父母养育方式与儿童自立水平关系的研究

目的:探讨父母养育方式与儿童自立发展水平之间的关系.方法:①应用6-12岁儿童自立行为问卷和父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)对79名5、6年级小学生进行测试;②根据儿童在自立行为问卷上的总分排序,取上27%人群为高自立组,下27%人群为低自立组.结果:①高自立组父情感温暖、母情感温暖两个因子分显著高于低自立组;而低自立组父惩罚严厉、母拒绝否认、母惩罚严厉三项因子分显著高于高自立组;②母拒绝否认和母惩罚严厉与儿童自立行为各维度之间存在广泛的显著负相关,父情感温暖、母情感温暖与儿童自立行为存在显著的正相关.结论:父母养育方式与儿童自立行为水平密切相关.与低自立水平儿童相比,高自立水平儿童体验着温暖、关爱的养育方式,而低自立水平儿童体验更多的是严厉惩罚和拒绝否认的养育方式.     

注意力缺陷多动障碍儿童气质特征及父母养育方式的研究

目的探讨注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童的气质特点及各气质因子和父母养育方式在ADHD发生中的作用,为ADHD的治疗提供参考依据。方法ADHD组选取患儿48名,对照组为随机抽取某小学在读健康儿童50名,两组均采用中国学龄前儿童气质量表（CPTS）及中国学龄儿童气质量表（CSTS）测评儿童气质,同时填写父母养育方式量表（EMBU）。结果两组儿童气质类型分布差异有显著性,ADHD组在活动水平、节律性、适应性、反应强度、心境、持久性、注意分散这七个维度的得分与对照组比较差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,ADHD组父亲教养方式中“惩罚、严厉”和“拒绝、否认”因子得分均明显高于对照组,“情感温暖、理解”得分明显低于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,ADHD组母亲教养方式中“惩罚、严厉”和“拒绝、否认”因子得分均明显高于对照组,“情感温暖、理解”得分明显低于对照组,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）,气质维度中的活动水平、持久性、注意分散和父母亲的“惩罚、严厉”因子是ADHD的危险因子。结论ADHD儿童的气质类型有其独特性,其气质类型比正常儿童消极,ADHD患儿的父母存在不良的养育方式,气质与父母养育方式不相适应可能是ADHD儿童行为障碍的原因之一。     

儿童心理虐待与忽视同父母养育方式的关系

目的 探讨儿童的心理虐待与忽视同父母养育方式的关系.方法 采用自编的儿童心理虐待与忽视调查表(CPANS)、父母养育方式评价表(EMBU),随机整群抽取长沙市中小学生462名作为研究对象.对心理虐待与忽视阳性组132名与阴性组312名儿童的父母养育方式进行对照研究.结果 心理虐待与忽视同父母养育方式存在显著相关,阳性组的父母惩罚、严厉、过分干涉、拒绝、否认、过度保护得分均高于对照组,阴性组父、母情感温暖、理解因子的得分均低于对照组,存在差异显著性.结论 父母的情感温暖、理解,偏爱被试,拒绝、否认,过分干涉,惩罚、严厉及父亲的过度保护与儿童心理虐待与忽视的发生存在密切关系.     

中学生对立违抗性障碍的父母养育方式和家庭环境特征的初步研究

目的：了解单纯对立违抗性障碍（ODD）儿童的父母养育方式及家庭功能。方法：应用向制儿童行为调查表、家庭环境量表中文版（FES～CV）、父母养育方式量表（EMBU），对115例单纯ODD儿童（研究组）和115名非ODD正常儿童（对照组）进行评定和病例对照分析，结果：ODD组儿童家庭矛盾性得分较对照组高（P〈0．01），ODD组父母双亲的“情感温暖．理解”得分均明显比对照组得分低（父亲P〈0．01，母亲P〈0.05）．而其“惩罚，严厉”和“拒绝，否认”二因子得分则明显比对照组高（P〈0．01）；ODD组母亲的“过分干涉，过度保护”，因子得分也明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：ODD中学生的家庭存在高度的矛盾性．他们的父母养育方式不良，应引起重视。     

行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征与父母养育方式的相关性

目的:探讨行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征、父母养育模式及父母养育模式对儿童人格特征的影响。方法:采用Rutter儿童行为问卷(父母问卷)筛查行为问题儿童,应用艾森克人格问卷(幼年版)(EPQ-Junior)及父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)评估56例行为问题儿童(研究组)及56例正常儿童(对照组)的人格特征与父母养育方式。结果:(1)研究组的内-外向(E)维度评分值显著低于对照组,情绪稳定性(N)维度评分值显著高于对照组,两组间差异均有统计学意义(t=-2.186,P0.05;t=4.020,P0.01);(2)EMBU的母亲情感温暖、理解与父亲情感温暖、理解两个因子的评分显著低于对照组,两组间比较有统计学意义(t=-2.448,P0.05;t=-4.607,P0.01),父亲惩罚、严厉与父亲过分干涉两项因子的评分显著高于对照组,两组间比较均具有统计学意义(t=4.307,P0.01;t=2.168,P0.05);(3)研究组内-外向(E)与母亲情感温暖、理解因子及父亲情感温暖、理解因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.307,0.299;P0.05),情绪稳定性(N)与母亲情感温暖、理解因子及父亲情感温暖、理解因子均呈显著负相关(r=-0.292,-0.264;P0.05),与母亲过度干涉、保护因子、父亲惩罚、严厉因子及父亲过分干涉因子均呈显著正相关(r=0.361,0.359,P0.01;r=0.300,P0.05)结论:行为问题学龄儿童的人格特征、父母养育模式与正常儿童存在差异,其人格特征与父母不良养育模式可能存在显著相关性。     

儿童焦虑障碍症状与父母养育方式的关系

目的：探讨儿童焦虑障碍症状与父母养育方式的关系。方法：采用儿童焦虑性情绪障碍筛查表（SCARED）和父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）对329名4～6年级小学生（男生175名。女生154名）进行调查。以SCARED筛查阳性（SCARED总分≥23分）的学生为焦虑组，其余为非焦虑组。结果：在329名小学生中。SCARED筛查阳性的有59例。占总人数的17．9％，其中男23人，女36人；焦虑组双亲的“惩罚严厉”、“过分干涉“、“拒绝否认”、“过度保护”因子得分均明显高于非焦虑组，差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．01），而“情感温暖、理解”和”偏爱被试”因子得分两组间尤显著性差异（P〉0．05）：父母“惩罚严厉”、“过分干涉”、“过度保护”、“拒绝否认”因子均与焦虑症状评分存在显著正相关（P〈0．01）：多元逐步同归分析显示．“惩罚严厉”、“拒绝否认”、“过度保护”三个因子进入了回归方程，是儿童焦虑情绪的预测因素。结论：在儿童中焦虑情绪存在较普遍，儿童焦虑障碍症状与其父母养育方式关系密切。     

对立违抗性障碍、注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的冲动行为及社会心理因素

目的:探讨对立违抗性障碍(ODD)、注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)及二者共病儿童的冲动行为与心理社会因素的关系。方法:以152例正常儿童为对照组,以157例符合美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition(DSM-IV)的ODD、ADHD、ODD合并ADHD,且Barratt冲动量表平均量表分≥正常组均值1.5个标准差的儿童为病例组,采用父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)、家庭功能评定(FAD)、3～7岁儿童气质问卷(BSQ)、8～12岁儿童气质问卷(MCTQ)、儿童自我意识量表(PHCSS)、自尊调查量表(SEI)及Conners教师问卷(TRS)进行测查。结果:病例组EMBU父母情感温暖及理解得分低于对照组,惩罚及严厉、拒绝及否认得分高于对照组(均P0.05)。病例组FAD的情感介入、行为控制和总功能分值高于对照组(均P0.05)。病例组气质问卷的活动水平、节律性、反应强度、心境特征、持久性、注意分散维度分值高于对照组,病例组气质类型为麻烦型及中间近麻烦型的比例高于对照组(均P0.05)。病例组SEI总分低于对照组,Conners教师问卷的品行问题、多动、注意不集中-被动及多动指数高于对照组(均P0.05)。回归分析显示,夫妻关系差(OR=4.69)、父亲对儿童缺乏情感温暖及理解的养育方式(OR=1.06)、对新环境的适应能力差(OR=2.60)、对新刺激的反应阈值低(OR=2.75)及注意不集中(OR=3.60)可能是儿童发生冲动行为的危险因素;母亲的否认及拒绝少(OR=0.90)、运动冲动性弱(OR=0.83)、活动水平低(OR=0.19)、反应强度弱(OR=0.38)、多动指数低(OR=0.15)、问题解决好(OR=0.38)和情感介入少(OR=0.20)可能是儿童冲动行为的保护因素(P0.05)。结论:研究提示有冲动行为的ODD、ADHD儿童可能存在自尊程度较低、父母养育方式不良及家庭功能紊乱等社会心理因素。     

对抽动障碍儿童父母亲养育方式的研究

目的 探讨父母亲的教育方式对抽动障碍儿童的影响。方法 本研究采用病例对照的实验方法，对120例抽动障碍儿童和120例正常儿童进行了父母亲养育方式的量表调查，资料使用SPSS11.5软件进行t-检验及SAS8．0软件进行Logistic回归分析。结果 病例组父亲“情感温暖、理解”得分明显低于对照组（t=-13．35，P〈0．01），有显著性差异；病例组母亲“情感温暖、理解”得分明显低于对照组（t=-9．40，P〈0．01），有显著性差异；而病例组父亲“惩罚、严厉”、“拒绝、否认”、“过分干涉”因子得分明显高于对照组（t值分别为18．00、6．18、11.66，P值均〈0．01），病例组母亲“惩罚、严厉”，“过分干涉”，“过度保护”，“拒绝、否认”因子得分明显比对照组高（t值分别为15．46、7．91、12．47，P值均〈0．01），有显著性差异，对上述统计检验有显著性差异的资料在SAS8．0统计软件包上进行逐步非条件Logistic回归分析，结果父亲“拒绝因子”及母亲“拒绝因子”为显著危险因素。结论 抽动障碍儿童的父母存在不良教养方式，其中父母亲对惠儿过多的拒绝和否定为显著危险因素。     

犯罪青少年父母养育方式及与自身文化程度的关系

目的　探讨犯罪青少年父母养育方式及与父母文化程度的关系。方法　采用父母养育方式评价量表 (EMBU)和父母文化程度问卷 (自制 )对犯罪青少年 2 40人和正常青少年 2 40人进行了集体测查和对照研究 ,并对父母养育方式与文化程度的关系进行了分析。结果　犯罪青少年父母情感温暖与理解 (FF1和 MF1 )明显低于对照组 ,而父母惩罚严厉 (FF2和MF4)、父母过分偏爱 (FF4和 MF5 )和父亲拒绝否认 (FF5 )明显高于对照组 ;父母养育方式与其受教育程度关系密切 ,高文化程度的父母给予子女高情感温暖、理解 ,低文化程度的父母对子女高惩罚严厉 ,高拒绝否认和过分偏爱。结论　犯罪青少年父母养育方式存在较多缺陷 ,父母文化程度过低是造成其养育方式失当的一个重要原因。     

自我意识及父母教养方式与儿童社会退缩行为的关系

目的：探讨儿童社会退缩行为的形成与儿童自我意识及父母养育方式之间的关系。方法：采用Achenbach儿童行为量表（Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist，CBCL）、Piers—Harris儿童自我意识量表（Children’s Self-concept Scale，PHCSS）、父母教养方式评价问卷对长沙市五所小学四、五年级1209位学生测量并进行统计分析。结果：经过统计分析，退缩低分组在自我意识量表上各因子得分都明显高于高分组，并且在父母养育方式量表中，父母亲的情感温暖和理解因子得分也显著高于高分组，而父母亲的拒绝否认和父母亲的惩罚严厉因子得分却显著低于高分组。退缩行为与父母的情感温暖和理解呈低度负相关，与父母亲拒绝否认、父亲惩罚严厉呈低度正相关，与儿童自我意识量表中行为、智力与学校情况均呈中度负相关．与躯体外貌、焦虑、合群以及幸福满足呈低度负相关。结论：家庭教养方式和自我意识是社会退缩行为的影响因素之一。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.