“桂枝与白芍”药对入血成分UPLC-Q/TOF-MS分析

目的 对"桂枝与白芍"药对中的入血成分进行定性分析与鉴定。方法 采用UPLC,选择C₁₈反相色谱柱,以乙腈-0.1%冰醋酸水为流动相,梯度洗脱进行分离;联用电喷雾飞行时间质谱（ESI-TOF-MS/MS）分别在正离子与负离子模式下获得入血各成分的精确分子量和分子式;通过各成分裂解碎片信息,结合文献对药对中的入血成分进行鉴定。结果 由MS和MS/MS结果鉴定出12个入血成分,主要包括没食子酸、原儿茶酸等4种有机酸,芍药苷、芍药内酯苷等6种芍药总苷单萜类化合物及香豆素类成分。结论 血中移行成分的分析为明确"桂枝与白芍"药对体内药效物质基础提供了科学依据。     

白藜芦醇苷的HPLC法分析及其在苗猪体内的药代动力学研究

目的 :建立血浆中白藜芦醇苷的反相高效液相色谱分析方法 ,并对其在苗猪体内的药代动力学进行研究。方法 :采用HypersilODS色谱柱 (10 0mm× 2 1mm ,5 μm) ,甲醇 -水 (2 5∶75 )为流动相 ,流速 1 0mL·min-1,检测波长 2 90nm。结果 :方法平均回收率为 93 3 %～ 98 1% ,RSD <6 0 % ,线性范围 0 39～ 12 5 0mg·L-1(r =0 9947) ,最低检测浓度为 0 2 0mg·L-1。结论 :本试验首次建立了白藜芦醇苷血药浓度的HPLC测定方法 ,操作方便 ,结果准确 ,可用于该药的进一步临床药动学研究     

基于UPLC-Q/TOF-MS的甘草酸单铵和甘草酸二铵在大鼠体内移行成分表征

目的 采用超高效液相色谱-四极杆/飞行时间高分辨质谱技术(UPLC-Q/TOF-MS)对甘草酸单铵和甘草酸二铵在大鼠体内的代谢轮廓进行表征,探讨两者可能的代谢途径。方法 大鼠分别灌胃给予甘草酸单铵和甘草酸二铵后,收集不同时间点大鼠脑组织、血浆、尿液、粪样等生物样本。经沉淀蛋白后,采用UPLC-Q/TOF-MS技术,以含0.1%甲酸的水-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱;在正离子模式下采集生物样本的质谱数据。采用质量残差亏损过滤技术并结合原型成分的质谱裂解规律,预测代谢物类型,对两者相关的体内代谢产物进行鉴定。结果 甘草酸单铵和甘草酸二铵在大鼠体内主要以代谢物形式存在,共鉴定得到20个代谢产物,两者主要通过肠道排泄,在体内原型化合物脱糖基形成的甘草次酸基础上发生一系列的Ⅰ相氧化还原反应是主要代谢类型;甘草次酸是在生物样本中主要暴露成分,提示了其可能是甘草酸单铵及甘草酸二铵在体内发挥药效的关键药效成分。结论 首次阐明了甘草酸单铵及甘草酸二铵在大鼠体内的代谢轮廓,为进一步对两者发挥功效作用的物质基础及药效作用机制揭示和开发利用提供参考。     

青天葵中鼠李柠檬素在大鼠体内的药代动力学研究

目的 研究青天葵中鼠李柠檬素在大鼠体内的药代动力学特征.方法以甲醇一乙腈-0.2％磷酸水溶液（30∶35∶35）为流动相,血浆样品经10％三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白后,采用高效液相色谱法测定鼠李柠檬素的血药浓度.采用DAS 2.1.1药代动力学软件计算鼠李柠檬素的主要药代动力学参数.结果 鼠李柠檬素质量浓度在0.05～10.00 μg/mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.9993）,回收率为98.1％ ～ 101.1％,日内和日间RSD均小于11％.鼠李柠檬素大鼠体内符合二室模型,主要药代动力学参数峰浓度（Cmax）为（875.37±65.53）μg/L,药物消除半衰期（t1/2β）为（8.993±2.568）h,0 ～24h药时曲线下面积（AUC0-24）为（4929.159±589.652）μg· h/L,0～∞药时曲线下面积（AUC0-x）为（5 945.567±612.985）μg·h/L.结论鼠李柠檬素的药代动力学研究结果为青天葵药材的质量评价奠定了良好基础.     

麝香酮在大鼠、家兔和狗体内的药代动力学

麝香酮在大鼠体内的药时过程符合二室开放模型,在家兔和狗体内的药时过程则符合三室开放模型。大鼠、家兔和狗之间的药代动力学过程存在着显著的种属差异,大鼠iv麝香酮12,18和24 mg/kg三种剂量间的药代动力学主要参数无显著性差异。iv给药大鼠的T_1/2B为118.1～131.2min。家兔和狗的T_1/2B分别为24.9和30.0 min,T_1/2γ分别为331.9和366.4 min。大鼠、家兔和狗三b种动物的V_ss分别为23.0,51.7和7.3 L/kg.V_c分别为2.33,2.13和0.38 L/kg。     

七叶皂苷对洛伐他汀在高脂血症大鼠模型体内药代动力学的影响

目的在高脂血症大鼠模型中研究七叶皂苷对洛伐他汀药代动力学的影响。方法采用高脂饲料喂饲大鼠,构建高脂血症大鼠模型,通过血清生化分析确定造模成功。选择12只造模成功的大鼠,随机分成2组,即单独给药组和联合给药组,每组6只大鼠。单独给药组和联合给药组大鼠分别经尾静脉注射给予0.9%生理盐水和注射用七叶皂苷钠(0.5 mg/kg,qd),连续14 d。第14天,给药后,两组大鼠灌胃给予洛伐他汀(20 mg/kg,0.5%CMC-Na溶液),并于洛伐他汀给药前和给药后不同时间点采集血样,采用HPLC-MS/MS方法测定洛伐他汀及其活性代谢物洛伐他汀酸的血药浓度,计算药动学参数。结果长期给予七叶皂苷钠导致洛伐他汀酸的血浆暴露水平显著升高,Cmax、AUC0-t、AUC0-∞分别是单独给药组的2.43(90%CI:1.55,3.31)、2.66(90%CI:1.67,3.66)和2.99倍(90%CI:1.44,4.55),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与单独给药组相比,联合给药组洛伐他汀的血浆暴露也略有增加,但两组Cmax和AUC比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论七叶皂苷可抑制高脂血症模型大鼠的洛伐他汀代谢,增加其体内暴露水平。     

头孢他啶在兔体内的药代动力学

头孢他啶２０ｍｇ／ｋｇ剂量兔静注，用大肠杆菌作血浓度测定。根据Ｆ值检测、值及加权残差判别房室模型，符合开放二室模型。实验测得：高峰血药浓度国产与进口药品分别是３１６．５６±５５．４０和３１８．０７±５１．９６μｇ／ｍｌ；药物的表现分布容积分别是０．４４６５±０．０７３０和０．５９１８±０．１５２４Ｌ；消除半衰期分别是１．１０２４±０．１９７６及１，２６５１±０．１８９１ｈ；在体内的总清除率分别是０．５７４２±０．０８６６及０．６１９７－±０．１１０４Ｌ／ｈ。此外，它其的相对生物利用度为１０３．１６％，差异经生物学统计无显著性。     

超氧化物歧化酶在动物体内的药代动力学和体内过程

本文采用直接测定生物样品中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的极谱法,研究了家兔iv三种不同剂量和im高剂量SOD后的药代动力学以及小鼠ipSOD后的组织分布和尿粪排泄的特点.家兔iv和imSOD的血清SOD活性-时间数据符合线性二室开放模型,其t_(1/2β)分别为49.7,46.1,40.5和118.5 min,im生物利用度为72.0％。小鼠ip SOD后1～3 h,组织中的SOD活性以胆囊和胃为最高,然后依次为肌肉、肺、肝、脑和肾,而心脏和睾丸最低;由尿粪排泄的SOD活性甚少,24 h内的累积排泄量分别仅为给药剂量的1.48和0.45％。     

胃复安在兔体内的药代动力学

本文报道胃复安在兔体内的药代动力学。按较大剂量(20mg·kg~(-1))快速静注后,血药浓度数据采用自编非线性算法和程序在Apple——Ⅱ微机上作曲线拟合后,依据最小残差平方和(Re)和AIC值作模型识别。5只兔均按二室模型拟合较为合适。算得参数:t_1/2α和t_1/2日分别为4.6±3.7和75.3±15.2min;Vc、Vd(area)和Vd(ss)分别为2.98±1.80、4.94±0.65和4.72±0.51L·kg~(-1);Cl为46.6±10.5ml·min.kg~(-1)。作统计矩分析,AUC、MRT和VRT分别为446±93μg·hr·ml~(-1)、104.5±19.6min和12062±4469min~2。     

甘露醇的体内药代动力学研究

甘露醇是临床上常用的脱水药,可降低颅内压,临床上广泛用于治疗脑水肿、脑出血及青光眼,其药代动力学研究未见报道,本文采用比色法测定其血药浓度,对此药在家兔体内静注给药的药代动力学进行了研究,为该药在临床上的合理应用提供了参考。 1 仪器与材料:751G型分光光度计(上海分析仪器厂):20％甘露醇注射液(本院制剂室生产)。动物:2Kg左右健康家兔(由本院动物室提供)。Nash试剂:称取醋酸铵15g,用适量蒸馏水溶解后加入冰醋酸0.2ml和乙酰丙酮0.2ml,再用蒸馏水稀释至100ml(临用前新配)。其它试剂:均为分析纯,均用蒸馏水按常规方法配制。     

酒制大黄对大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的：建立同时测定大鼠血浆及组织中芦荟大黄素、大黄酸和大黄素的液-质联用方法,并探讨酒制大黄中游离蒽醌成分对大鼠体内的药动学的影响。方法：分别给予SD大鼠灌胃大黄生品和酒制品水煎液后,采用LC-MS测定血浆中大黄酸、芦荟大黄素、大黄素的血药浓度的含量。结果：大黄酒制品组的药动学参数（Tmax、Cmax、T1/2和AUC0-t）与生品组相比具有显著性差异,大黄酒制后,芦荟大黄素和大黄素在大鼠体内的Tmax均有不同程度的延长,Cmax均较生品组高,AUC0-t也有不同程度的增加,说明大黄酒制后有助于促进芦荟大黄素和大黄素的吸收,增加其生物利用度。但两者的半衰期T1/2均有所减少,说明两者在体内代谢较快;大黄酸的药动学参数变化不大。结论：酒制大黄中游离蒽醌成分对大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学有较大影响,该研究结果为探讨大黄炮制机理提供实验依据。     

超高效液相串联质谱法同时测定保健食品中10种水溶性维生素

目的：建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测方法同时测定保健食品中10种水溶性维生素。方法：样品经过前处理后,采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3（2.1×100 mm,1.8μm）色谱柱分离;以0.1%甲酸的甲醇溶液和0.1%甲酸的水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,通过电喷雾离子源多反应监测（MRM）模式进行检测。结果：10种水溶性维生素在6 min内完成分离,线性关系良好（r≥0.997）,方法检出限在5~250μg·kg^-1之间。3个添加水平的回收率和相对标准偏差RSD（n=6）分别为85.9%~109.5%和1.09%~0.79%。结论：该方法简便、快速、准确、灵敏,适用于保健食品中水溶性维生素的测定。     

Metabolic urinary profiling of alcohol hepatotoxicity and intervention effects of Yin Chen Hao Tang in rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry

This paper was designed to study metabonomic characters of the hepatotoxicity induced by alcohol and the intervention effects of Yin Chen Hao Tang (YCHT), a classic traditional Chinese medicine formula for treatment of jaundice and liver disorders in China. Urinary samples from control, alcohol- and YCHT-treated rats were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadruple time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS) in positive ionization mode. The total ion chromatograms obtained from the control, alcohol- and YCHT-treated rats were easily distinguishable using a multivariate statistical analysis method such as the principal components analysis (PCA). The greatest difference in metabolic profiling was observed from alcohol-treated rats compared with the control and YCHT-treated rats. The positive ions m/z 664.3126 (9.00 min) was elevated in urine of alcohol-treated rats, whereas, ions m/z 155.3547 (10.96 min) and 708.2932 (9.01 min) were at a lower concentration compared with that in urine of control rats, however, these ions did not indicate a statistical difference between control rats and YCHT-treated rats. The ion m/z 664.3126 was found to correspond to ceramide (d18:1/25:0), providing further support for an involvement of the sphingomyelin signaling pathway in alcohol hepatotoxicity and the intervention effects of YCHT.     

基体辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱用于中草药黄芪鉴别的研究

目的：考察基体辅助激光解吸电离时间飞行质谱用于中草药鉴别的可行性。方法：以2,5－二羟基苯甲酸为基体对不同产地的黄芪进行质谱分析,比较质谱图,找出黄芪的指纹峰,通过指纹峰和专属性较强的质谱峰判断黄芪的真为。结果：判断出兰州产红芪不是黄芪。结论：建立中草药的基体辅助激光解吸电离质谱的指纹谱库,可以对中草药进行快速鉴别。     

UPLC-MS/MS方法测定健康人体氟氯西林血浆药物浓度及其药动学研究

目的：应用超高效液相串联质谱联用方法（UPLC-MS/MS）测定健康人体氟氯西林血浆药物浓度,并对其药动学特征进行分析。方法：采用开放、随机设计试验方案,选择24位健康志愿者,男女各半,随机分成3组,分别静脉给予1.0 g、2.0 g、4.0 g三个剂量试验药物,采用UPLC-MS/MS方法测定血浆中氟氯西林药物浓度。流动相由乙腈：10 mmol·L^-1甲酸铵水溶液=35∶65（v/v）组成。色谱柱为BEHTM C18（Waters）,1.7μm,柱长100 mm×2.1 mm I.D,流速为0.2 mL·min-1,柱温40℃,自动进样器温度4℃,进样量2.5μL。质谱条件：离子源温度120℃;去溶剂气温度：350℃;氟氯西林（m/z 454.1〉160.3）,内标氯唑西林钠（m/z 436.1〉277.3）。结果：氟氯西林标准曲线线性范围为0.2μg·mL^-1~1000μg·mL^-1,线性关系良好（r〉0.99）,最低定量限：0.2μg·mL^-1,高、中、低3种浓度的批内和批间变异（RSD%）均小于15.0%,血浆提取回收率为89.7%~114.7%。结论：本方法处理过程简单可靠,可快捷、准确地应用于氟氯西林的血浆药物浓度测定。     

In Vitro Permeability of Poorly Aqueous Soluble Compounds Using Different Solubilizers in the PAMPA Assay with Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Detection

PURPOSE: This study compares the use of UV-VIS detection with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) detection for the PAMPA (Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay) permeability determination of compounds in the drug discovery stage. LC/MS detection offers a selective and sensitive method for the determination of the PAMPA permeability for compounds that do not contain a UV chromophore or possess a low UV extinction coefficient. To enhance the reliability of our permeability measurements for compounds with low aqueous solubility, we demonstrated the use of LC/MS detection as a means for facilitating the study of solubilizing agents to enhance aqueous solubility that normally would interfere with UV-VIS detection. In doing so, the PAMPA assay can be expanded to study the in vitro permeability of poorly water soluble compounds and evaluate the effects of solubilizers' on the membrane permeability of different compounds. This might be useful in selecting solubilizers for poorly water soluble compounds to be used for further in vivo studies. METHODS: A diverse set of 20 drugs using UV-VIS detection were compared with data using LC/MS detection. A PAMPA screening method was designed which used solubilizers (Brij 35, Cremophor EL, ethanol, and Tween 80) for compounds with low aqueous solubility. The stability of the artificial membrane was determined using various solubilizer concentrations (0.1-5% w/v) to ensure the phospholipid membrane was not disrupted. Two compounds, amiodarone and miconazole, with low aqueous solubility yielding an undetected response in the PAMPA assay using UV-VIS detection were subjected to the different solubilizing agents and their PAMPA permeability was measured using LC/MS detection. RESULTS: Most of the compounds showed similar PAMPA permeability using the two detection systems. However, for compounds lacking a UV chromophore or with a low UV extinction coefficient, LC/MS was the detection method of choice for determination of PAMPA permeability values. LC/MS also gave reliable quantification data for compounds containing impurities, as well as compounds that were not stable during the assay. Although many solubilizers were found to interfere with UV-VIS detection, the LC/MS approach was applicable to determine the permeability values of compounds with normally low aqueous solubility. CONCLUSIONS: LC/MS detection offered greater sensitivity and selectivity as compared with UV-VIS detection for the PAMPA assay. With this added versatility in detection, PAMPA can be used in both discovery and pre-formulation applications, which has not been described before.     

Characterization of Recombinant Cytokine Fragments Using Isotachophoresis-Capillary Zone Electrophoresis,Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography,and Mass Spectrometry

Purpose. Capillary zone electrophoresis with isotachophoretic sample preconcentration (ITP-CZE) and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV detection and on-line coupling to electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry were investigated for their potential to separate and identify fragments of recombinant human interleukin-6 formed during acidic stress of the parent protein. Results. Based on the orthogonal separation principles governing ITP-CZE and RP-HPLC, different peak patterns were observed using both methods. The selectivity of ESI-MS allowed identification of several co-migrating compounds. Data obtained by on-line ESI-MS were compared to results from off-line investigations by MALDI-TOF-MS performed with single fractions collected from the RP-HPLC system. Cleavage of the protein backbone occurred preferably at acid-labile Asp-sites. The total amount of rhIL-6 needed for ITP-CZE-ESI-MS identification of all fragments was only in the upper femtomole range, while RP-HPLC required amounts of protein three orders of magnitude higher. On the other hand, the low CE sample volume opposes the collection of fractions to perform off-line analysis. Conclusions. Growing acceptance of CE with on-line MS detection for pharmaceutical quality control of proteins is expected.     

Simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan, dextrorphan, and guaifenesin in human plasma using semi-automated liquid/liquid extraction and gradient liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the simultaneous determination of dextromethorphan (DEX), dextrorphan (DET), and guaifenesin (GG) in human plasma was developed, validated, and applied to determine plasma concentrations of these compounds in samples from six clinical pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. Semi-automated liquid handling systems were used to perform the majority of the sample manipulation including liquid/liquid extraction (LLE) of the analytes from human plasma. Stable-isotope-labeled analogues were utilized as internal standards (ISTDs) for each analyte to facilitate accurate and precise quantification. Extracts were analyzed using gradient liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Use of semi-automated LLE with LC-MS/MS proved to be a very rugged and reliable approach for analysis of more than 6200 clinical study samples. The lower limit of quantification was validated at 0.010, 0.010, and 1.0 ng/mL of plasma for DEX, DET, and GG, respectively. Accuracy and precision of quality control (QC) samples for all three analytes met FDA Guidance criteria of +/-15% for average QC accuracy with coefficients of variation less than 15%. Data from the thorough evaluation of the method during development, validation, and application are presented to characterize selectivity, linearity, over-range sample analysis, accuracy, precision, autosampler carry-over, ruggedness, extraction efficiency, ionization suppression, and stability. Pharmacokinetic data are also provided to illustrate improvements in systemic drug and metabolite concentration-time profiles that were achieved by formulation optimization.     

Analysis of major antioxidants from extracts of Myrmecodia pendans by UV/visible spectrophotometer,liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry,and high-performance liquid chromatography/UV techniques

In the present work, heat reflux extraction with ethanol/water (80:20; v/v) as the solvent was used to extract antioxidants from Myrmecodia pendans. The crude extract (CE) was fractionated using hexane and ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) and aqueous fraction were collected. Antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical radical and ferric reducing power of the CE, EAF, and aqueous fraction were evaluated. EAF showed comparable antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl-radical radical and ferric reducing power to those of the CE. UV/visible, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry, and high-performance liquid chromatography were employed for identifying the major antioxidant compounds in the EAF. Three major phenolic compounds (rosmarinic acid, procyanidin B1, and polymer of procyanidin B1) were identified. The first two compounds were confirmed and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography using authentic standards, but confirmation of the third compound was hampered by a lack of commercial standard. Concentrations of rosmarinic acid and procyanidin B1 in the EAF were found to be 20.688 ±1.573 mg/g dry sample and 3.236 ±0.280 mg/g dry sample, respectively. All these three compounds are reported for the first time in sarang semut.     

Liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry analysis and pharmacokinetic studies of a novel rabeprazole formulation, sterile powder for injection, in dogs and rats

Rabeprazole is among the most potent proton pump inhibitors (PPI) identified to date and it has been demonstrated that it is effective in such diseases as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), duodenal ulcer and gastric ulcer. There is currently interest in developing a new formulation: rabeprazole sterile powder for injection (RSPI). This investigation was conducted to evaluate the preclinical pharmacokinetics of RSPI in rats and at the same time a comparative study was carried out in dogs between RSPI and Pariet tablets using liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry analysis.The liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometry method was first conducted and validated as being specific, and having accuracy, precision, sensitivity and a satisfactory recovery. After intravenous administration of RSPI (i.v.: 2, 6 and 18 mg/kg) to rats, no significant dose-dependency was found in the CL (4.20-5.72 l/h/kg), V(area) (d) (0.94-1.32 l/kg), dose-normalized AUC (197.20-245.82 microg/l*h based on 1 mg/kg) and t(1/2) (p>0.05). In the dog, a randomized, open-label, crossover experiment was carried out to show that the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-infinity)) after i.v. administration of RSPI was at least four times larger than that following oral administration of Pariet tablet at an equivalent dose but the elimination half-life of these two formulation was similar (p>0.05). The results showed that the pharmacokinetics of RSPI was linear (r(2) = 0.98) in the dose range 2-18 mg/kg and the RSPI had a much higher AUC(0-infinity) and similar t(1/2) values compared with the enteric-coated tablet.