Reduction of grip strength, finger flexion pressure, finger pinch pressure and key pinch following flexor tendon repair

67 patients with 176 repaired flexor tendons have been reviewed after a mean follow-up interval of 26.4 months. After repair, mean grip strength was 74.5%, mean finger flexion pressure 76.8% and mean finger pinch pressure 74.7% of that of the opposite uninjured hand or digit. For 16 patients with repaired flexor pollicis longus tendons, mean key pinch was 78.7%. Grip strength was reduced after injury to tendons alone, but was especially reduced when there was concomitant damage to the median or ulnar nerves.     

异体手移植的手术设计与操作

目的 探讨异体手移植的手术设计与技术操作要点。方法 2例右手缺失病人行异体手移植,参照自体断腕再植的基本程序,依次受区准备、供手准备、移植手组织重建。骨骼再接平面位于桡尺骨离桡骨关节面2.5cm～3cm处,桡骨阶梯状截骨、螺钉固定,尺骨平面截骨、三棱针或钢板内固定;先缝合屈侧深肌腱,吻合尺、桡动脉后静脉放血,再吻合头、贵要静脉,缝合屈侧浅肌腱及伸侧肌腱,吻合神经,缝合皮肤。术后抗免疫排斥、抗感染、抗凝、抗血管痉挛。结果 手术时间分别为7h52min、9h10min,供手缺血时间6h、ah 19min。病例一移植手血循环良好;病例二术后3小时静脉危象,经手术恢复血循环。现术后8个月移植手存活良好,无免疫排斥反应发生,手握持功能及手部感觉已恢复,手内在肌功能部分恢复。结论 异体手移植的手术设计重点依据手缺失残端位置确定受一供体手移植平面,组织重建的顺序为骨骼、深肌腱、动脉、静脉、浅肌腱、神经和皮肤。     

Tendon transfers for radial, median, and ulnar nerve injuries: current surgical techniques

Tendon transfers are performed predominantly to restore hand function or balance due to injuries of the radial, median, and ulnar nerves. Current surgical techniques for the most common tendon transfers for reconstruction of radial, median, and ulnar nerve palsies are demonstrated. These techniques can also be applied to restore flexion and extension of the fingers and thumb after injuries to the extrinsic flexor and extensor muscles and tendons of the forearm or intrinsic muscles of the hand.     

Ruptures of flexor tendons at the wrist as a complication of fracture of the distal radius.

We report two cases of rupture of flexor tendons after fracture of the distal radius. The first case was a rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis tendon to the index finger that happened 20 years after the fracture. The second was a rupture of the flexor pollicis longus tendon that occurred two years after, and the flexor profundus tendon to the index finger that occurred four years after the fracture. In the first case, the ruptures were caused by the bony protuberance of the radius after long interval without interference of the ulnar head.     

Ruptures of Flexor Tendons At the Wrist as a Complication of Fracture of the Distal Radius

We report two cases of rupture of flexor tendons after fracture of the distal radius. The first case was a rupture of the flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis tendon to the index finger that happened 20 years after the fracture. The second was a rupture of the flexor pollicis longus tendon that occurred two years after, and the flexor profundus tendon to the index finger that occurred four years after the fracture. In the first case, the ruptures were caused by the bony protuberance of the radius after long interval without interference of the ulnar head.     

Bilateral ulnar neuropathy secondary to volar displacement of flexor tendons following open carpal tunnel release: case report

We report a case of bilateral ulnar neuropathy after bilateral open carpal tunnel release. Displacement of the flexor tendons anterior to the hook of hamate caused impingement on the ulnar nerve. Symptoms resolved after hook of hamate resection.     

Management der rheumatischen Beugesehnenaffektionen an der Hand

The affection to the flexor tendons of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis represents a substantial rheumatic change in the hand, which is characterized by restriction of movement, ulnar deviation in the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint and palmar incomplete dislocation. Early treatment by removing any possible constriction areas in synovial proliferations in the area of the flexor pullies or a complete tendosynovectomy makes an extensive restitution possible. In the case of only one ruptured flexor tendon, it can be treated by the transfer of the neighboring superficialis tendon or a tendon transplant. If there are multiple ruptures, the results will be clearly worse in regard to movement and strength, whereby as a rule the result is seriously influenced by articular destruction. Therefore, an early tendosynovectomy and a preventive operation to the wrist have to be recommended.     

Twenty-five-year follow-up evaluation of an active silicone/Dacron tendon interposition prosthesis: A case report

A 19-year-old man sustained a severe avulsion wound of the dominant distal forearm, dividing the radial and ulnar arteries, median and ulnar nerves, and all flexor tendons. Initial treatment consisted of revascularization. Shortly thereafter he had sural nerve grafting of the median and ulnar nerves. This was followed by insertion of a silicone/Dacron tendon interposition prosthesis to reconstruct a 4-cm deficit in the flexor profundus tendons and the flexor pollicis longus tendon. Six weeks thereafter an opposition transfer using the extensor indicis proprius and a Brand type 2 intrinsic transfer using the extensor carpi radialis longus and a plantaris tendon graft were performed. Several months later an attempt was made to remove the prosthesis. It was encased in scar tissue, however, and left in place. Evaluation 25 years later revealed that the flexor tendons and prosthesis were functioning well.     

Results of transfer of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendons to the flexor digitorum profundus tendons in adults with acquired spasticity of the hand

Thirty-one patients who had transfer of the flexor digitorum superficialis tendons to the flexor digitorum profundus tendons en masse in thirty-four non-functional spastic hands were examined at an average of fifty months postoperatively. All of the patients had had a clenched-fist deformity preoperatively, with severe hygienic problems of the palmar skin and no active function of the hand. Postoperatively, all of the hands were in an open position, which allowed for good hygiene of the palmar surface. A minor wound infection developed in three patients. Neurectomy of the motor branch of the ulnar nerve distal to the Guyon canal was needed for control of spasticity of the intrinsic muscles in twenty-five hands. An intrinsic-minus deformity did not develop in any of the hands that had neurectomy of the ulnar nerve, although an intrinsic-plus deformity developed in seven of the nine hands that did not have a neurectomy.     

Bilateral pisiform-hamate coalition causing carpal tunnel syndrome and tendon attrition. A case report

Congenital coalition of pisiform and hamate is rare and had been considered asymptomatic in the first reports. The authors report a case of bilateral pisiform-hamate coalition in a young patient, causing symptoms of median nerve compression in the carpal tunnel and attritional changes on digital flexor tendons. This type of coalition had not previously been related to such symptoms. Additionally, the morphology of the coalition on the right side is unique among published cases. Surgical treatment with bilateral excision of the coalition resulted in the resolution of symptoms.     

对非典型WasselⅥ型重复拇指畸形的病理解剖结构与治疗策略的探讨

目的 探讨非典型WasselⅥ型重复拇指畸形的病理解剖结构与治疗策略.方法 2008年5月至2019年6月,重庆医科大学附属儿童医院骨科二病房共治疗非典型WasselⅥ重复拇指畸形46例,即桡侧拇指掌骨发育好,拇指畸形;尺侧拇指掌骨发育不良,拇指外观良好.其中男26例,女20例;平均手术年龄1.4岁(11个月～3.8岁...     

Rupture of all the flexor tendons in the hand due to malunion of a distal radius fracture

We report the case of a patient in whom the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus tendons to the index, middle, ring and little fingers ruptured 6 years following malunion of a distal radius fracture. There was no history of rheumatoid disease. The distal ulna was displaced volarly and perforated the volar wrist capsule. There was a cumulative biological effect from chronic synovitis and mechanical compression due to the ulnar head impinging upon the normal anatomic course of the flexor tendons to the ring and little fingers. We discuss the physiopathology of this rare lesion and postulate that flexor tendon rupture to the index and middle fingers will occur on the volar surface of the radius when there is a malunion with dorsal tilt.     

One in four flexor digitorum superficialis lasso for correction of the claw deformity

In continuation of the author's work on 'lasso' principle, flexor digitorum superficialis split in to four tails and looped around A1 pulley has been described in this article to correct the ulnar claw and to correct the total claw hand when used along with opponensplasty as a one stage technique. This operation has the advantage of retaining superficialis tendons of the other fingers for better power grip and the avoiding swan neck deformity.     

Digital avulsion injuries: the shish kebab effect of the fibrous flexor sheath

On debriding a hand from which four fingers with all their flexor tendons had been avulsed, a sizeable quantity of 'minced' muscle was found in the palm. Further cadaver investigations showed that the avulsed flexor tendons disrupted proximal to the musculo-tendon junction, and that a significant amount of devitalized forearm muscle tissue was left in the palm as the tendons passed through the proximal fibrous flexor sheath. A case of early development of carpal tunnel syndrome following avulsion injury of the little finger is illustrated in which later surgical exploration of the palm revealed detached muscle tissue compromising the median nerve. It is suggested that exploration of the palm is indicated in all cases of proximal avulsions of the flexor tendons.     

Flexor tendon rupture caused by gout: a case report

We present a case of primary gouty infiltration of flexor tendons in the hand, causing rupture of both flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus tendons in a single digit. The patient was managed by a single-stage reconstruction of the less involved flexor digitorum superficialis tendon using a segment of the proximal stump of flexor digitorum profundus tendon as a bridge graft. This uncommon etiology of tendon rupture should be considered in all patients with a history of gout presenting with tendon insufficiency.     

Dorsal instability of the ulnar stump following distal resection: hemi extensor-carpi-ulnaris stabilization procedure

Dorsal instability of the ulnar stump may be a complication of Darrach and Sauve-Kapandji procedures. Stabilizing procedures are numerous using flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris tendons or a combination of both tendons, the palmaris longus, and even synthetic or free grafts. The authors report nine cases of ulnar stump instability, five times post-traumatic and four as a result of rheumatoid arthritis. A tenodesis using a strip half of the extensor carpi ulnaris was performed in all these patients. Post-operatively eight patients were pain-free with in one case occasional pain after heavy work. All stumps were clinically stable. Forearm rotation and grip strength were maintained. Radiological dorsal ulnar subluxation was always reduced. Treatment of these instabilities should be preventive. When dorsal instability of the ulnar stump occurs, the half strip extensor carpi ulnaris tenodesis provides consistent satisfactory results in both arthritic and post-traumatic-related instability.     

DIGITAL AVULSION INJURIES: THE SHISH KEBAB EFFECT OF THE FIBROUS FLEXOR SHEATH*

On debriding a hand from which four fingers with all their flexor tendons had been avulsed, a sizeable quantity of ‘minced’ muscle was found in the palm. Further cadaver investigations showed that the avulsed flexor tendons disrupted proximal to the musculc-tendon junction, and that a significant amount of devitalized forearm muscle tissue was left in the palm as the tendons passed through the proximal fibrous flexor sheath. A case of early development of carpal tunnel syndrome following avulsion injury of the little finger is illustrated in which later surgical exploration of the palm revealed detached muscle tissue compromising the median nerve. It is suggested that exploration of the palm is indicated in all cases of proximal avulsions of the flexor tendons.     

Management and functional outcomes of combined injuries of flexor tendons, nerves, and vessels at the wrist

A retrospective review of 42 patients with spaghetti wrist lacerations operated on by the author between June 1997 and May 2005 was completed. A total of 31 males and 11 females, average age of 17.1 years (range, 2-40 years), sustained spaghetti wrist injuries. The most frequent mechanisms of injury were accidental glass lacerations (55%), knife wounds (24%), and electrical saw injuries (11%). An average of 9.16 structures was injured, including 6.95 tendons, 1.4 nerves, and 0.8 arteries. The most frequently injured structures were median nerve (83%), flexor digitorum superficialis 2-4 tendons (81%), flexor digitorum profundus 2-4 tendons (66%), ulnar nerve and ulnar artery (57%), and flexor pollicis longus (40%). Combined flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar nerve, and ulnar artery (ulnar triad) injuries occurred in 31%, while combined median nerve, palmaris longus, and flexor carpi radialis injuries (radial triad) occurred in 43%. Simultaneous injuries of both median and ulnar nerves occurred in 40.5%. Simultaneous injuries of both ulnar and radial arteries occurred in 14%. Neither artery was injured in 30.9%. Follow-up has ranged from 1 to 8 years, with an average of 46 months. Only four patients have been completely lost to follow-up. Range of motion of all involved digits (tendon function) was excellent in 34 patients, good in 3 patients, and poor in only 1 patient. Opposition was excellent in 31 patients, good in 5 patients, and poor in 2 patients. Intrinsic muscle recovery was subjectively reported to be excellent in 29 patients, good in 7, and fair to poor in 2 patients. Minor deformity (partial clawing) was reported in 4 patients and 1 patient has major deformity (total clawing). Sensory recovery was reported, excellent in 32 patients, good in 5 patients, and fair in only 1 patient.     

手部开放性屈肌腱损伤的早期修复

目的探讨手部屈肌腱损伤早期修复及早期功能锻炼对手部功能恢复的疗效。方法统计我院自2008年1月-2009年5月手部屈肌腱损伤患者80例124指,共计221条肌腱,其中I区16条,Ⅱ区89条,Ⅲ区36条,Ⅳ区10条,V区70条,均予早期修复,术后早期辅以适当的功能锻炼,以TAM评价法进行功能评价。结果术后随访4个月～1年,随访72例,失访8例。患指TAM优良率达94．64％。结论早期修复手部开放性屈肌腱损伤,术后辅以规范的功能锻炼对手部功能恢复具有良好的疗效。     

Flexor digitorum profundus common to thumb and index finger, associated with a post-traumatic distal adherence of both tendons

The existence of connections, in the form of tendon slips, between the tendons of the flexor pollicis longus and the flexor digitorum profundus indicis has been described by different authors as being a relatively frequent anomaly. Complete fusion between the two muscles, however, must be considered a very rare anomaly. A bilateral case is described, in which the right hand also had post-traumatic adhesions between the two tendons.