Risk factors for surgical site infection after surgery for esophageal perforation

SUMMARY.  Esophageal perforations carry a high potential for morbidity and mortality. The prognosis depends on rapid and precise diagnosis and management. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are very common following the surgical treatment of esophageal lesions. We aimed identify significant risk factors for SSI after surgery for esophageal perforation via an historical cohort study including patients who underwent surgical management of esophageal perforation. The predictive variables were analyzed by bivariate analysis and multiple logistic regression. Eighty-one patients were studied during a 10-year period ending in 2004. The mean age was 42.6 years. In 44% of the patients the time interval between the perforation and surgery was up to 6 h and in 30% it was > 24 h. Associated lesions occurred in other cavities; 17% in the chest, 5% in the abdomen, 5% in the extremities, 4% in the spinal column and bone marrow and 2% in the face. There were grade I lesions in eight cases (10%), grade II in 64 cases (79%) and grade III in nine cases (11%). The mean time of surgery procedure was 117.2 min. The mean SSI was 7.99. SSIs occurred in 33 patients (41%). The risk factors for SSI following surgical management of esophageal perforation were: age ≥ 50 years, time delay to treatment > 24 h, associated lesion in another cavity and Injury Severity Score ≥ 15.     

Risk factors for surgical site infection following spinal surgery: A meta-analysis

Study design:A meta-analysis.Background:We performed a meta-analysis to explore risk factors of surgical site infection (SSI) following spinal surgery.Methods:An extensive search of literature was performed in English database of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library and Chinese database of CNKI and WANFANG (up to October 2020). We collected factors including demographic data and surgical factor. Data analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.3 and STATA 12.0.Results:Totally, 26 studies were included in the final analysis. In our study, the rate of SSI after spinal surgery was 2.9% (1222 of 41,624). Our data also showed that fusion approach (anterior vs posterior; anterior vs combined), osteotomy, transfusion, a history of diabetes and surgery, hypertension, surgical location (cervical vs thoracic; lumbar vs thoracic), osteoporosis and the number of fusion levels were associated with SSI after spinal surgery. However, age, sex, a history of smoking, body mass index, fusion approach (posterior vs combined), surgical location (cervical vs lumbar), duration of surgery, blood loss, using steroid, dural tear and albumin were not associated with development of SSI.Conclusions:In our study, many factors were associated with increased risk of SSI after spinal surgery. We hope this article can provide a reference for spinal surgeons to prevent SSI after spinal surgery.     

脊柱内固定术后手术部位感染危险因素调查分析

目的调查并分析脊柱内固定术后手术部位感染(SSI)的危险因素。方法对该院骨科2015-04~2016-06接受脊柱内固定手术患者405例的临床资料进行回顾性调查,分析其SSI的发生率及其影响因素。结果 405例患者中,有11例(2.72%)发生SSI;单因素分析显示年龄、性别、手术风险分级标准评分(NNIS)、手术持续时间、术中失血量、输血及脑脊液漏与SSI有关,多因素Logistic回归分析显示年龄60岁(OR=4.10,95%CI=1.01~16.75)、手术持续时间4 h(OR=5.20,95%CI=1.29~21.03)、有脑脊液漏(OR=7.89,95%CI=1.09~56.89)是脊柱内固定术后发生SSI的独立危险因素。结论脊柱内固定术后院内手术部位感染与多种因素相关,应针对相关危险因素采取积极的预防和控制措施,减少SSI的发生。     

Risk factors for surgical site infection and delayed wound healing after orthopedic surgery in rheumatoid arthritis patients

Objective: To investigate the prevalence and the risk factors of surgical-site infection (SSI) and delayed wound healing (DWH) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) underwent orthopedic surgery.

Methods: We reviewed the records of 1036 elective orthopedic procedures undertaken in RA patients. Risk factors for SSI and DWH were assessed by logistic regression analysis using age, body mass index, disease duration, pre-operative laboratory data, surgical procedure, corticosteroid use, co-morbidity, and use of conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) and biological DMARDs (bDMARDs) as variables.

Results: SSI and DWH were identified in 19 cases and 15 cases, respectively. One case of SSI and three cases of DWH were recorded among 196 procedures in patients using bDMARDs. Foot and ankle surgery was associated with an increased risk of SSI (odds ratio (OR), 3.167; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.256–7.986; p?=?0.015). Total knee arthroplasty (TKA; OR, 4.044; 95% CI, 1.436–11.389; p?=?0.008) and disease duration (OR, 1.004; 95% CI, 1.000–1.007; p?=?0.029) were associated with an increased risk of DWH.

Conclusions: Our results indicated foot and ankle surgery, and TKA and disease duration as risk factors for SSI and DWH, respectively. bDMARDs was not associated with an increased risk of SSI and DWH.     

Risk factors for surgical-wound infection following cardiac surgery

In a prospective study of 1,009 adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, we determined the association between a variety of preoperative and operative parameters and the risk of postoperative sternal- or mediastinal-wound infection. Of the parameters reflecting nutritional state, only one, reduced level of albumin in serum, was significantly associated with sternal- or mediastinal-wound infection by univariate analysis. The final multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that four variables were significant (P less than .05) independent predictors of sternal- or mediastinal-wound infection: obesity (relative odds = 3.8; 95% confidence limits = 1.9-7.5), diabetes mellitus (relative odds = 2.6; 95% confidence limits = 1.4-4.8), length of hospital stay before surgery greater than five days (relative odds = 2.0; 95% confidence limits = 1.2-3.5), and current cigarette smoking (relative odds = 1.8; 95% confidence limits = 1.1-3.1). Of these variables, perhaps only smoking will lend itself routinely to attempts at intervention.     

心外科术后切口感染病原菌分布情况调查

目的调查心外科术后切口感染病原菌分布情况,指导临床抗感染防治。方法收集心外科术后患者临床资料。采集患者切口分泌物,经全自动微生物鉴定仪对病原菌类型进行鉴定;采用PCR法检测金黄色葡萄球菌毒力基因;对数据进行统计学分析。结果心外科手术患者496例,心外科术后切口感染患者35例,感染率7.06%;其中表浅切口感染患者22例,深部切口感染患者13例,分别占62.86%和37.14%,感染率分别为4.44%和2.62%;从心外科术后切口感染患者中共分离39株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌21株、革兰阴性菌14株、真菌4株,构成比分别为53.85%、35.90%、10.26%;从表浅切口感染患者中分离革兰阳性菌13株,革兰阴性菌9株,真菌3株,构成比分别为52.00%、36.00%、12.00%;从深部切口感染患者中分离革兰阳性菌8株,革兰阴性菌5株,真菌1株,构成比分别为57.14%、35.71%、7.14%;分离自深部切口感染患者的金黄色葡萄球菌sasX、psm-mec、pvl毒力基因检出率分别为75.00%、25%、50%;分离自表浅切口感染患者的金黄色葡萄球菌sasX、psm-mec、pvl毒力基因检出率分别为62.50%、50.00%、37.50%。金黄色葡萄球菌毒力基因分布在表浅切口、深部切口感染中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。手术时间延长、术中失血、术中输血患者感染率分别为10.19%、11.17%和13.70%,感染率均高于其他患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论金黄色葡萄球菌是心外科术后切口感染的主要病原菌类型;金黄色葡萄球菌毒力基因与其临床致病性密切相关;手术时间延长、术中失血、术中输血是影响心外科患者术后切口感染发生的危险因素。     

Independent risk factor for surgical site infection after orthopedic surgery

No significant progress has been made in the study of orthopedic surgical site infection (SSI) after different orthopedic surgery, and the analysis and prevention of risk factors for orthopedic SSI urgently need to be solved. A total of 154 patients underwent orthopedic surgery from April 2018 to December 2020. General information such as gender, age, marriage, diagnosis, surgical site, and anesthesia method was recorded. Statistical methods included Pearson chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Based on Pearson’s chi-square test, sex (P = .005), age (P = .027), marriage (P = .000), diagnosis (P = .034), and surgical site (P = .000) were significantly associated with SSI after orthopedic surgery. However, in the multiple linear regression analysis, only the surgical site (P = .035) was significantly associated with SSI after orthopedic surgery. In terms of multivariate logistic regression level, surgical site (odds ratio [OR] = 1.568, P = .039) was significantly associated with SSI. ROC curves were constructed to determine the effect of the surgical site on SSI after different orthopedic surgery (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.577, 95% CI = 0.487–0.0.666). In summary, the surgical site is an independent risk factor for SSI after orthopedic surgery, and “trauma” is more likely to develop SSI than spine, arthrosis, and others.     

Risk factors for surgical site infection following colorectal resection: a multi-institutional study

Introduction

Surgical site infection (SSI) is an infection occurring in an incisional wound within 30 days of surgery and significantly affects patients undergoing colorectal surgery. This study examined a multi-institutional dataset to determine risk factors for SSI following colorectal resection.

Methods

Data on 386 patients who underwent colorectal resection in three institutions were accrued. Patients were identified using a prospective SSI database and hospital records. Data are presented as median (interquartile range), and logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors.

Results

Patients (21.5 %) developed a postoperative SSI. The median time to the development of SSI was 7 days (5–10). Of all infections, 67.5 % were superficial, 22.9 % were deep and 9.6 % were organ space. In univariate analysis, an ASA grade of II (RR 0.6, CI 0.3–0.9, P?=?0.019), having an elective procedure (RR 0.4, CI 0.2–0.6, P?<?0.001), using a laparoscopic approach (RR 0.5, CI 0.3–0.9, P?=?0.019), having a daytime procedure (RR 0.3, CI 0.1–0.7, P?=?0.006) and having a clean/contaminated wound (RR 0.4, CI 0.2–0.7, P?=?0.001) were associated with reduced risk of SSI. In multivariate analysis, an ASA grade of IV (RR 3.9, CI 1.1–13.7, P?=?0.034), a procedure duration over 3 h (RR 4.3, CI 2.3–8.2, P?<?0.001) and undergoing a panproctocolectomy (RR 6.5, CI 1.0–40.9, P?=?0.044) were independent risk factors for SSI. Those who developed an SSI had a longer duration of inpatient stay (22 days [16–31] vs 15 days [10–26], P?<?0.001).

Conclusions

Patients who develop an SSI have a longer duration of inpatient stay. Independent risk factors for SSI following colorectal resection include being ASA grade IV, having a procedure duration over 3 h, and undergoing a panproctocolectomy.

     

Risk factors for mediastinitis and sternal dehiscence after cardiac surgery

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to identify risk factors for the development of post-sternotomy mediastinitis and sternal dehiscence without infection. PATIENTS AND METHOD: The records of all patients who presented with sternal abnormalities between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2003 were reviewed retrospectively, and potential risk factors were examined. Patients were divided into three groups: group A had mediastinitis; group B had sternal dehiscence; and group C served as a control group. Multivariate analysis was carried out and the three groups were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: The incidence of mediastinitis was 0.34% and that of sternal dehiscence without mediastinitis was 0.55%. The main risk factors for mediastinitis were postoperative pneumonia (P=.006), urinary tract infection (P=.02), and use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (P=.027). Risk factors for sternal dehiscence without infection were age >60 years (P=.01), postoperative pneumonia (P=.003), antiplatelet agent use (P=.006), and beta-blocker use (P=.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidences and risk factors for mediastinitis and sternal dehiscence were different in this series. Postoperative pneumonia was the only risk factor common to the two conditions.     

Risk factors for prediction of surgical site infections in "clean surgery"

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors of surgical site infections (SSI) in clean surgery and to identify high- and low-risk patients from whom efficacy of the antibiotic prophylaxis was analyzed. METHODS: From June 1982 to September 1996, a database was established from 3 prospective multicenter randomized studies, containing information of 5798 patients who underwent abdominal noncolorectal surgery. Multivariate analysis was performed using nonconditional logistic regression expressed as an odds ratio (OR). RESULTS: A total of 2374 patients underwent a clean surgery. An antibiotic prophylaxis was administered to 1943 patients (81.8%). A multivariate analysis was performed including only preoperative factors and disclosed 3 independent factors: cirrhosis (OR, 2.8; 95% CI: 1.6-12.8), other disease (OR, 2.7; 95% CI: 1.3-5.8), and preoperative urinary catheter (OR, 2.1; 95% CI: 1.1-4.6). A risk score for SSI was constructed: -4.9 + (1.5 x cirrhosis++) + (other disease++) + (0.8 x preoperative urinary catheter++) (++ = 0 if absent or 1 if present). The study included 1 group of patients having no risk factors for SSI with a score below -4.5 (S1R-) and 1 group of patients having 1 or more risk factors for SSI with a score over -4.5 (S1R+). Antibiotic prophylaxis did not reduce the infectious complication rate in the S1R- group, whereas, in the S1R+ group, it reduced significantly the rate of SSI and of parietal infectious complications by 58% and 69%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean abdominal surgery was effective in high-risk patients. Urinary catheter must be avoided.     

Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia after cardiac surgery: a prediction model

BackgroundPostoperative pneumonia is the main infectious complication following cardiac surgery and is associated with significant increases in morbidity, mortality and health care costs. The aim of this study was to identify potential risk factors related to the occurrence of postoperative pneumonia in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery and to develop a predictive system.MethodsAdult patients who underwent open heart surgery in our institution between 2016 and 2019 were enrolled in this study. Preoperative and intraoperative variables were collected and analyzed. A multivariate prediction model for evaluating the risk of postoperative pneumonia was established using logistic regression analysis via forward stepwise selection, and points were assigned to significant risk factors based on their regression coefficient values.ResultsPostoperative pneumonia occurred in 530 of the 5,323 patients (9.96%). Prolonged stays in the postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital, as well as higher mortality (25.66% versus 0.65%), were observed in patients with postoperative pneumonia. Multivariate analysis identified 13 independent risk factors including patient demographics, comorbidities, cardiac function, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) duration, and blood transfusion. The prediction model showed good discrimination (C-statistic: 0.80) and was well calibrated (Hosmer-Lemeshow χ²=7.907, P value =0.443). A 32-point risk score was generated, and then three risk intervals were defined.ConclusionsWe derived and validated a prediction model for postoperative pneumonia after cardiac surgery incorporating 13 easily discernible risk factors. The scoring system may be helpful for individualized risk estimations and clinical decision-making.     

Risk factors for surgical site infection following spinal surgery in Saudi Arabia: A retrospective case–control study

Surgical site infections (SSIs) are common complications after spinal surgery that result in increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. It was estimated that SSIs after spinal surgery resulted in a 4-fold increase in health care costs. The reported SSI rate following spinal surgery remains highly variable between approximately 0.5% and 18%. In this study, we aimed to estimate the SSI rate and identify possible risk factors for SSI after spinal surgery in our Saudi patient population.We conducted a single-center, retrospective case–control study in Saudi Arabia that included patients who developed SSIs, while the controls were all consecutive patients who underwent spinal surgery between January 2014 and December 2016. We extracted data on patient characteristics, anthropometric measurements, preoperative laboratory investigations, preoperative infection prevention measures, intraoperative measures, comorbidities, and postoperative care.We included 201 consecutive patients in our study; their median age was 56.9 years, and 51.2% were men. Only 4% (n = 8) of these patients developed SSIs postoperatively. Postoperative SSIs were significantly associated with longer postoperative hospital stays, hypertension, higher American Society of Anesthesia (ASA) scores, longer procedure durations, and the use of a greater number of blood transfusion units.This study revealed a low SSI rate following spinal surgery. We identified a history of hypertension, prolonged hospitalization, longer operative time, blood transfusion, and higher ASA score as risk factors for SSI in spine surgery in our population. As our findings are from a single institute, we believe that a national research collaboration among multiple disciplines should be performed to provide better estimates of SSI risk factors in our patient population.