经元以及多巴胺能神经元分化。 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对猴骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的影响

背景：鉴于骨髓间充质干细胞体外分化为神经样细胞的最终研究目的,是将诱导后的细胞移植入体内参与损伤神经系统的修复过程,因此,保证移植细胞的活性显得十分重要。 目的：探讨胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对隐丹参酮体外诱导猴骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的保护作用。 方法：以隐丹参酮为诱导剂诱导第8代猴骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞,应用流式细胞仪检测不同时段诱导细胞的凋亡百分比(每间隔0.5 h为1组,共12组)。选择细胞凋亡百分比较高的一个时段,观察添加不同质量浓度胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(0-100 μg/L,共11组)对诱导细胞凋亡的影响。 结果与结论：诱导后细胞凋亡百分比逐渐升高,约4 h时达到峰值,维持约1 h后下降(P < 0.05)。 随着胶质细胞源性神经营养因子质量浓度由0 μg/L提高到30 μg/L,细胞凋亡百分比逐渐下降(P < 0.05),当胶质细胞源性神经营养因子质量浓度超过30 μg/L后,细胞凋亡水平受胶质细胞源性神经营养因子质量浓度影响不再显著。结果可见胶质细胞源性神经营养因子在隐丹参酮体外诱导猴骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞过程中具有保护作用。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子诱导神经干细胞分化过程中bHLH转录因子的表达变化

目的观察胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF）对神经干细胞分化的影响,探讨碱性螺旋环螺旋（basic helix-loop-helix,bHLH）转录因子是否参与在此过程中。方法无菌条件下取孕14。16d胎鼠端脑进行神经干细胞体外培养,将第三代神经球分为对照组和GDNF组,分化1、3、7d细胞进行免疫荧光染色并计算β-tubulinIII阳性率,荧光定量PCR技术检测bHLH基因Hes-1、Hes．5、Mash-1的表达变化。结果免疫荧光染色结果显示,分化1、3、7d时,β-tubulinlll阳性细胞比率分别为：对照组：（3．76±1．14）％、（7．40±1．25）％、（12．65±1．58）％;GDNF组：（7．29±1．57）％、（19．80±1．67）％、（27．55±2．03）％,GDNF组神经元分化率明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。荧光定量PCR结果显示,Hes-1和Hes-5在分化1、3、7d均保持极低表达,各时间点间比较无明显差异;Mash-1表达则在分化1、3、7d内持续上升,各时间点间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论GDNF能通过Mash-1的激活来诱导神经干细胞分化为更多的神经元,并且此过程中bHLH转录因子表达有明显特异性,将为日后进行神经干细胞定向分化的机制研究奠定基础。     

季铵盐壳聚糖三维支架复合GNDF载间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化

背景：壳聚糖类水凝胶因其良好的生物相容性、可降解性及对药物的缓释作用,作为支架材料近年来在组织损伤修复领域逐渐成为研究热点。 目的：探索大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞在季铵盐壳聚糖温敏凝胶支架上生长、向神经样细胞定向分化的可行性,为治疗神经系统损伤寻找理想的组织工程材料。 方法：季铵盐壳聚糖与β-甘油磷酸钠复合制成温敏凝胶,扫描电镜观察凝胶的三维结构,MTT法评价凝胶浸提液对骨髓间充质干细胞活力的影响;将牛血清白蛋白加载于凝胶支架,紫外光谱吸收法分析凝胶支架对牛血清白蛋白的缓释效果。接种大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞于凝胶支架,扫描电镜观察在支架缓释胶质细胞源性神经营养因子作用下,骨髓间充质干细胞的生长、分化情况,免疫荧光技术检测神经元烯醇化酶的表达。 结果与结论：季铵盐化壳聚糖与甘油磷酸钠复合所得凝胶支架,其多孔性特点明显,有温敏特性,对蛋白的缓释效果良好,承载大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞后,对其增殖无明显不利影响。在凝胶支架缓释的胶质细胞源性神经营养因子作用下,骨髓间充质干细胞呈现神经样细胞形态,表达神经元特异性标记物神经元烯醇化酶。说明季铵盐壳聚糖温敏凝胶对胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的缓释效果良好,其凝胶支架具有多孔径、良好生物相容性特点,可承载大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞体外生长和向神经元定向分化。     

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha1 availability regulates glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling: evidence from mice carrying one or two mutated alleles

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor alpha1 (GFRalpha1, also known as GDNFR-alpha) is a glycolipid-anchored membrane protein of the GFRalpha family, which binds glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor [Jing S. et al. (1996) Cell 85, 1113-1124; Treanor J. J. et al. (1996) Nature 382, 80-83], a survival factor for several populations of central and peripheral neurons, including midbrain dopamine neurons [Lin L. F. et al. (1993) Science 260, 1130-1132], and mediates its ligand-induced cell response via a tyrosine kinase receptor called Ret [Takahashi M. et al. (1988) Oncogene 3, 571-578; Takahashi M. and Cooper G. M. (1987) Molec. Cell Biol. 7, 1378-1385]. In this paper, we show that mice with a null mutation of the GFRalpha1 gene manifest epithelial-mesenchymal interaction deficits in kidney and severe disturbances of intestinal tract development similar to those seen with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor or Ret null mutations. There is a marked renal dysgenesis or agenesis and the intrinsic enteric nervous system fails completely to develop. We also show that newborn GFRalpha1-deficient mice display no or minimal changes in dorsal root and sympathetic ganglia. This is in contrast to the deficits reported in these neuronal populations in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and Ret null mutations. Mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area appear intact at the time of birth of the mutated mice. Mice homozygous for the GFRalpha1 null mutation die within 24 h of birth because of uremia. Heterozygous animals, however, live to adulthood. There is a significantly reduced neuroprotective effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in such heterozygous animals, compared with wild-type littermates, after cerebral ischemia. Taken together with previous data on glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and Ret, our results strongly suggest that GFRalpha1 is the essential GFRalpha receptor for signaling in the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-Ret pathway in the kidney and enteric nervous system development, and that GFRalpha2 or GFRalpha3 cannot substitute for the absence of GFRalpha1. Moreover, neuroprotective actions of exogenous glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor also require full GFRalpha1 receptor expression.     

Non-viral delivery of the gene for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor to mesenchymal stem cells in vitro via a collagen scaffold

Recent advances in tissue engineering that combine an extracellular matrix-like scaffold with therapeutic molecules, cells, DNA encoding therapeutic proteins, or a combination of the three hold promise for treating defects in the brain resulting from a penetrating injury or tumor resection. The purpose of this study was to investigate a porous sponge-like collagen scaffold for non-viral delivery of a plasmid encoding for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (pGDNF) to rat marrow stromal stem cells (also referred to as mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs). The effects of the following parameters on GDNF synthesis in the three-dimensional (3D) constructs were evaluated and compared with results in monolayer culture: initial plasmid load (2-50 microg pGDNF), ratio of a lipid transfection reagent to plasmid (5:10), culture environment during the transfection (static and dynamic), and cell density. The level of gene expression in the collagen scaffolds achieved therapeutic levels that had previously been found to support survival of dopaminergic and trigeminal neurons in vitro. For the highest loading of plasmid (50 microg), the level of GDNF protein remained six to seven times above the control level after 2 weeks, a significant difference. Cell density in the scaffold was of importance for an early increase in GDNF production, with accumulated GDNF being approximately 60% greater after 9 days of culture when scaffolds were initially seeded with 2 million rat MSCs compared to 500,000 cells. Application of orbital shaking during the 4 h of transfection had a positive effect on the production of GDNF on 3D constructs but not of the same magnitude as reported in monolayer studies. Overall, these results demonstrate that the combination of tissue engineering and non-viral transfection of MSCs for the over-expression of GDNF is a promising approach for the long-term production of GDNF and probably for neurotrophic factors in general.     

Chromaffin cell mitogenesis by neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor.

Neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor are novel mitogens for normal adult rat chromaffin cells in vitro. These neurotrophic factors differ from the previously described adult chromaffin cell mitogens, nerve growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, in that their effects are potentiated by depolarization and activation of protein kinase C. Neurturin and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signal via the receptor tyrosine kinase, ret, but may also act independently of ret. Both depolarization and phorbol esters act synergistically with neurturin to up-regulate ret protein expression in chromaffin cell cultures, suggesting a mechanism for potentiation of mitogenesis. However, a direct role for ret in mitogenesis has not been established. Stimulation by neurturin causes increased phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 in cultured chromaffin cells, and mitogenesis is prevented by inhibitors of their phosphorylation. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase also prevent mitogenesis.The present findings suggest the hypothesis that neurotrophic factors and neurally derived signals might cooperatively regulate chromaffin cell proliferation in vivo in the rat. In addition, trans-synaptic stimulation might provide a route by which epigenetic factors could influence the development of adrenal medullary hyperplasia in humans with hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes 2A and 2B by affecting expression and/or activation of ret.     

Effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor on isolated developing mouse Sertoli cells in vitro

Cell proliferation is a key factor in sex determination where a size increase relative to the XX gonad is one of the first signs of testis differentiation. Moreover, proliferation of Sertoli cells during development is important in building up the stock of supporting cells necessary for subsequent successful fertility. Because proliferation is such an essential part of testis development, the hypothesis under long-term investigation is that it is under fail-safe control by multiple alternative growth factors. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on developing mouse Sertoli cells in vitro. Sertoli cells, isolated from mouse embryos at three stages of testis development, were maintained for 2-7 days in vitro (div) in the presence or absence of GDNF at 1, 10 and 100 ng mL(-1). Overall the presence of extracellular matrix gel had little effect on proliferative activity, but encouraged expression of the epithelial phenotype. A statistically significant difference in proliferation, assessed by immunocytochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen, was seen with GDNF at embryonic day (E)12.5 after 2 div (at both 10 and 100 ng mL(-1), P < 0.001) and 7 div (at both 10 and 100 ng mL(-1), P < 0.05); at E13.5 after 3 div (at both 10 and 100 ng mL(-1), P < 0.05) and at E14.5 after 7 div (100 ng mL(-1), P < 0.01), compared with controls cultured without growth factor. In conclusion, GDNF stimulates mitosis throughout this critical developmental window. The in vitro approach used here is a useful adjunct to the knockout mouse model and has been applied to show that GDNF exerts a proliferative effect on developing mouse Sertoli cells.     

Regulation of neural development by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its three relatives constitute a novel family of neurotrophic factors, the GDNF family ligands. These factors signal through a multicomponent receptor complex comprising a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface molecule (GDNF family receptor (GFR) alpha) and RET tyrosine kinase, triggering the activation of multiple signaling pathways in responsive cells. Recent gene-targeting studies have demonstrated that GDNF family ligands are essential for the development of a diverse set of neuronal populations and we have now started to understand how these ligands uniquely regulate the formation and sculpting of the nervous system. Recent studies have also revealed interactions by multiple extracellular signals during neural development. The deciphering of GDNF family ligand signaling in neural cells promises to provide vital new insights into the development and pathology of the nervous system.     

The in vivo response of stem and other undifferentiated spermatogonia to the reversible inhibition of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the adult

Maintaining adequate numbers of spermatogonial stem cells is required for the production of the millions of sperm required for male fertility. To date, however, the mechanisms that regulate the size of this pool in the adult are poorly defined. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is required for establishing this pool in the prepubertal animal, but its in vivo function in the normal adult testis has never been examined directly. We used a chemical-genetic approach to address this issue. We generated mice carrying a single amino acid mutation (V805A) in Ret, the kinase subunit of the GDNF receptor. This mutation does not affect normal GDNF signaling but renders it susceptible to inhibition by the ATP competitive inhibitor, NA-PP1. When GDNF signaling was blocked in adults for 11 days, only a few cells remained that expressed the stem spermatogonial markers, Gfrα1 and Zbtb16, and testicular Ret mRNA content was reduced markedly. These decreases were associated with depletion of functional stem spermatogonia; some were lost when GDNF signaling was inhibited for only 2 days while others survived for up to 11 days. However, when signaling was restored, the remaining stem cells proliferated, initiating tissue restoration. In conclusion, these results provide the first direct proof that GDNF acutely regulates the number of spermatogonial stem cells in the normal adult testis. Additionally, these results demonstrate different sensitivities among subpopulation of these stem cells to inhibition of GDNF signaling.     

Acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain, a marine-derived oligosaccharide, activates human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor signaling

Gial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) modulates neuronal cell differentiation during development and protects against neurodegeneration by preventing apoptosis at maturity. GDNF's role in tissue maintenance has generated interest in the therapeutic potential of GDNF in treating neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. Heparan sulfate has been shown to be essential for GDNF signaling and altering the levels of heparan sulfate promotes or inhibits GDNF functional activity. To search for other oligosaccharides capable of modulating GDNF activity as potential therapeutic molecules, we investigated the effect of acidic oligosaccharide sugar chain (AOSC) and its sulfated derivative on GDNF induced neurotrophic events by using Western-blotting, immunofluorescence cell staining, and immunoprecipitation techniques in PC12 cells expressing the GDNF receptors GFR alpha 1-Ret. AOSC significantly improved the neurite outgrowth and activated c-Ret phosphorylation in PC12-GFR alpha 1-Ret cells, but its sulfated derivative inhibited GDNF activity. Studies to understand the opposing biological effects of AOSC and its sulfated derivative on GDNF activity demonstrated that reduced GDNF binding to PC12-GFR alpha 1-Ret cell surface in the presence of the sulfated derivative likely suppressed GDNF activity as both AOSC and its sulfated derivatives had similar binding affinities to GDNF. This study illustrates the importance of oligosaccharide structure and charge on influencing GDNF activity and the potential use of oligosaccharides in modulating GDNF activity for therapeutic purposes.     

控释神经营养因子与细胞移植减少损伤脊髓的胶质瘢痕

背景：前期研究发现控释胶质细胞源性神经营养因子与骨髓间充质干细胞源神经元样细胞联合移植可有效促进猕猴脊髓损伤后运动功能和感觉功能的恢复。 目的：观察控释胶质细胞源性神经营养因子联合骨髓间充质干细胞源神经元样细胞移植抑制猴脊髓损伤后胶质瘢痕形成的作用是否优于单纯细胞移植。 方法：取12只恒河猴,采用改良Allen氏法制作急性重度脊髓损伤模型,随机数字表法分为3组,实验组以控释胶质细胞源性神经营养因子联合自体骨髓间充质干细胞源神经元样细胞移植修复,对照组以自体骨髓间充质干细胞源神经元样细胞移植修复,空白对照组以磷酸盐缓冲液修复。修复后5个月,取出脊髓组织制成石蜡标本,应用免疫组织化学染色显示胶质瘢痕的形态特征、构成特点及瘢痕中神经纤维的再生情况,检测胶质瘢痕面积及胶质纤维酸性蛋白染色的平均吸光度值。 结果与结论：脊髓损伤部位胶质瘢痕由混合性增生的星形胶质细胞和组织细胞构成。空白对照组脊髓胶质瘢痕累及范围广,星形胶质细胞增生显著,神经丝蛋白免疫组织化学染色阴性,胶质瘢痕面积、胶质纤维酸性蛋白染色平均吸光度值高于实验组与对照组(P < 0.05);实验组、对照组脊髓胶质瘢痕累及范围较局限,神经丝蛋白免疫组织化学染色显示有少量神经纤维通过瘢痕区,并且实验组胶质瘢痕面积、胶质纤维酸性蛋白染色平均吸光度值低于对照组(P < 0.05)。结果表明,控释胶质细胞源性神经营养因子联合骨髓间充质干细胞源性神经元样细胞移植可更强抑制脊髓损伤后胶质瘢痕的形成。     

生殖细胞核因子在精原干细胞体外培养分化中的表达

目的 将分离纯化的小鼠精原干细胞(SSCs)体外培养并诱导分化,检测生殖细胞核因子(GCNF)在小鼠SSCs诱导分化前后的表达.方法 用干细胞因子(SCF)诱导小鼠SSCs向精母细胞分化,通过间接免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR,检测GCNF在小鼠SSCs诱导分化前后的表达.结果 小鼠SSCs向精母细胞诱导分化前后,在倒置相差显微镜下进行形态学观察,细胞形态未发生明显变化,仍然呈圆形或椭圆形,核较大;间接免疫荧光及RT-PCR结果均显示,原代培养的小鼠SSCs呈现GCNF阴性,但是向精母细胞诱导分化2d后,GCNF开始表达.结论 GCNF在体外培养小鼠SSCs向精母细胞分化的早期有表达,提示GCNF可能参与了SSCs的早期分化.     

Immunohistochemical localization of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the human central nervous system

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, initially purified from the rat glial cell line B49, has the ability to promote the survival and differentiation of various types of neurons in the central and peripheral nervous systems. In the present study, to evaluate the physiological role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system, we investigated the cellular and regional distribution of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity in autopsied control human brains and spinal cords using a polyclonal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-specific antibody. On western blot analysis, the antibody reacted with recombinant human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, and recognized a single band at a molecular weight of approximately 34,000 in human brain homogenates. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor immunoreactivity was observed mainly in the neuronal somata, dendrites and axons. In the telencephalon, diencephalon and brainstem, the cell bodies and proximal processes of several neuronal subtypes were immunostained with punctate dots. Furthermore, immunopositive nerve fibers were also observed, and numerous axons were intensely immunolabeled in the internal segment of the globus pallidus and the pars reticulata of the substantia nigra. In the cerebellum, the most conspicuous immunostaining was found in the Purkinje cells, in which the somata and dendrites were strongly immunolabeled. Intense immunoreactivity was also detected in the posterior horn of the spinal cord. In addition to the neuronal elements, immunopositive glial cell bodies and processes were observed in various regions.

Our results suggest that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor is widely localized, but can be found selectively in certain neuronal subpopulations of the human central nervous system. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor may regulate the maintenance of neuronal functions under normal circumstances.     

脑缺血后GDNF的表达与应用的研究进展

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子 (GDNF)具有广谱性神经营养作用。在脑缺血后组织修复的研究中 ,发现GDNF参与神经修复过程。在几种脑缺血模型中均可见到该蛋白基因的mRNA或蛋白本身及其受体表达。在给以外源性的GDNF实验中 ,发现此蛋白在脑缺血时表现出强大的神经保护作用 ,使脑梗塞面积减小 ,脑水肿程度减轻 ,存活神经元数明显增加 ,显示出良好的应用前景。