阿托伐他汀对高葡萄糖诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的研究阿托伐他汀对醛糖还原酶(AR)和核因子NF-κB的表达及血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响,探讨阿托伐他汀抗细胞增殖的可能机制.方法用高浓度葡萄糖诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)AR基因表达,然后加入不同浓度的阿托伐他汀,培养3 d后用台盼蓝染色行细胞计数.并采用RT-PCR、免疫组化、原位杂交等方法,观察阿托伐他汀对NF-κB和AR基因表达及VSMC增殖的影响.结果 1)随着阿托伐他汀浓度的提高,VSMC计数逐渐减少.2)正常浓度葡萄糖(5.6 mmol/L)时, NF-κB表达不明显,高浓度葡萄糖(22.5 mmol/L)时,NF-κB表达强阳性,阿托伐他汀则可明显抑制这一表达,0.1 μmol/L阿托伐他汀时, NF-κB表达即有降低,10 μmol/L阿托伐他汀几乎完全抑制NF-κB的表达.3)高浓度葡萄糖可明显诱导AR基因的表达,阿托伐他汀对其表达有抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖性.与高浓度葡萄糖组相比,阿托伐他汀0.1、1、10 μmol/L分别使VSMC的AR mRNA下调12%、45%和80%(P均＜0.05).结论 1)阿托伐他汀可抑制VSMC增殖.2)阿托伐他汀可抑制AR及NF-κB的表达.3)阿托伐他汀可能是通过抑制AR及NF-κB的表达继而抑制VSMC的增殖.     

阿托伐他汀对高葡萄糖诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖的抑制作用

目的研究阿托伐他汀对醛糖还原酶(AR)和核因子NF-κB的表达及血管平滑肌细胞增殖的影响,探讨阿托伐他汀抗细胞增殖的可能机制。方法用高浓度葡萄糖诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)AR基因表达,然后加入不同浓度的阿托伐他汀,培养3d后用台盼蓝染色行细胞计数。并采用RT-PCR、免疫组化、原位杂交等方法,观察阿托伐他汀对NF-κB和AR基因表达及VSMC增殖的影响。结果1)随着阿托伐他汀浓度的提高,VSMC计数逐渐减少。2)正常浓度葡萄糖(5·6mmol/L)时,NF-κB表达不明显,高浓度葡萄糖(22·5mmol/L)时,NF-κB表达强阳性,阿托伐他汀则可明显抑制这一表达,0·1μmol/L阿托伐他汀时,NF-κB表达即有降低,10μmol/L阿托伐他汀几乎完全抑制NF-κB的表达。3)高浓度葡萄糖可明显诱导AR基因的表达,阿托伐他汀对其表达有抑制作用,且呈剂量依赖性。与高浓度葡萄糖组相比,阿托伐他汀0·1、1、10μmol/L分别使VSMC的ARmRNA下调12%、45%和80%(P均<0·05)。结论1)阿托伐他汀可抑制VSMC增殖。2)阿托伐他汀可抑制AR及NF-κB的表达。3)阿托伐他汀可能是通过抑制AR及NF-κB的表达继而抑制VSMC的增殖。     

Toll样受体4—核因子κB信号通路在血管成形术后再狭窄过程中的作用

目的观察大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤术后血管中Toll样受体4及核因子κB的表达情况,并应用阿托伐他汀药物进行干预。探讨Toll样受体4/核因子κB通路在再狭窄过程中的作用。方法雄性SD大鼠56只,随机分为阿托伐他汀治疗7天组、内膜损伤7天组、阿托伐他汀治疗14天组、内膜损伤14天组,以同系动物的右颈总动脉作对照。采用大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤后再狭窄动物模型,以免疫组织化学染色、逆转录聚合酶链反应、Western blot法检测Toll样受体4及核因子κB在各组大鼠颈总动脉中的表达情况。结果大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤后7天新生内膜增加,在新生内膜平滑肌中核因子κB(9.8%)及Toll样受体4(15.6%)染色阳性,Toll样受体4 mRNA(0.39)及蛋白水平(26.18)均增高。14天后内膜增生更加明显,管腔显著狭窄,核因子κB(23.2%)及Toll样受体4(37.2%)染色强阳性,Toll样受体4 mRNA(0.49)及蛋白水平(57.12)显著增高。与内膜损伤组相比,阿托伐他汀治疗组内膜增生程度明显减轻,核因子κB及Toll样受体4水平明显下降。结论在大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤后再狭窄模型中,核因子κB活性增加,Toll样受体4 mRNA及蛋白水平均增高,应用阿托伐他汀后可以抑制Toll样受体4和核因子κB的表达,同时抑制内膜增生,表明Toll样受体4/核因子κB通路有可能参与了再狭窄形成过程。     

醛糖还原酶拮抗剂治疗大鼠血管再狭窄

背景醛糖还原酶增强氧化应激,促进细胞分裂增殖,激活转录因子、核因子кB(NF-кB),但在血管再狭窄中起的作用报告不多 .目的 研究醛糖还原酶(AR)在大鼠再狭窄血管中的表达,探讨AR表达与内膜增生的关系,AR拮抗剂依帕司他对再狭窄血管中AR的表达及AR的抑制作用.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分成对照组(A组)、手术未干预组(B组)及手术 依帕司他组(C组),每组8只.用通气-干燥法损伤B组及C组大鼠右侧颈总动脉,左侧颈总动脉作为对照.分别于7 d及14 d后处死大鼠,HE染色以观察内膜及中膜增生情况,并计算内膜、中膜面积及其比值,FISH原位杂交及免疫组化检测AR及NF-кB的表达.结果 1)术后第7天损伤侧血管内膜增生明显,第14天后内膜增生进一步加重,对照血管无明显增生.2)依帕司他明显抑制血管内皮损伤后血管内膜增生、血管内膜面积、血管内膜与中膜面积比值明显低于未干预组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).3)AR及NF-кB 在损伤侧血管中的表达明显强于对侧.依帕司他明显抑制AR及NF-кB 的表达量(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).结论 依帕司他对血管内膜的增生及再狭窄的形成有抑制作用,伴有AR及NF-кB 的表达受抑.     

醛糖还原酶拮抗剂治疗大鼠血管再狭窄

背景醛糖还原酶增强氧化应激,促进细胞分裂增殖,激活转录因子、核因子кB(NF-кB),但在血管再狭窄中起的作用报告不多。目的研究醛糖还原酶(AR)在大鼠再狭窄血管中的表达,探讨AR表达与内膜增生的关系,AR拮抗剂依帕司他对再狭窄血管中AR的表达及AR的抑制作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分成对照组(A组)、手术未干预组(B组)及手术+依帕司他组(C组),每组8只。用通气-干燥法损伤B组及C组大鼠右侧颈总动脉,左侧颈总动脉作为对照。分别于7d及14d后处死大鼠,HE染色以观察内膜及中膜增生情况,并计算内膜、中膜面积及其比值,FISH原位杂交及免疫组化检测AR及NF-кB的表达。结果1)术后第7天损伤侧血管内膜增生明显,第14天后内膜增生进一步加重,对照血管无明显增生。2)依帕司他明显抑制血管内皮损伤后血管内膜增生、血管内膜面积、血管内膜与中膜面积比值明显低于未干预组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。3)AR及NF-кB在损伤侧血管中的表达明显强于对侧。依帕司他明显抑制AR及NF-кB的表达量(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论依帕司他对血管内膜的增生及再狭窄的形成有抑制作用,伴有AR及NF-кB的表达受抑。     

阿托伐他汀对自发性高血压大鼠去外膜颈动脉内膜增生的影响

目的研究阿托伐他汀对自发性高血压大鼠颈动脉外膜去除后血管内膜增生的影响。方法24只13周龄雄性自发性高血压大鼠去除右侧颈动脉外膜后,随机分为自发性高血压组、阿托伐他汀组和缬沙坦组,每组8只;8只同周龄雄性WKY大鼠作为正常对照组。机械和化学法去除大鼠右侧颈动脉外膜,左侧作假手术对照。4周后,放射免疫法测定血浆及双侧颈动脉血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度,取双侧颈动脉制成光镜标本,病理图像分析系统测定颈动脉管腔横截面积、内弹力层围绕面积、外弹力层围绕面积,评价内膜和中膜增生程度。逆转录聚合酶链反应检测颈动脉血管紧张素转化酶2 mRNA表达,免疫组织化学法检测血管紧张素转换酶2蛋白表达。结果自发性高血压大鼠对照组去外膜侧和外膜完整侧血管内膜增生较正常对照组明显(P<0.01),中膜面积显著增大(P<0.05或P<0.01),去外膜侧内膜增生较外膜完整侧显著(P<0.05);阿托伐他汀组较自发性高血压组内膜增生显著降低(P<0.01)。与外膜完整侧比较,去外膜侧颈动脉血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度显著增高(P<0.01),血管紧张素转化酶2mRNA和蛋白表达明显减弱(P<0.01);与自发性高血压组比较,阿托伐他汀组颈动脉血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度显著降低(P<0.01),血浆血管紧张素Ⅱ浓度、血管紧张素转化酶2 mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01)。结论阿托伐他汀可显著抑制自发性高血压大鼠颈动脉去外膜后血管内膜增生,其机制可能是通过上调血管局部血管紧张素转化酶2而实现的。     

阿托伐他汀减轻大鼠颈动脉损伤后组织蛋白酶S表达的影响

背景新生内膜形成是动脉粥样硬化、再狭窄等血管病理改变时的重要特征。阿托伐他汀能否通过抑制组织蛋白酶S(Cat S)及核转录因子κB(NF-κB)表达减轻新生内膜形成目前尚不清楚。目的观察阿托伐他汀对大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后Cat S及NF-κB表达的影响。方法 24只雄性SD大鼠分为正常对照组(n=8)、手术组(n=8)和阿托伐他汀组(n=8),手术组和阿托伐他汀组行左侧颈动脉球囊损伤。阿托伐他汀组予阿托伐他汀10 mg/(kg·d)。实验前后测定血清白细胞介素1-β(IL-1β)变化,28 d后大鼠处死行病理形态学检查,检测各组Cat S和NF-κB表达。结果与手术组比较,阿托伐他汀组大鼠颈动脉内膜面积和内膜/中膜面积(I/M)比值明显减少,差异有统计学意义[内膜面积:(148.6±8.8)×103μm2比(64.8±5.1)×103μm2;I/M:(2.1±0.2)比(0.9±0.1),均P<0.01]。与手术组比较,阿托伐他汀组Cat S表达和NF-κB评分也明显减少,差异有统计学意义[Cat S mRNA:(0.80±0.07)比(0.50±0.04);Cat S评分:(15.3±1.4)比(8.5±0.7);NF-κB评分:(12.5±1.3)比(6.7±0.5),均P<0.01]。内膜面积与Cat S和NF-κB表达呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论阿托伐他汀可能通过抑制NF-κB使Cat S表达减少,减轻颈动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜形成。     

阿托伐他汀对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞迁移和组织蛋白酶S表达的影响

目的 观察阿托伐他汀对白细胞介素1β诱导的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞迁移及组织蛋白酶S和核因子κB表达的影响.方法 取SD大鼠胸主动脉进行血管平滑肌细胞培养,采用Boyden小室实验评价不同浓度阿托伐他汀对白细胞介素1β诱导大鼠血管平滑肌细胞迁移的影响,用细胞免疫化学和逆转录聚合酶链反应法检测各组组织蛋白酶S和核因子κB表达的变化.结果 与正常对照组相比,白细胞介素1β组血管平滑肌细胞迁移增多,核因子κB和组织蛋白酶s表达明显增加(P<0.01).1 μmol/L和10 μmol/L阿托伐他汀组可呈剂量依赖性地抑制白细胞介素1β所致的细胞迁移以及组织蛋白酶S和核因子κB表达(P<0.01).结论 阿托伐他汀可能通过抑制核因子κB使组织蛋白酶S表达减少,从而抑制血管平滑肌细胞迁移.     

阿托伐他汀在大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤模型中对NF-κB及其相关炎性因子的影响

目的研究阿托伐他汀在大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤模型中对核转录因子NF-κB及其相关炎性因子:细胞间细胞黏附分子1(ICAM-1)、血管细胞黏附分子1(VCAM-1)、单核细胞趋化蛋白1(MCP-1)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的影响。方法健康雄性Wistar大鼠72只,体重300～350 g,随机分为3组,阿托伐他汀干预组为实验组,通过灌胃法给予阿托伐他汀[10 mg/(kg.d)];安慰剂对照组为模型组,给予等量清水;空白对照组为假手术组,只分离出左颈总动脉后缝合,不作球囊损伤处理,给予等量清水。药物干预3天后实验组与模型组行左侧颈总动脉内膜球囊损伤术,术后实验组继续每日给予阿托伐他汀,模型组及假手术组给予等量清水,每组中各有6只于术后1、3、7天和14天分别处死,采集血清及颈总动脉标本。采用组织形态学观察内膜增生,采用免疫组织化学及酶联免疫吸附试验检测NF-κB及ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、IL-6、TNF-α等炎性因子的表达。结果阿托伐他汀组球囊损伤后内膜增生面积显著小于模型组(P<0.01);模型组血管壁及血清中NF-κB及炎性因子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、IL-6、TNF-α的表达显著高于假手术组;阿托伐他汀组血管壁及血清中NF-κB及炎性因子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、IL-6、TNF-α的表达显著低于模型组(P<0.01)。结论阿托伐他汀能抑制大鼠颈总动脉损伤后的内膜增生,其可能机制是通过特异性抑制炎症关键调节因子NF-κB,从而减少其下游炎性因子ICAM-1、VCAM-1、MCP-1、IL-6及TNF-α的表达而实现的。     

阿托伐他汀对糖尿病大鼠视网膜核因子-κB表达的影响

目的 探讨他汀类药物对糖尿病大鼠视网膜核因子(NF)-κB表达的影响及其可能机制.方法 雄性SD大鼠60只,随机抽40只腹腔注射链脲佐菌素65 mg/kg建立糖尿病模型,余20只为正常对照组.成模大鼠随机分成两组,糖尿病非药物干预组及阿托伐他汀干预组.干预组予阿托伐他汀(2 mg·kg-1·d-1)灌胃,对照组及糖尿病非药物干预组给予等量饮用水.大鼠分别于3,6个月时按比例处死.取一眼视网膜组织抽提RNA,另一眼固定后做免疫组织化学观察.RT-PCR法扩增NF-κB基因,比较3组大鼠的NF-κB mRNA表达差异.免疫组织化学法观察NF-κB蛋白表达差异.结果 PCR结果示糖尿病大鼠视网膜NF-κB mRNA表达较正常大鼠明显增高(P＜0.05),药物干预的大鼠,NF-κB mRNA表达比糖尿病非药物干预组明显减少(P＜0.05).免疫组织化学结果示视网膜上,NF-κB主要分布在血管层,糖尿病大鼠视网膜中NF-κB阳性的细胞比正常组明显增多(P＜0.05),且着色较深.阿托伐他汀干预组NF-κB阳性的细胞比糖尿病大鼠明显减少(P＜0.05),且着色较浅.结论 阿托伐他汀能降低糖尿病大鼠视网膜中NF-κB mRNA及NF-κB蛋白质的表达,减缓视网膜病变进展.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.