十二指肠腺瘤一例简

患者,男性,58岁,以“十二指肠球部息肉”收住入院。患者于2年前无明显诱因出现上腹部饱胀不适,餐后尤甚,无反酸、烧灼,无呃逆、嗳气,无腹痛及放射痛,无恶心、呕吐,无腹泻及黑便,无黄疸等症状。入院行电子胃镜检查示十二指肠球部息肉。超声内镜检查：十二指肠球部后壁可见一直经约4．0 cm带蒂隆起,表面呈“分叶状”,光滑,球部腔内狭窄,降部未见异常。临床诊断：十二指肠球部息肉;慢性萎缩性胃炎（Ⅰ级）。     

暗罗属植物生物活性研究进展简

番荔枝科暗罗属植物在我国南方地区分布较多,民间习惯作为抗菌、退热药等使用,已经从该属植物中分离出生物碱、萜类、内酯等活性成分。本文综述了国内外学者近年来对暗罗属植物生物活性研究,包括抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒、抗寄生虫、抗炎作用等,为进一步深入研究、开发和利用我国的暗罗属植物资源提供数据支持。     

Bcl-2基因的研究进展简

Bcl-2（B细胞淋巴瘤因子2）是重要细胞凋亡基因及调节蛋白,它能够抑制细胞凋亡、参与细胞增生的调控,对于延长细胞寿命起重要作用。其激活或超常表达与肿瘤的发生、发展相关,在肿瘤多重耐药的形成中也起着重要的作用。本文对Bcl-2目前的研究进展作一综述。     

Diagnostic neuroradiology: Ready for the neuro-interventional age?

Acute cerebral ischemia or stroke is currently considered an emergency for which therapeutic options are available if the therapeutic window of 4.5 h is respected.Imaging modalities have progressed greatly over the last few decades,rendering ischemia detectable in the first hours after the event.However,in order for treatment to be efficacious it is necessary to speed up all the processes before the start of therapy.Thus,one must decrease the time to arrival at the hospital and to the radiological method that is to be employed(be it computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging);only then will the medical or interventional techniques available fulfill their potential.     

Imaging in acute stroke

Stroke is a syndrome characterized by a sudden neurological deficit caused by intracranial hemorrhage or ischemia. Computed tomography (CT) maintains a primary role in the evaluation of patients with acute stroke. The optimal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol in acute stroke includes diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to show acute ischemic lesion and MR perfusion study to estimate brain perfusion. Careful selection of patients for a thrombolytic therapy is crucial to improve safety and efficacy.     

Actual diagnostic approach to the acute stroke patient

Since acute stroke is now considered a potentially treatable medical emergency, a rapid and correct diagnosis must be made. The first step is to exclude hemorrhage, then to visualize any early ischemic changes, demonstrate the presence of hypoperfusion and locate the presence of a vascular underlying pathology as well as elucidate the presence of a potential penumbra (tissue at risk). Thanks to improvements and advances in both MR and CT technology, this can now be done in a number of ways. At the moment, CT is the most widely available and fast method for obtaining imaging of the brain and neck vessels of patients presenting with acute stroke. MRI can provide more precise information, although it remains slightly more time-consuming, but is, however, the method of choice for follow-up imaging. The main point is to take the one-stop-shopping approach where imaging of the vessels and brain is done from the aortic arch to the circle of Willis in one single session in order to have all the necessary information in the acute phase.     

Acute Pancreatitis: The Role of Imaging and Interventional Radiology

Acute pancreatitis can manifest as a benign condition with minimal abdominal pain and hyperamylasemia or can have a fulminant course, which can be life-threatening usually due to the development of infected pancreatic necrosis, and multisystem organ failure [1, 2]. Fortunately, 70–80% of patients with acute pancreatitis have a benign self-limiting course (Figs. 1, 2, 4). The initial 24-48 hours after the initial diagnosis is usually the period that determines the subsequent course, and for many of the 20–30% of patients who subsequently have a fulminant course, this becomes apparent within this time frame. With reference to long-term outcome following acute pancreatitis, most cases recover without long-term sequelae with only a minority of cases progressing to chronic pancreatitis [5]. In the initial management of acute pancreatitis, assessment of metabolic disturbances and systemic organ dysfunction is critical. However, the advent and continued refinement of cross-sectional imaging modalities over the past two decades has led to a prominent role for diagnostic imaging in assessing acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, these cross-sectional imaging modalities have enabled the development of diagnostic and therapeutic interventional techniques in the hands of radiologists. In this article we review the diagnostic features of acute pancreatitis, the clinical staging systems, complications and the role of imaging. The role of interventional radiology techniques in the management of acute pancreatitis will be discussed as well as potential complications associated with these treatments.     

Introduction to Interventional MRI

An increasing number of interventional procedures are done under imaging guidance. These include biopsies, drainages and injections. Likewise, imaging guidance and monitoring have enabled the use of sophisticated techniques for minimally invasive therapy of tumors. Since MRI provides the best tissue contrast and lesion sensitivity,the use of MR-guided procedures (MRGP) is quickly gaining momentum. Special hardware and software solutions have been developed that allow more efficient interventional use of the MR scanner.This introduction summarizes the basic concepts of interventional MRI and outlines some of the applications of today and tomorrow.     

Amyloidoma of the skull: plain radiographs,CT and MRI

Amyloidomas involving bone are rare. The 67-year-old man reported here had a large amyloidoma of the left frontal, parietal, sphenoid (greater wing) and temporal bones causing neural compression. Plain radiographs CT and MRI are shown.     

Brain imaging with a flat detector C-arm

Introduction

We present the first clinical results from brain tissue imaging with a novel functionality in the angiography room, the XperCT.

Methods

XperCT is a flat detector C-arm volume acquisition functionality integrated with the angiography equipment. We assessed brain images from 42 patients examined with computed tomography (CT) and XperCT.

Results

In all patients, XperCT had significantly more beam hardening and reconstruction artifacts than CT, in particular in the posterior fossa. Contrast resolution was better on CT images. Hemorrhage, edema, and ventricular size could be assessed with XperCT in all patients, but CT was superior also in this aspect. In four of the last 12 cases, after the latest software upgrade, it was possible to differentiate between supra-tentorial grey and white substance on XperCT images.

Conclusion

CT was superior to XperCT regarding brain soft tissue imaging. However, XperCT could in some cases discriminate between grey and white substance. XperCT is a useful new functionality in interventional neuroradiology. In the clinical setting, it improves patient safety by allowing almost instant access to CT-like brain imaging in the angiography room. It can be life saving in situations where complications during an interventional procedure prompt for immediate action.

     

Three-dimensional display of the orifice of intracranial aneurysms: a new potential application for magnetic resonance angiography

Our aim was to demonstrate the orifice of intracranial aneurysms by magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The aneurysmal orifice is that part of its lumen that communicates with the parent vessel. We studied 12 patients with 17 intracranial aneurysms using three-dimensional display (3DD) MRA; 15 of the aneurysms had previously been shown by digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The overall image quality of 3DD MRA was excellent in 10 patients. The orifice was clearly demonstrated in 13 aneurysms (76%) providing unique information about its size, shape and orientation. The orifice of 2 aneurysms (12%) was not demonstrated. Two aneurysms (12%) were not detected on MRA. Although 3DD MRA has limitations this study suggests that it can accurately define the orifice of aneurysms and could be used to provide information crucial for endovascular treatment.     

Assessment of brain perfusion with MRI: methodology and application to acute stroke

We review the methodology of brain perfusion measurements with MRI and their application to acute stroke, with particular emphasis on the work awarded by the 6th Lucien Appel Prize for Neuroradiology. The application of the indicator dilution theory to the dynamic susceptibility-weighted bolus-tracking method is explained, as is the approach to obtaining quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and volume (CBV). Our contribution to methodological developments, such as CBV measurement with the frequency-shifted burst sequence, development of the PRESTO sequence, comparison of different deconvolution methods and of spin- and gradient-echo sequences, and the validation of MRI measurements against positron emission tomography is summarised. The pathophysiology of brain ischaemia and the role of neuroimaging in the setting of acute stroke are reviewed, with an introduction to the concepts of ischaemic penumbra and diffusion/perfusion mismatch. Our work on the determination of absolute CBF and CBV thresholds for predicting the area of infarct growth, identification of the best perfusion parameters (relative or absolute) for predicting the area of infarct growth and the role of MR angiography is also summarised. We conclude that MRI is a very powerful way to assess brain perfusion and that its use might help in selecting patients who will benefit most from treatment such as thrombolysis.An addendum to this article can be found at     

Introduction to cardiac imaging in infants and children: techniques, potential, and role in the imaging work-up of various cardiac malformations and other pediatric heart conditions

The increasing prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) can be attributed to major improvements in diagnosis and treatment. Although echocardiography is the most commonly used imaging modality for diagnosis and follow-up of subjects with CHD, the evolution of cardiovascular magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and increasingly computed tomography (CT) does offer new ways to visualize the heart and the great vessels. The development of cardiovascular MR techniques allows for a comprehensive assessment of cardiac anatomy and function. This provides information about the long-term sequlae of the underlying complex anatomy, hemodynamic assessment of residual post-operative lesions and complications of surgery. As much of the functional data in CHD patients is usually acquired with invasive X-ray angiography, non-invasive alternatives such as cardiovascular MR (and CT) are desirable. This review evaluates the role of MR imaging in the management of subjects with CHD, particularly detailing recent developments in imaging techniques as they relate to the various CHD diagnoses we commonly encounter in our practice.