上海市医用电子加速器机房防护效果评估

目的 为保障放射工作人员与公众的健康与安全,对上海市医用电子加速器机房的屏蔽进行辐射防护效果评估。方法 依据国家相关标准。结果 医用电子加速器机房的辐射屏蔽防护符合我国医用电子加速器机房的使用标准。结论 上海市现用的医用电子加速器机房的屏蔽防护可以满足国家标准GB18871-2002《电离辐射防护与辐射安全基本标准》的要求,符合辐射防护的最优化原则,兼顾了辐射防护的发展需求。     

医用电子直线加速器机房环境辐射监测

目的 按国家标准对广东省11台医用电子直线加速器机房屏蔽防护效果进行评价。方法 对加速器机房控制室操作处和机房外30 cm处环境X-γ辐射剂量率进行监测,并与机房辐射剂量率设计值进行比较。结果 各加速器机房监测符合国家辐射防护要求。结论 定期对加速器机房进行屏蔽防护监测,是确保辐射安全的简单有效方法。     

湖北省医用加速器性能检测结果与分析

目的 了解湖北省医用加速器一些主要机型的性能。方法 按国家有关标准进行。结果和结论 加速器机房屏蔽防护性能和杂散辐射限制都符合国家标准;除个别型号机器的个别指标外,机器技术性能指标都符合国家标准。     

BJ-14型医用电子加速器机房的屏蔽计算及效果评价

目的 计算BJ-14型医用电子加速器机房的屏蔽墙厚度并对屏蔽效果进行评价。方法 依据《医用电子加速器卫生防护标准》。结果 计算出各防护墙的厚度,并按最优化原则提出建议值。结论 按建议值施工降低了工程费用,防护效果符合国家标准。     

钴-60机房改造成6MV直线加速器机房的放射防护评价

目的 评价钴-60机房改造成直线加速器机房后放射防护性能。方法 依据《医用电子加速器放射卫生防护标准》(GBZ126-2002)和《电离辐射防护与辐射源安全基本标准》(GB18871-2002)进行改建、检测及评价。结果 改造后加速器治疗室工作场所和周围环境的空气比释动能率均低于国家标准限值。结论 钴-60机房改造成6 MV直线加速器机房后各项放射防护指标均达到国家标准要求,且造价低、省时,符合最优化原则。     

湖北省医用加速器的放射防护

目的 调查评价湖北省医用加速器的放射防护情况。方法 按国家相关标准对湖北省在用的35台医用加速器进行检测评价。结果 医用加速器机房的屏蔽防护均能达到要求,加速器的卫生防护总体合格率为74%,主要不合格项目为辐射野内均整度和不对称性,经过维修调试后,能达到国家标准的要求。结论 对医用加速器的防护设施应坚持进行预防性监督,对加速器的卫生防护应进行定期的稳定性检测和状态检测。     

医用电子直线加速器性能及卫生防护安全评价

目的 对医用电子直线加速器性能及工作场所,邻近环境进行评价。方法 依据GB 15213-94医用电子直线加速器性能和试验方法及GBZ126-2002医用电子直线加速器放射卫生防护标准所规定的方法进行检测评价。结果 检测指标,如重复性、高剂量后稳定性、均整度、对称性、半影、剂量线性、机房屏蔽及周围邻近环境等指标均符合国家标准。结论 型号为PRIMUS的医用电子直线加速器主要性能指标测试结果和机房屏蔽及周围邻近环境的安全防护性能符合要求,对工作人员及公众无危害,属安全性工作。     

四川省医用加速器性能和防护检测结果

目的 加强对四川省放射治疗设备的管理,保证放射治疗的质量和工作人员以及患者的安全。方法 根据国家有关标准规定的方法。结果 22台医用电子加速器的性能指标多数符合国家标准的要求;机房防护较好;具备与防护有关的规章制度核设施。结论 四川省目前在用医用加速器性能基本能满足治疗工作的要求,工作人员和患者的防护措施安全、有效。     

湖北省医用加速器的屏蔽防护

目的 了解分析湖北省医用加速屏蔽防护情况,为以后的防护工作提供参考。方法 对湖北省各台医用加速器的屏蔽厚度及防护效果进行调查、检测和分析。结果 湖北省各医用加速器的防护效果均符合国家标准的要求,屏蔽厚度有较大差别。结论 部分机房的屏蔽厚度偏厚,建议对现行防护体系进行修订,并加强加速器建设项目的管理,提高相关机构和人员的能力水平。     

医用加速器机房通风系统的研究与改进

目的 对医用加速器机房通风系统进行研究,提出改进方案并对改进方案进一步说明。方法 通过对机房内有害气体产生的部位、特点、排风方式的研究分析,对新改进方案的详细介绍,说明新改进方案的优点和可行性。结果 现在的医用加速器机房通风系统存在诸多不合理之处,而新改进方案具有明显的优点并切实可行。结论 新设计的医用加速器机房通风系统合理实用,值得推广。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.