血清及脑组织中单胺类神经递质高效液相色谱电化学检测方法研究

目的建立一种快速准确测定大鼠血清及脑组织中单胺类神经递质去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、多巴胺(DA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量的高效液相色谱-电化学检测方法。方法采用ODS柱,流动相为缓冲液(0·02mol/L柠檬酸三钠和0·05mol/L磷酸氢二钠)∶甲醇=85∶15的溶液,流速1·0ml/min。结果四种神经递质保留时间的RSD在0·29%~0·67%之间、峰面积RSD在0·09%~0·36%之间,重现性好。4种回收率在85·3%~95·4%之间,检测限NE为0·083ng/ml、E为0·51ng/ml、DA为0·046ng/ml、5-HT为0·078ng/ml,线性范围NE在1·0~100ng/ml之间、E为5·0~80ng/m之间、DA为1·0~80ng/ml之间、5-HT为1·0~60ng/ml之间,相关系数在0·996~0·999之间。结论该方法为单胺类递质的神经毒理学、药理学等研究提供了一个简单灵敏、稳定可靠的方法。     

感觉统合失调儿童血锌原卟啉和某些神经递质水平研究

【目的】　探讨感觉统合失调儿童的铅暴露指标及某些神经递质水平与行为的关系,为临床诊治感觉统合失调提供参考依据。　【方法】　采用血液荧光测定和放射免疫方法检测45例感觉统合失调儿童(研究组)及52名健康儿童(对照组)的血锌原卟啉(Zpp/Hb)和血清儿茶酚胺递质肾上腺素(A)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)水平,并比较两组注意力缺陷次数,心率(次/min)。　【结果】　研究组Zpp(2.86±1.02)μg/gHb、A(0.58±0.18)nmol/L、NE(3.04±0.72)nmol/L、DA(1.38±0.34)nmol/L,均高于对照组[分别为(2.01±1.12)μg/gHb、(0.52±0.11)nmol/L、(2.62±0.58)nmol/L、(1.26±0.16)nmol/L](P<0.01或0.05)。研究组中Zpp≤3μg/gHb时感觉统合各项能力轻度失调发生率(26.7%~35.5%)高于重度(6.7%~13.3%)(P<0.01)或0.05;Zpp>3μg/gHb时重度(42.2%~53.3%)高于轻度(8.9%~13.3%)(P<0.01)。研究组注意力缺陷次数(8±2)次/d多于对照组(6±2)次/d(P<0.01);心率(84±7 次/min)快于对照组(70±6 次/min)(P<0.01)。　【结论】　感觉统合失调儿童血Zpp呈高水平状态,此状态可能是干扰神经递质A、NE、DA失衡、导致脑功能紊乱的行为表现因素之一;感觉统合失调的程度与血Zpp水平有剂量效应关系。     

高碘暴露儿童智商与单胺类神经递质的关系研究

目的探讨高碘对儿童智力和单胺类神经递质的影响以及单胺类神经递质与智商高低的关系。方法根据水中碘化物质量浓度从天津市滨海新区和静海区中选取适碘地区(10μg/L≤水中碘化物质量浓度150μg/L)、高碘一区(150μg/L≤水中碘化物质量浓度300μg/L)和高碘二区(水中碘化物质量浓度≥300μg/L),按照整群随机抽样的方法从中抽取399名(7～12)岁儿童,采用《中国联合型瑞文测验》(中国农村版)测定儿童智商,采用ELISA测定血浆单胺类神经递质多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)和肾上腺素(E)的含量。结果高碘二区儿童的IQ值为109. 59±14. 24,低于适碘地区和高碘一区儿童,差异有统计学意义(均P0. 05)。高碘二区儿童的DA质量浓度为(321. 69±104. 95) ng/m L,高于适碘地区和高碘一区,5-HT质量浓度为(142. 62±71. 64) ng/m L,比另外两个地区质量浓度低,差异均有统计学意义(均P0. 05)。而NE和E的含量在3组地区无统计学差异(均P0. 05)。阈值分析显示碘暴露与DA呈明显的非线性关系,当儿童尿碘水平在492. 75μg/L以下,血浆DA质量浓度随尿碘水平的升高而明显升高。DA与IQ也呈明显的非线性关系,当儿童DA质量浓度小于80. 0 ng/m L,体内DA每升高1 ng/m L,智商升高0. 1分;当DA质量浓度在(80. 0～359. 8) ng/m L范围内,DA每升高1 ng/m L,智商降低0. 1分。而尿碘对5-HT、NE和E的影响以及5-HT、NE和E与智力的关系均未见显著的线性关系或阈值效应。结论碘暴露过多儿童的DA代谢紊乱可能与其智商降低有关,且DA与智商存在阈值效应。     

牛磺酸和维生素C对砷致小鼠小脑神经毒性保护作用

目的观察砷对小鼠小脑单胺神经递质浓度影响,为探讨砷的神经毒作用机制提供依据。方法 70只昆明种小鼠,随机分为对照组、As2O31、2、4 mg/L染毒组及牛磺酸干预组(As2O34 mg/L+牛磺酸150 mg/kg和维生素C干预组(As2O34 mg/L+维生素C 45 mg/kg),每组10只(高剂量染砷组20只),连续染毒60 d,取小脑,用高效液相色谱法测小脑去甲肾上腺素(NE)、多巴胺(DA)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)浓度。结果对照组小鼠小脑NE、DA和5-HT浓度分别为188.96、45.30、148.42 ng/g;As2O31、2、4 mg/L染毒组小鼠小脑NE、DA和5-HT浓度分别为92.65、12.36、147.26 ng/g和37.18、9.44、105.0 ng/g及22.35、7.40、65.58 ng/g。染砷组小鼠小脑单胺类神经递质浓度明显低于对照组(P<0.05),牛磺酸和维生素C干预组小鼠小脑单胺类神经递质浓度,明显高于染砷组。结论牛磺酸和维生素C能拮抗砷致小鼠小脑5-HT、DA和NE浓度降低作用。     

尿中镉的智能稀释石墨炉原子吸收光谱测定法

目的探讨智能稀释石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定镉作业人员尿中镉含量的可行性,做好生物监测和健康监护工作。方法应用智能稀释石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定尿中镉。结果灵敏度0.010μg/L,检出限0.013μg/L,精密度低、中、高RSD分别为2.5%、1.2%、0.7%,回收率97.5%~102.5%,线性范围0.00~2.00μg/L,稳定性>10d。检测某电池厂镉作业工人120人,其中不接触镉24人,低、高浓度接触镉56、40人,尿中镉测定结果分别为(0.32±0.06)μg/g肌酐,(2.51±1.54)μg/g肌酐、(8.73±3.62)μg/g肌酐经两两比较,差异非常显著(P<0·01)。结论该方法尿样直接稀释测定,简单、快速、灵敏、准确、可靠,能满足大批量检测要求。     

孕哺期至成年期间高碘暴露对子代雄性大鼠学习记忆能力及单胺类神经递质浓度的影响

目的探讨孕哺期至成年期间高碘染毒对雄性子代大鼠学习记忆及单胺类神经递质浓度的影响。方法将24只健康成年SPF级SD妊娠大鼠随机分为4组,分别为对照(自来水)组及500、2 500、5 000μg/L碘酸钾染毒组,每组6只。采用自由饮水方式进行染毒,母鼠染毒时间为妊娠第0天至仔鼠出生后第21天(断乳);断乳后,从每组随机选取10只雄性仔鼠,继续以同组浓度和方式染毒至出生后第4个月末。采用砷铈催化分光光度法检测大鼠尿碘浓度,采用Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠学习记忆能力,并采用ELISA法检测血清和海马中多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、肾上腺素(E)和去甲肾上腺素(NE)的水平。结果与对照组相比,各浓度碘酸钾染毒组大鼠的尿碘浓度均较高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且随着碘酸钾染毒浓度的升高,大鼠尿碘的浓度呈上升趋势。与对照组比较,训练第1、2、3、4天时,5 000μg/L碘酸钾染毒组大鼠到达平台的潜伏期和总路程均延长,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组相比,各浓度碘酸钾染毒组大鼠穿越平台的次数均下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而空间探索的时间、路程比例均无明显变化。且随着碘酸钾染毒浓度的升高,大鼠穿越平台次数呈下降趋势。与对照组相比,各浓度碘酸钾染毒组大鼠血清中5-HT、DA、E和NE的浓度均降低,除500μg/L碘酸钾染毒组5-HT和DA外,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组相比,2 500、5 000μg/L碘酸钾染毒组大鼠海马中5-HT、DA、E和NE的含量均降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且随着碘酸钾染毒浓度的升高,大鼠血清和海马中5-HT、DA、E和NE的浓度均呈下降趋势。结论孕哺期至成年期间高碘染毒可通过降低血清和海马中单胺类神经递质的水平来损伤雄性子代大鼠的学习记忆能力。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定罗哌卡因在犬血浆中的浓度

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定犬血浆罗哌卡因浓度的快速、简便的方法。方法色谱柱为Intertsil C18柱(4·6mm×250mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水相,体积比为50∶50,水相为0·005mol/L己烷基磺酸钠,冰醋酸调节pH至3·5,检测波长为215nm,流速为:1·4ml/min;柱温为室温;柱压为2800PSI,进样体积为10μl,灵敏度为0·02AUFS。结果罗哌卡因的检测浓度线性范围为0·1~25μg/ml(r=0·9992),最低检测浓度为0·05μg/ml,回归方程为^Y=0·1794X+0·3806,相关系数为r=0·9992,回收率为91·2%~93·6%,RSD为2·10%~3·40%。罗哌卡因测定的日内及日间精密度分别为1·35%~2·88%和1·80%~3·76%。结论本法操作简便、可靠、快捷、准确,适用于罗哌卡因类药物给药后血药浓度的检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定阿尔茨海默病患者血浆中4种单胺类神经递质

目的基于高效液相色谱建立一种同时检测阿尔茨海默病患者血浆中去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)、多巴胺(DA)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)含量的方法。方法采用C18反相色谱柱,流动相:甲醇∶水相(0.1mol/L磷酸二氢钾)=3∶97,pH=3.7。流速:0.8ml/min,荧光检测器检测,激发波长:290nm,发射波长:330nm,柱温:室温。结果检测限:NE为0.02nmol/ml、E为0.01nmol/ml、DA为0.04nmol/ml、5-HT为0.02nmol/ml,4种神经递质RSD在2.2%～4.4%;回收率在82.9%～93.6%。线性范围NE为0.02～2.0nmol/ml、E为0.01～3.3nmol/ml、DA为0.04～3.6nmol/ml、5-HT为0.02～1.6nmol/ml,相关系数均在0.9977～0.9985之间。结论该方法操作简单、灵敏、重现性好,适用于阿尔茨海默病患者血液中单胺类神经递质水平研究。     

噪声对幼鼠学习记忆与海马单胺类神经递质的影响

目的观察噪声对幼鼠学习记忆及海马单胺类神经递质的影响,探讨噪声对幼鼠学习记忆的影响机制。方法将24只SD幼鼠,随机分为噪声组和对照组,噪声组在80 dB(A)噪声下持续暴露1个月,用Morris水迷宫测试幼鼠学习记忆能力,用高效液相色谱-电化学法检测幼鼠海马单胺类神经递质多巴胺(DA)、去甲肾上腺素(NE)和5-羟色胺(5-HT)的含量。结果 Morris水迷宫定航实验噪声组幼鼠4 d的平均逃避潜伏期分别为64.54 s、31.98s、14.69 s、6.95 s,均较对照组明显延长(P<0.05);空间搜索实验噪声组幼鼠跨台次数为6.75次、距离百分比为25.19%、时间百分比为23.90%,均较对照组明显降低(P<0.01)。高效液相色谱-电化学法检测发现噪声组幼鼠海马DA、NE和5-HT的含量分别为253.18 ng/g、140.01 ng/g、114.21 ng/g,均较对照组明显减少(P<0.01)。结论噪声暴露下幼鼠海马DA、NE、5-HT含量降低,幼鼠学习记忆能力下降。 更多还原     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定奶粉中的维生素A、维生素D、维生素E

目的建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定奶粉中维生素A、维生素D、维生素E的分析方法。方法样品中的维生素经皂化反应后,正己烷提取,旋蒸至近干后氮气吹干,流动相溶解后分析,采用HPLC-MS/MS选择反应监测(SRM)正离子模式测定。结果维生素A、维生素D、维生素E在各自浓度范围内线性关系良好。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)为4.8%~16.7%(n=6),奶粉中维生素A、维生素D、维生素E的回收率为76.4%~95.9%,7种维生素的检出限分别为:维生素A:5.0μg/L;维生素D2:1.0μg/L;维生素D3:1.0μg/L;α-维生素E:0.1μg/L;β-维生素E:0.5μg/L;γ-维生素E:0.5μg/L;δ-维生素E:0.1μg/L。结论本法可同时对奶粉中的维生素A、维生素D、维生素E进行定性和定量分析,方法的精密度、回收率和检出限能满足实际检测要求,可用于奶粉等食品中维生素A、维生素D、维生素E含量的日常监测。     

Iodine status as determined by urinary iodine excretion in Lesotho two years after introducing legislation on universal salt iodization

OBJECTIVE: Mild to severe iodine deficiency has been documented in Lesotho since 1960. To eliminate the persisting iodine deficiency, legislation on universal salt iodization was introduced in 2000 as a long-term public health intervention strategy. We assessed the urinary iodine status of school children and women of child-bearing age in Lesotho 2 y after the introduction of legislation on universal salt iodization. METHODS: A 31-cluster national survey was conducted in 2002 by using the proportion to population size method. In each cluster, 30 women ages 15 to 30 y and 30 primary school children ages 8 to 12 y were randomly selected to provide urine samples for urinary iodine analysis. Data were interpreted according to criteria of the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, and International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (2001). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS. RESULTS: We analyzed 912 urine samples from children and 924 from women. The median urinary iodine concentrations were 214.7 microg/L for children and 280.1 microg/L for women, indicating more than adequate iodine intake. Median iodine concentration was higher in the lowlands (256.0 microg/L in children and 329.9 microg/L in women) than in the mountains (99.30 microg/L in children and 182.6 microg/L in women). Analysis of the distribution of the data showed values below 50 microg/L in 10.1% of children and in 9.8% of women. In addition, 21.5% of children and 17.9% of women had urinary iodine excretion values below 100 microg/L. In contrast, 36% of children and 47.2% of women had urinary iodine concentrations in excess of 300 microg/L. CONCLUSION: Results of urinary iodine excretion measurements indicated that iodine deficiency has been eliminated as a public health problem in Lesotho. However, the high median urinary iodine concentration of women in the lowlands indicated the possibility of a risk of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism in vulnerable people.     

Increasing the iodine concentration in the Swiss iodized salt program markedly improved iodine status in pregnant women and children: a 5-y prospective national study

BACKGROUND: Many industrialized countries struggle to maintain adequate iodine intake because of changes in dietary habits and the food supply. In Switzerland, because of declining iodine intakes in children and pregnant women, the iodine concentration in table salt was increased from 15 to 20 mg/kg. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated Swiss iodine nutrition after the 1999 increase in the salt iodine concentration. DESIGN: In 1999 and 2004, a 3-stage probability proportionate-to-size cluster sampling was done to obtain a representative national sample of primary schoolchildren and pregnant women. Urine and household salt were collected for iodine measurement. The frequency of elevated thyrotropin concentrations found in the newborn screening program was evaluated before and after the increase. RESULTS: In 1999, median urinary iodine (UI) concentrations among children (n = 610) and pregnant women (n = 511) were 115 microg/L (range: 5-413 microg/L) and 138 microg/L (range: 5-1881 microg/L), respectively, which indicated marginal iodine status. In 2004, median UI concentrations among children (n = 386) and pregnant women (n = 279) were 141 microg/L (range: 0-516 microg/L) and 249 microg/L (range: 8-995 microg/L), respectively (P < 0.01). Newborn thyrotropin concentrations >5 mU/L decreased from 2.9% in 1992-1998 (n = 259 035) to 1.7% in 1999-2004 (n = 218 665) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: A 25% increase in iodine concentration in iodized table salt markedly improved iodine status in Switzerland, which showed the value of monitoring and adjusting iodine concentrations in national salt programs. The frequency of newborn thyrotropin concentrations >5 mU/L appears to be a sensitive indicator of iodine nutrition during pregnancy.     

Are breast-fed infants and toddlers in New Zealand at risk of iodine deficiency?

OBJECTIVE: This study assessed the iodine status of New Zealand infants and toddlers and explored factors that might influence their iodine status. METHODS: A community-based, cross-sectional survey of 6- to 24-mo-old children was conducted in three cities in the South Island of New Zealand. Iodine status was determined by a casual urine sample. Breast-feeding mothers were asked to provide a breast milk sample for iodine determination. Caregivers collected a 3-d weighed diet record from their children to investigate associations between dietary patterns and urinary iodine excretion. RESULTS: The median urinary iodine concentration for the group (n = 230) was 67 microg/L (interquartile range 37-115) with 37% (95% confidence interval 30.5-43.4) of children having a urinary iodine concentration lower than 50 microg/L. When children were classified by current feeding method, those children who were currently formula-fed had a significantly higher median urinary iodine concentration (99 microg/L) than did children who were currently breast-fed (44 microg/L; P < 0.000). The mean iodine concentration in breast milk was 22 microg/L (n = 39). After multivariate analysis using estimates from 3-d diet records, only percentage of energy from infant formula was significantly associated with urinary iodine concentration (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: This study found mild iodine deficiency in a group of New Zealand infants and toddlers. Children who consumed infant formula, which is fortified with iodine, had better iodine status than did children who were currently breast-fed because breast milk contained low levels of iodine.     

污水中铅镉的溶出伏安测定法

目的 建立测定污水中Pb和Cd的新方法。方法 于0．1mol／L HCl-0．1moL／L KCl溶液中采用线扫阳极溶出伏安法同时测定Pb和Cd。结果 Pb、Cd于-588mV和-780mV产生溶出峰，Pb、Cd加标回收率P％分别为90．0％．110．0％和91．0％-109．5％，测定精密度RSD％分别为0．41％-4．24％和0．56％-7．03％，Pb、Cd的线性范围为0．005-0．2mg／L。结论 该法可用于污水中Pb、Cd含量测定。     

Persistent iodine deficiency in a cohort of Tasmanian school children: associations with socio-economic status, geographical location and dietary factors

OBJECTIVE: To determine the adequacy of iodine nutrition of Tasmanian primary school-aged children and to examine possible associations with socio-economic status (SES), location and dietary factors. METHODS: Urinary iodine levels and measures of SES, geographical information and dietary habits were surveyed in a population-based sample of 170 children (4 to 12 years) at baseline (1998/99) and at follow-up (2000/01). RESULTS: Median urinary iodine concentration in 1989--99 and 2000--01 were 75 microg/L (range 15 microg/L to 240 microg/L) and 76 microg/L (range 18 microg/L to 480 microg/L) respectively. No significant associations with SES or geographical location were found. More frequent or recent intake of foods that are likely to be dietary sources of iodine tended to be associated with greater prevalence of adequate urinary iodine, particularly consumption of yoghurt and 'fruche' (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: After several decades of iodine sufficiency, Tasmanian primary school-aged children are again mildly iodine-deficient by WHO criteria. Despite reduction in iodophor use by the dairy industry in the past decade, consumption of dairy products continues to be associated with higher levels of iodine nutrition. IMPLICATIONS: The lack of association of iodine levels with SES and geographical location within Tasmania found in our study, and the results of studies of iodine levels in Melbourne and Sydney, suggest that inadequate iodine nutrition is a widespread problem in south-eastern Australia. Our study suggests that milk-containing products continue to be an important source of iodine for children.     

2009 - 2018 年哈尔滨市居民碘营养状况调查

目的 调查及评价碘盐标准调整及盐业体质改革对哈尔滨市居民碘营养状况的影响。方法 收集哈尔滨市2009 - 2018年碘缺乏病监测数据,分碘盐标准调整前后和盐业体质改革前后3个阶段对盐碘及尿碘数据进行分析。结果 3个阶段盐碘中位数为31.1、26.8、24.11 mg/kg,呈下降趋势（P＜0.0167）,合格碘盐食用率为97.58%、98.23%、97.32%,出现先升后降趋势（P＜0.0167）。5年儿童尿碘中位数为205.90、177.90、169.31、154.83、152.12 μg/L,3个阶段逐渐下降（P＜0.005）;碘盐标准调整前碘缺乏人群构成（10.67%）低于碘过量人群构成（20.67%）,碘盐标准调整后碘缺乏人群构成（12.08%～ 19.14%）均大于碘过量人群构成（4.94%～13.95%）,盐业体制改革后碘缺乏是碘过量人群构成的2倍以上。5年孕妇尿碘中位数无统计学差异（183.45、164.17、198.21、193.00、186.31 μg/L,P＞0.005）;碘缺乏人群构成（23.06%～43.18%）均大于碘过量人群构成（1.33%～3.84%）,且比值均大于10倍以上。结论 碘盐标准调整使哈尔滨市儿童碘营养状况得到进一步改善,对孕妇影响不大。盐业体质改革后,合格碘盐食用率有所下降,使儿童碘缺乏风险加大。各阶段孕妇碘缺乏风险一直较高。     

沥青烟对脑组织神经递质和超微结构的影响

目的观察沥青烟对小鼠脑组织神经递质和超微结构的影响，探讨沥青烟对神经系统的毒性作用。方法将健康昆明种小鼠随机分为3个染毒组、1个对照组。通过呼吸道静式染毒法，建立沥青烟亚急性染毒模型，染毒剂量为0、41、82、165mg/m^3，染毒时间为2．4、8周；每日染毒2h，每周6d。应用荧光分光光度法进行小鼠脑组织中多巴胺（DA）、去甲肾上腺素（NE）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）含量测定；应用电镜观察脑组织超微结构的改变。结果随着沥青烟染毒剂量的增加和染毒时间延长，小鼠脑组织中DA、ICE、5-HT的含量均呈下降趋势，染毒8周后，DA含量随剂量的增加分别为2．194、2．190、2．181、2．178μg／g脑重；NE含量随剂量的增加分别为1．148、1．138、1．135μg／g脑重；5-HT含量随剂量的增加分别为1．407、1．403、1．395μg／g脑重，但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。超微结构观察可见星型胶质细胞足突肿胀、线粒体肿胀、染色质边集、神经元细胞核固缩、细胞凋亡。结论沥青烟可引起小鼠脑组织超微结构改变，但未观察到沥青烟对脑组织神经递质含量的影响。