肾移植术后早期急性排斥反应与急性肾小管坏死的鉴别诊断及护理

急性排斥反应和急性肾小管坏死都是肾移植术后常见并发症,两者术后都是以少尿、无尿为主要特点,术后早期较难鉴别。我科从1998年11月至2005年6月共进行同种异体肾移植术268例,其中发生急性排斥反应30例,发生率为11.19%;急性肾小管坏死27例,发生率为10.07%,现报告如下。1临床资料本组268例肾移植术患者中,发生急性排斥反应30例,男性17例,女性13例,年龄9~68岁,经用甲基强的松龙冲击治疗及OKT3、ATG、ALG等治疗,26例逆转,1例因移植肾自发性破裂而摘除,3例移植肾;发生急性肾小管坏死27例,男性12例,女性15例,年龄28~69岁,经透析治疗后25例均…     

Early segmental changes in ischemic acute tubular necrosis of the rat kidney

The background and mechanisms of ischemic acute tubular necrosis are still essentially unclarified. Therefore a quantitative morphological technique was applied for evaluation of the early structural changes in different fractions of the proximal convoluted tubule in the rat renal cortex. In male pentothal-anesthetized Wistar rats (body weight 200-250 g) ischemia of the right kidney was obtained by clamping (clamp diameter 0.15 mm) the ipsilateral renal artery for varying periods of time (10 min to 6 h) followed by removal and instant freezing of the kidney in isopentane at -165 degrees C and subsequent freeze-substitution in alcohol. The microscopic slides from the kidneys were silver methenamine-PAS stained. In the segments of the proximal convoluted tubules of the nephrons, presence of nuclear pyknosis, places of denuded basement membranes and presence of exfoliated tubular cells were counted. The results were statistically treated for comparison between the extent of damage in the initial postglomerular fraction and the later tubular loops. All three parameters showed a systematic, statistically significant increased number of lesions in the initial fraction of the proximal convoluted tubule versus the subsequent loops. The distribution of the structural lesions is in accordance with the previously reported presence of a tubulo-capillary counter-current flow in the proximal convoluted tubule and, when related to the highly variable oxygen tension in the normal renal cortex of the rat, indicates that the peculiar location of the early lesions might well be determined by these functional conditions.     

Clinical evaluation of the urinary sediment after renal allotransplantation

The detection of lymphoid cells by routine examination of the urine after renal allotransplantation has proved to be a useful early indication of rejection. In a study of 36 rejection episodes, 20 (56%) were associated with a significant number of lymphocytes in the urine. The incidence was much higher when rejection occurred during the first month after operation (76%); lymphocytes were rarely found when rejection occurred after three months. The appearance of lymphocytes in the urine was of particular value for detecting rejection in patients with prolonged oliguria after transplantation.     

肾移植后肾坏死与肾移植排斥反应的病理学表现与变化

背景：肾移植后受者定期行移植肾组织活检,在移植肾出现问题的早期进行正确的病理诊断,选择合适的治疗,是使移植肾长期存活的关键。 目的：总结肾移植后肾坏死与肾移植排斥反应的病理学表现与变化。 方法：由作者应用计算机检索维普数据库、Pubmed数据库中与肾移植后肾坏死与肾移植排斥反应有关的文献,检索时限为1998-01/2009-10。对资料进行初审,并查看每篇文献后的引文。 结果与结论：共16篇文献符合标准。移植后慢性肾脏损害的病理类型包括慢性排斥反应,系膜病变,新月体肾炎,膜性肾病,Ig肾病,溶血性尿毒综合征。移植后慢性肾脏损害最常见的病理类型为慢性排斥反应,与慢性排斥反应相关的因素可能包括：供肾年龄,急性排斥反应发生率,移植肾功能延迟恢复及CMV感染。高血压和蛋白尿对移植肾的远期预后也有重要影响。移植肾的病理改变复杂多样,结合移植肾穿刺病理活检结果和临床分析进行准确诊断,成功率高、安全性好,对肾移植后难以根据临床化验资料作出准确判断肾脏损害及治疗方案的选择有着重要的指导意义。     

Early haemodialysis in acute tubular necrosis

The study was conducted in 35 cases of acute tubular necrosis of varied aetiology. Cases were divided in 2 groups, Group A--17 cases treated conservatively and Group B--18 cases managed by early haemodialysis. Criteria for early haemodialysis were blood urea < 120 mg% and serum creatinine < 7 mg%. Before starting therapy both the groups had comparable biochemical and renal parameters (p > 0.05). Overall mortality was lower in Group B as compared to Group A (22.2% Vs 29.4). Complication events such as uraemic encephalopathy, pulmonary oedema, haematemesis and malena, thrombophlebitis and vomiting were significantly lower in Group B (p < 0.05). Hospital stay was also significantly lower (p < 0.05) in Group B (18 +/- 2.5 days Vs 28 +/- 3 days), this can reduce the cost of treatment also.     

Differential diagnosis of acute allograft rejection and CMV-infection in renal transplantation by urinary cytology

Acute allograft rejection and CMV-infection are the most common complications after renal transplantation. Quick differential diagnosis between these two complications is still difficult but necessary, since both complications demand a different therapy. More than 2500 urinary samples from 33 transplanted patients were prospectively examined and part of them evaluated quantitatively. Urinary samples of patients with acute renal failure, long-term haemodialysis or immunosuppressive therapy served as controls. The following cytomorphological criteria proved to be useful: Tubular epithelial cells, casts, oxalate crystals (sand-glass shaped), dirty background, increasing erythrocyturia, mixed cell clusters, lymphocytes and mitoses. Rejection is going on when the number of renal tubular cells is increased and two or more further criteria are positive. 25 acute allograft rejections without acute renal failure were diagnosed clinically. All 25 rejections were also diagnosed by urinary cytology. Nevertheless, it is not possible to differentiate between acute allograft rejection and acute renal failure of other origin. CMV-infection was serologically detected in 7 patients. In 6 of them viral infected cells were found in the urine shortly after the onset of unspecific clinical symptoms. Besides the typical "owl-eye" cells milkglass nuclei, sometimes with eosinophilic condensation, were seen while criteria for transplant rejection were never observed at the same time. Cytologic examination of voided urine is a simple diagnostic help for the differentiation between allograft rejection and CMV-infection after renal transplantation.     

Myeloid bodies in drug-induced acute tubular necrosis

A growing list of drugs, metals, and chemicals has been implicated as the cause of functional and structural damage specifically to the proximal tubular epithelium. Renal biopsies were obtained from three patients who had developed nephrotoxic agent-related acute renal failure. Two of the patients had received gentamicin and viomycin; the third patient had heavy exposure to chromium. All three biopsies showed acute tubular necrosis (ATN) on light microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed that the proximal tubular cells and, to a lesser degree, the distal tubular cells, contained abundant, variably sized myeloid bodies. In our previous experimental study of viomycin-induced ATN in rats, similar ultrastructural findings of a gradual increase in the number of myeloid bodies in the proximal tubular cells were also observed. The constant presence of myeloid bodies in the tubular epithelial cells following drug-induced tubular necrosis suggests that they may represent lysosomal isolation of drug-bound cytoplasmic structures, as a cellular mechanism to degrade toxic substances and, therefore, may serve as an ultrastructural marker of cellular drug uptake and drug disposition.     

Differentiation of renal tubular epithelium in renal transplantation cytology.

Increased numbers of renal tubular epithelial cells are present in the urinary sediments of renal transplant recipients during acute rejection. Few investigators have described characteristics of renal tubular epithelial cells in cytologic preparations. This study compiles morphologic characteristics of various tubular epithelial cells and determines the type of the tubular cells present during acute allograft rejection. The results demonstrate that cuboidal forms from the small collecting ducts are the predominent tubular epithelial cells exfoliated in voided urine during acute allograft rejection.     

Topography of focal proximal tubular necrosis after ischemia with reflow in the rat kidney.

The topography of renal injury after ischemia-reflow was studied in intact rats by clamping the right renal artery for variable periods of time and examining the histologic appearance of the kidney in large 1-mu plastic sections. As reported by others, the straight portion of the proximal tubule (S3) was especially susceptible to ischemia-reflow injury. The pattern of focal necrosis produced in S3 by short (15-30-minute) and longer (45-60-minute) periods of arterial occlusion appeared related to gradients to oxygenation during reflow, in that more extensive injury was seen in areas remote from blood vessels, while perivascular tubules were protected. A similar pattern was seen in S1 and S2 after a longer period (45-60-minutes) of ischemia, which produced extensive but incomplete necrosis in these convoluted segments, with protected tubules lying within zones surrounding arcuate and interlobular arteries. The immediate postglomerular portion of S1, a tubular segment normally well supplied with oxygen, was an exception to this rule. Selective necrosis limited to this portion of the nephron appeared after only 15-30 minutes of ischemia, recalling the special sensitivity of S1 cells to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. These results suggest that in different segments of the proximal tubule, injury after ischemia-reflow is determined not only by changes that occur during complete ischemia but also by the adequacy of oxygenation during the reflow period.     

Value of sonography in kidney transplantation

Colour coded duplex sonography (CCDS) is the method of choice in diagnostic monitoring of kidney transplants. Lack of radiation exposure, easy accessibility and high resolution have contributed to the fact that CCDS is used to monitor kidneys after transplantation. However, the value of CCDS in diagnosis of rejection is still a matter of debate. CCDS is used to evaluate perfusion of transplanted kidneys, detect renal artery stenosis or real vein thrombosis and arteriovenous fistulas. The value of recent technical advances, such as 3D Sonography, contrast harmonic imaging and tissue harmonic imaging, is currently being tested. This article focuses on indications and limitations of CCDS in the diagnosis of functional impairment of transplanted kidneys.     

Koilocytes in urinary cytology in a patient with kidney transplant

We are reporting the case of a 17-year-old girl with kidney transplant under immunosuppressive treatment. Evidences of transplant malfunction led to urinary cytology to rule out BKV infection. The smears showed the presence of koilocytes. Gynecologic examination revealed numerous condylomatous lesions in the vulva, vagina, and cervix. PAP smears showed cells with moderate to severe koilocytic dysplasia. PCR performed on material retrieved from both the smears showed HPV18 DNA sequences. Koilocytes have rarely been documented in urinary cytologic examination. Since post-transplant immunosuppressed patients are prone to develop florid and extensive HPV infections, urinary cytology may prove useful for routine search of cells with this virus cytopathic effect.     

Micro-RNA-223参与肾移植后急性排斥反应中的作用

目的:探讨小RNA-223(miR-223)在肾移植后急性排斥反应(AR)中的作用.方法:对近一年我院33例接受肾移植手术的患者进行常规检查,每周1次,以判断移植肾的排斥情况,同时定期分离外周血细胞用PCR检查miR-223.另外,抽取10名健康志愿者的外周血,并分离外周血单个核细胞( PBMCs),经植物血凝素(PHA)激活处理后,检查miR-223表达的变化.结果:发生AR患者的外周血中,miR-223的表达水平出现2倍以上的升高.经PHA刺激激活的PB-MCs中miR-223的表达水平与未经PHA激活PBMCs相比较,升高3.76倍.此外,以miR-223来预测AR,可以得到92％的灵敏度和90％的特异性.结论:肾移植AR可能伴随着外周血miR-223表达的升高,提示miR-223可能在肾移植AR中发挥一定的作用.     

Localization of mercury in the kidney during experimental acute tubular necrosis studied by the cytochemical Silver Amplification method

An intravenous injection of 3.0 mg HgCl2/kg bw was given to Balb/c mice. The concentration of mercury in the red blood cells, serum, and kidney was determined after 5 min, 30 min, 2 h and 24 h by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The concentration of mercury in the serum showed a maximum after 5 min, and reached a constant low level after 30 min, whereas the concentration of mercury in the red blood cells gradually decreased and reached a similar low level at 24 h. The concentration of mercury in the kidney was greatest after 2 h and was markedly reduced at 24 h. The distribution of mercury in the kidney was followed for up to 17 days by the cytochemical Silver Amplification method applied at the light and electron microscopical levels. Mercury accumulated rapidly, but only in the proximal tubular epithelial cells, preferentially in the S2 and S3 segments. At the subcellular level mercury was only found in endocytic structures, and accumulated in the lysosomes. Very large mercury-containing lysosomes developed in the distal S3 segment. Cell necrosis was severest in the S2 and proximal S3 segments. Regenerated and differentiating epithelial cells in the proximal tubules still showed many mercury-containing lysosomes 17 days after the injection.     

Renal regeneration following D-serine induced acute tubular necrosis

Regeneration of the rat kidney was observed for six days after inducing acute tubular necrosis of the proximal pars recta with d-serine (80 mg/100g body weight). Regenerating cells appear by two days post-treatment, and re-epithelialization of the nephron is completed within six days, with the most mature cells approaching normal morphology. Regeneration originates from viable cells adjacent to the necrotic zone which divide and follow a template provided by the intact basement membrane. Transient, cytoplasmic regenerative activity among developing tubular cells is characterized by the presence of large, irregularly shaped nuclei, prominent nucleoli, abundant ribosomes and lysosomes, and abnormal mitochondrial configurations. Microfilaments appear to be involved in the formation of apical microvilli and the basal labyrinth of plasmalemmal convolutions. These data suggest that d-serine. inducedacute tubular necrosis of the proximal pars recta may be followed by rapid, patterned regeneration along an intact basement membrane, and that microfilaments are involved in differentiation of cellular morphology.     

经肾动脉自体骨髓干细胞移植治疗急性肾小管坏死的实验研究

目的：采用经肾动脉灌注移植兔自体骨髓干细胞，观察自体骨髓干细胞移植对缺血再灌注（I/R）后急性肾小管坏死肾功能的作用及其机制。方法:28只日本大耳白兔采集骨髓，分离自体骨髓干细胞，5-溴-2-脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine, BrdU)标记。全部实验兔建立肾脏I/R后随机分为移植组和对照组。移植组于肾血流恢复后经肾动脉灌注自体骨髓干细胞悬液，对照组同样方法注射等体积生理盐水。分别于I/R前和I/R后第1、3、5、7、14、21、28 d静脉采血，检测血清肌酐（SCr）和尿素氮（BUN），相同时点取肾组织行普通病理及BrdU免疫组化观察。结果:I/R后第1 d和第3 d 2组动物SCr、BUN均达到最高水平，以后逐渐下降；第7 d后移植组SCr及BUN水平逐渐低于对照组，到实验观察结束时的第28 d，对照组SCr和BUN分别为（135.6±32.5）μmol/L和（10.9±2.5）mmol/L，移植组SCr和BUN分别为（90.1±11.1）μmol/L和（8.0±1.5）mmol/L，2组间有显著差异（P<0.05）。普通病理观察，I/R后肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死甚至脱落， BrdU免疫组化染色显示移植组于细胞移植后第5、7 d肾小管BrdU阳性染色并持续至实验结束，对照组阴性。结论:骨髓干细胞移植可以在一定程度上加速急性肾小管坏死后肾功能修复，自体骨髓干细胞移植是1种加速急性肾小管坏死后修复的安全而有效的方法。