Mitral valve surgery in the elderly

We report a retrospective study about 34 patients operated for on mitral valve between 1981 and 2000. All patients were aged more than 65 years. 82% of them were in the class III or IV of the NYHA. 31 of patients had a valvular mitral replacement (by a mechanical protheses in 24 cases and a biological protheses in 7 cases) and 3 patients had a mitral valve reconstruction. An aortic valve replacement was associated in 7 cases, and a myocardial revascularisation in 4 cases. The early mortality rate was 17,6% and the late mortality was 12%. The high mortality is meanly related to the associate lesions (coronarography) and the prognosis is a better with the improvement of surgical technics and perioperative management.     

Development and results of valve replacement surgery at the Városmajor Clinic 1976-1990 (retorospective clinical analysis)]

In Hungary valve replacement is still a major indication for heart surgery in adults. In the Cardiovascular Surgical Clinic of Semmelweis Medical University of Budapest from 1976 to 1990 2435 patients were operated for valve disease. Majority of the cases had single (aortic n = 856, mitral n = 912) or double (aortic + mitral n = 513) valve replacement. Over this 15 years period there have been many alterations in patients characteristics and surgical technique as well. In spite of the increasing mean age of patients the operative mortality has decreased (in the last 5 years period it was 2.7%, 5.5% and 7.9% in the three groups respectively). At the same time the number of patients requiring valve re-replacement or combined valve + coronary procedure has increased. The use of bioprosthetic valves has fallen below 10 percent from the 60--80 percent observed between 1976--1980. The analysis showes excellent surgical results in the field of valve replacement in Hungary.     

Combined coronary artery and heart valve surgery at the Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery (1979-1990)]

As a result of increasing mean age of patient undergoing open heart surgery more and more combined valve and coronary surgery cases are performed. The operative risk of combined procedure is higher than that of valve replacement or coronary bypass grafting alone. In case of aortic valve disease the operation reduces the workload of the left ventricle thus decreasing the oxygen demand of the myocardium. In pure mitral valve stenosis as a consequence of valve replacement the left ventricular preload increases and coexisting coronary artery disease is of greater importance than in the other case. Since 1979 until the end of 1990 there were 146 combined operations performed in the Cardiovascular Surgical Clinic of Semmelweis Medical University of Budapest. The operative results and theoretical considerations are discussed.     

Surgical treatment of mitral insufficiency using annuloplasty suture technic

In 1991 a simple and cheap technique was introduced for mitral valve repair at our department. After repairing the mitral leaflets, where indicated a posterior leaflet annuloplasty was performed with a semicircular suture and the annulus fixed for the appropriate size by tying the stitch. Between July 1991 and December 1995 86 patients underwent the above procedure (average age 56.8 +/- 10.4 years). 45 patients had primary mitral valve disease (myxomatous degeneration, rheumatoid disease, endocarditis), the other 41 had functional mitral regurgitation secondary to severe aortic valve or coronary artery disease. Echocardiography showed severe mitral regurgitation in 77% of the patients. In 45 cases the mitral valve itself was also repaired (valvotomy, quadrangular resection, wedge resection, etc.) in 29 cases the aortic valve was replaced as well, while 24 patients required additional revascularisation of the myocardium. The 30 day mortality was 3.5%. One week after surgery echocardiography was performed at all patients and showed acceptable mitral valve area (2.28 +/- 0.39 cm2). In 28 cases mild mitral regurgitation was found, the other valves were competent. All but 3 patients were followed up (96.4%). There were 6 late deaths (3 cardiac, 2 non cardiac, 1 embolic, 7.2% late mortality). During the follow up period (31.7 +/- 11.2 months) 5 patients required mitral valve replacement for severe recurrent mitral regurgitation (6.0%). In two cases new chorda rupture caused the recurrence, in an other case the suture had torn out of the annulus due to inadequate surgical technique. In the last two cases the annulus had dilated with intact Prolene annuloplasty stitch present, 86.8% of the survivors were in NYHA class I. or II. Our results suggest that mitral valve repair in selected cases can be performed without using expensive annuloplasty rings. The suture used for annuloplasty should be strong, non absorbable and non stretchable. Since 1994, when we started using GoreTex suture instead of Prolene no more patients required reoperation for annuloplasty failure.     

Aortic valve replacement in the elderly

We report a retrospective study about 60 patients operated on for aortic valve replacement between 1981 and 2000. All patients were aged more than 65 years. 56.6% of patients were in the class III or IV of the NYHA. The type of the valvular substitute was a mechanical prostheses in 58.3% of cases and a biological prostheses in 41.7%. A mitral geste was associated in 6 cases and a myocardial revascularisatin in 5 cases. The early mortality rate was 15% and the late mortality was 23%. The high mortality is meanly related to the associate lesions (coronaropathy) and the prognosis is a better with the improvement of surgical technics and perioperative management.     

Low cardiac output following open heart surgery and catecholamine therapy

The authors have studied the possible risk factors and complications of low cardiac output (LCO) following open heart operations. A retrospective analysis of 537 consecutive open heart operations has been performed with regards to the patients past medical and perioperative data. For statistical analysis the authors have applied the Chi-square test, T-probe, Mann-Whitney-test and logistical regression analysis by means of the SPSS software. Occurrence of various types of operations was as follows: coronary bypass (CABG): n = 266, 49.5%, combined CABG: n = 62, 11.5%, aortic valve replacement (AVR): n = 73, 13.6%, mitral valve replacement (MVR): n = 59, 11%, multiple valve replacement: n = 39, 7.3%, adult congenital surgery: n = 25, 4.7%. Aortic dissection repair: n = 6, 1.1%, miscellaneous: n = 7, 1.3%. LCO has developed in 7.3% (n = 39) of the patients. The authors have concluded that in the studied group of patients the independent risk factors of postoperative LCO are as follows: atrial fibrillation in the patient history, mitral valve disease, perioperative myocardial infarction, length of anaesthesia, NYHA stage, number of transfused units of blood, and the perioperative LDH value. Beyond these variables the cause of LCO in some cases was surely an intra or perioperative myocardial necrosis. At least a certain part of this perioperative myocardial damage must have been or might have been caused by the catecholamines given under compulsion for the treatment of LCO.     

Coronary arteriography in severe aortic valve disease

Three hundred and twelve patients with severe aortic valve disease underwent a pre-operative haemodynamic study including coronary arteriography either as routine (age more than 50 years) or because of chest pains, previous myocardial infarction or for patients with risk factors of coronary atherosclerosis. Significant coronary artery disease was present in 9% of all cases. Coronary artery disease was more frequent in patients with angina and in patients with previous myocardial infarction but none of these factors was specific. We conclude that except young patients < 40 years old, with no chest pain and no coronary risk factors, coronary arteriography is recommended in patients with severe aortic valve disease before aortic valve replacement.     

Surgery of the mitral valve--in the work of József Kudász

The author described his results of surgical treatment of mitral valve disease. Of 57 patients, the isolated mitral procedure was performed in 72%, and the combined (valve and coronary) in 28% of the cases. In 75% of the patients valve repair, and in 25% valve replacement were performed. There were 2 cases (3.5%) of early mortality after combined surgery where patients had also ischaemic heart disease. All the replaced valve prostheses and 84% of repaired mitral valve had a normal function. The mitral regurgitation was moderate in 14%, of cases and mild in 2% of cases at the follow up, but no reoperation was needed. After the surgery 85% of patients had sinus rhythm, 13% had atrial arrhythmia and in 2% the pacemaker was needed. Attempt of valve repair had to be made in all patients with mitral valve disease which can be performed in almost every case of degenerative valve prolapse and the rupture of chordae tendineae.     

83例重症心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗体会

目的总结重症心脏瓣膜病的手术治疗经验。方法2004年6月至2011年6月我院共对82例重症心脏瓣膜病患者实行了心脏瓣膜置换术。结果术后早期死亡4例,3例死于术后低心输出量综合征,1例于术后一周出现心包填塞,呼吸、循环功能衰竭,抢救无效死亡,余病例全部康复出院。死亡率4．82％。术后随访,复查心脏彩超示心脏均有不同程度缩小,心功能均有改善,其中心功能I级20例,Ⅱ级56例,Ⅲ级4例。结论只要严格掌握手术适应证,积极有效的术前准备,加强心肌保护和提高手术技巧,严密的术后监护,就可以提高重症心脏瓣膜病手术的成功率。     

新疆地区哈萨克族成年人心脏瓣膜病患病率调查

目的：了解新疆哈萨克族成年人心脏瓣膜病 （VHD） 患病率及其分布特征.方法：采用四阶段整群随机抽样法,对新疆 7 个地区 35岁以上哈萨克族成年人进行心脏瓣膜病流行病学调查.结果：新疆哈萨克族成年人 VHD 患病率为 12.3%,其中男性患病率为 11.8%,女性患病率为 12.8%,性别差异无统计学意义 （P〉0.05） ;城镇患病率为 12.5%,农牧区为 12.2%,城乡差异无统计学意义 （P〉0.05） ;所有瓣膜病变中,单纯主动脉瓣病变占 25.8%,二尖瓣病变占 52.7%,单纯主动脉瓣病变＋二尖瓣病变占 21.5%.结论：新疆哈萨克族成年人 VHD 患病率高于同地区的汉族与哈萨克族,瓣膜病变中以二尖瓣受累最多见.     

影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素分析

目的：观察分析影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素,对预防检查和治疗方案提供针对性的帮助和改善。方法：回顾性分析本院心血管科2010年1月-2013年12月收治住院并接受冠状动脉旁路移植术的137例冠心病患者的临床资料,选择可能导致患者死亡的危险因素为研究对象并调查收集资料,进行单因素与多因素分析,选出影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素。结果：137例接受冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者手术中有5例患者死亡,占总数的3.65%。单因素与多因素分析显示影响术后死亡的危险因素包括：年龄、围手术期心肌梗死、心功能不全、室壁瘤、心力衰竭、左主干病变大于50%、心律失常、肺动脉瓣反流、二尖瓣反流、心源性休克、左心室射血分数、术前血红蛋白值、术前肌酐值和合并主动脉瘤手术。手术前后针对带有以上单个或多个危险因素的患者进行重点监测,以减少患者死亡率。结论：影响冠状动脉旁路移植术手术死亡的危险因素较多,需及时干预。     

重度三尖瓣病变行三尖瓣置换术27例临床应用

目的 探讨三尖瓣置换术(TVR)手术指征及方式,总结三尖瓣病变的手术治疗经验.方法 2005年9月至2010年5月共施行TVR 27例,其中置换生物瓣膜23例,机械瓣膜4例;同期行二尖瓣置换术8例,二尖瓣、主动脉瓣双瓣膜置换术4例,房间隔缺损修补术4例.结果 手术病死率为11.1％(3/27),其中2例术后死于重度低心排血量综合征,1例术后第7天死于多器官功能衰竭.术后二次开胸止血1例,经积极治疗后顺利康复出院.随访率91.7％(22/24),1例术后3年死于生物瓣膜毁损,1例术后19个月死于脑栓塞.随访期间心功能NYHA分级恢复至Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级14例.结论 行TVR的患者中、远期病死率均较高,对于严重的三尖瓣病变患者,正确的手术方式、合理的围手术期处理是手术成功的关键.对于年龄大于50岁、随访不便以及未生育适龄女性患者来说,优先考虑置换生物瓣膜.     

经导管主动脉瓣置换术对主动脉瓣狭窄患者肺动脉压力及左心收缩功能的影响

目的研究经导管主动脉瓣置换术对主动脉瓣狭窄患者肺动脉压力及左心收缩功能的影响。方法选取2017年6月至2018年6月我院收治的76例主动脉瓣狭窄患者,均行经导管主动脉瓣置换术治疗,记录患者手术相关情况,对比分析患者手术前后肺动脉压力及左心收缩功能情况。结果手术即刻成功率为100%,所有患者均未发生严重并发症及心脏不良事件。与术前比较,术后1周患者的肺动脉压力及左心收缩功能均明显改善(P<0.05)。结论经导管主动脉瓣置换术对主动脉瓣狭窄患者肺动脉压力及左心收缩功能具有积极影响,利于其预后改善。     

主动脉内球囊反搏在心脏术后心源性休克中的应用

[目的]对应用主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)治疗心脏术后心源性休克的疗效进行评估。[方法]对l3例心脏手术后并发心源性休克及低心排血量综合征的患者,应用IABP治疗。其中,单纯冠状动脉搭桥术9例,二尖瓣替换加冠状动脉搭桥术2例,再次行主动脉瓣替换术l例,再次行二尖瓣替换加三尖瓣替换术l例。[结果]9例患者心功能得到明显改善,度过围术期,顺利脱离IABP,成功率为69.2%(9/13)。[结论]IABP是心脏术后心源性体克的有效手段,能明显降低病死率。     

De BakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层的围术期监护

目的:探讨外科手术治疗主动脉夹层的围手术期临床观察重点和护理体会。方法:34例De BakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层患者围手术期采取严密的监护措施。结果:34例患者均康复出院,临床症状消失,恢复正常生活,无任何并发症发生。结论:De BakeyⅠ型主动脉夹层手术治疗效果满意,早期诊断和及时恰当的治疗、围手术期严密监护和精心护理是降低病死率的关键。     

Doppler echocardiography in the examination of normally functioning artificial mitral and aortic valves

Patients with prosthetic valves were investigated by Doppler echocardiography in 902 cases between November 1987 and February 1990. The parameters of 209 of 344 mitral and 258 of 299 aortic prosthetic valves were evaluated. No significant correlation was found between the type of aortic or mitral prosthetic valves and the measured gradient. As concerns the size of the valve and the measured gradient, a close correlation for aortic valve replacement was detected. For a normally functioning mitral prosthetic valve, a maximum early diastolic velocity of less than 2 m/s (16 mm Hg gradient) and a pressure half-time of less than 130 ms (mitral valve area 1.8 cm2) were characteristic. In cases of aortic valve replacements, the maximum velocity was less than 3 m/s (36 mm Hg gradient), except for the small-diameter valves. More than 95% of the cases met these criteria. (Even if small-diameter valves were included, a maximum velocity of more than 3 m/s occurred only in 8.9%.) Doppler echocardiography is a suitable tool for detecting normal prosthetic valve function, while colour Doppler allows the optimal alignment of jet direction and Doppler beam.     

Contraception after heart surgery.

This study represents the different methods of contraception used by women having cardiac surgery at Ain Shams University Hospital. The study comprised of 250 women having had mitral commissurotomy, 77 women having had valve replacement including one case of triple valve repair and 3 women having had cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease. An IUCD was used by 170 women (51.5%), vaginal tablets by 4 women (1.2%), oral contraceptive pills by 7 women (2.1%), "safe period" by 7 women (2.1%), tubal ligation was performed in 10 women (3%). The husbands of 33 women (10%) used condoms, and 99 women (30%) did not use contraceptive methods. The IUCD was tolerable and was associated with bleeding in 60 women (35.2%) and leucorrhoea in 55 (32.3%). The IUCD was removed from only one woman due to severe bleeding. Three pregnancies occurred with condom users in two women who had had mitral commissurotomy and one having had valve replacement. There was no case of bacterial endocarditis in the study group.     

Development of Hungarian heart surgery, its results and current state in the light of the 40-year activity of the "Városmajor Clinic". Review of 40 years of surgery in Hungary, analysis of mortality data]

Forty years have passed since the first heart surgical department was founded in Hungary. In the University Hospital (present name: Cardiovascular Surgical Clinic of Semmelweis Medical University of Budapest) the Hungarian "pioneers" had produced internationally respected results in the mid-fiftieth with the operation of closed mitral commissurotomy. However the technique of cardiopulmonary bypass was first introduced into the clinical practice quite early, it has not become a routine everyday procedure until the late seventies. Over the last 15 years period the number of open heart surgical cases has increased permanently, and the operative mortality decreased at the same time. The analysis of 4743 cases performed between 1976 and 1990 showed improving results both in the field of valve replacement and coronary artery surgery and the recent operative mortality figures (3-5% in different groups) are comparable to other European centers.     

新疆地区维吾尔族成年人心脏瓣膜病患病率调查

目的：调查新疆地区维吾尔族成年人心脏瓣膜病（VHD）患病率及其分布特征。方法：采用四阶段整群随机抽样法,对新疆7个地区35岁以上维吾尔族成年人进行心脏瓣膜病流行病学调查。结果：新疆维吾尔族成年人VHD的患病率为2.7%,男性VHD患病率（3.7%）明显高于女性（1.9%）（P〈0.05）,城镇人群VHD患病率（10.3%）明显高于农牧区（2.1%）（P〈0.05）;所有瓣膜病变中,AV占67.2%,MV占23.4%,AV＋MV占9.4%。结论：新疆维吾尔族成年人VHD患病率较低,其患病率与美国一般人群VHD患病率接近,农牧区人群VHD患病率明显低于城镇人群。     

Infective endocarditis in a district general hospital.

Thirty-three cases of infective endocarditis presenting during a 6.5 year period to a district general hospital were analysed retrospectively. The annual incidence was 22 cases per million population. Twenty-two cases had pre-existing cardiac disease, mainly valvular disease-usually rheumatic (nine cases) and prosthetic valves (10 cases). Recognizable precipitants such as recent surgery were uncommon. Two cases presented after deliberate drug overdose possibly due to depression exacerbated by systemic disease. Symptoms were usually non-specific. All but two cases had murmurs and most were pyrexial. Splinter haemorrhages and clubbing were seen in about 20% of cases. Viridans-type streptococci were the commonest infecting organisms (14 cases). Staphylococcal infection (six cases) was confined to intravenous drug abusers and patients with prosthetic valves. Five cases were culture negative. Cardiac failure was present in 13 cases at presentation and developed in seven others during treatment. Acute valve replacement was necessary in eight cases, and late replacement in three. Renal impairment (plasma urea > 8 mmol/l and/or plasma creatinine > 120 mumol/l) occurred in 19 cases during the course of their illness. Embolic phenomena occurred in 12 patients and mostly involved the central nervous system. In the 8 fatal cases, the cause of death was cardiac failure in six, cerebrovascular accident in one, and myocardial infarction in one. Four of the six patients who subsequently died of cardiac failure had been referred for surgery. Both those who were not referred had coexisting medical problems. Factors associated with increased mortality were age, male sex, cardiac failure (P < 0.01), renal impairment (P < 0.05), and embolic phenomena (P < 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)