布地奈德对哮喘大鼠中性粒细胞诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的：观察诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）蛋白在哮喘大鼠血中性粒细胞（PMN）中的表达,探讨PMN参与哮喘炎症的可能机制,并研究布地奈德的影响。方法：采用卵白蛋白（OVA）和Al（OH）3制备大鼠哮喘模型,分离纯化血PMN,免疫细胞化学法检测PMN中iNOS蛋白的表达水平,比色法测定支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中NO浓度。结果：哮喘组大鼠PMN中iNOS蛋白的表达水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,布地奈德治疗组PMN中iNOS蛋白的表达水平显著低于哮喘组（P〈0.01）;哮喘组支气管壁iNOS蛋白的表达水平显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,布地奈德治疗组支气管壁iNOS蛋白的表达水平显著低于哮喘组且高于正常对照组（均P〈0.01）;哮喘组BALF中NO浓度显著高于正常对照组（P〈0.01）,布地奈德治疗组BALF中NO浓度显著低于哮喘组（P〈0.01）;PMN中iNOS蛋白的表达水平与BALF中NO浓度呈显著正相关（n=29,r=0.754,P〈0.01）;支气管壁iNOS蛋白的表达水平与BALF中NO浓度呈显著正相关（n=29,r=0.760,P〈0.01）。结论：哮喘大鼠PMN合成iN-OS蛋白的功能增加,PMN可能部分通过iNOS参与哮喘的发病,这种功能可以部分被布地奈德所抑制。     

贫铀对大鼠肺诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因表达的影响

目的通过研究贫铀(depleted uranium,DU)颗粒气管灌注大鼠肺中的诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)基因表达的变化,揭示DU对肺组织的毒性作用机制。方法Wistar大鼠20只随机分为4组,1个对照组,3个染铀组,剂量分别为1、3、5 mg/ml气管灌注不同剂量DU颗粒3个月后,将大鼠肺组织iNOS mRNA进行RT-PCR并通过凝胶成像分析系统扫描RT-PCR产物,用内参半定量法分析iNOS mRNA的变化。结果对照组无iNOS mRNA表达,各染铀组扩增产物电泳条带吸光度值(A)明显高于对照组(P<0.05);其中13、mg组产物电泳条带A值逐渐增高,3 mg组到达高峰,5 mg组产物电泳条带A值明显低于13、mg组(P<0.05)。结论DU颗粒气管灌注能使大鼠肺组织iNOS mRNA表达水平升高,并与DU剂量呈正相关。DU剂量增高到一定程度则使iNOS mRNA表达水平降低,这种变化可能与DU化学毒性和辐射损伤的复合作用有关。     

五味子乙素对染矽尘大鼠肺组织一氧化氮水平和诱导型一氧化氮合酶mRNA表达动态变化的影响

目的观察五味子乙素(Sch-B)对染矽尘大鼠肺组织一氧化氮(NO)水平和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA动态变化的影响。方法将96只大鼠随机分为对照组、染矽尘组、Sch-B组,每组32只,气管暴露法建立大鼠矽肺模型,造模后d 1开始灌胃给予Sch-B治疗,药物治疗3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d后,HE染色检测肺组织病理改变;硝酸还原酶法测肺组织NO含量;RT-PCR检测肺组织iNOS mRNA的表达。结果 HE染色显示Sch-B组大鼠肺损伤较染矽尘组明显减轻。NO含量和iNOS mRNA表达在染尘后各个时间点均较相应的对照组明显升高(P<0.01),其中NO含量在d 7时达到高峰后开始下降,iNOS mRNA的峰值出现在d 14。五味子组与染矽尘组相比,各时间点NO含量均明显降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),而iNOS mRNA表达仅在d 3和d 7时降低明显(P<0.05)。结论染矽尘大鼠肺组织存在着NO含量和iNOS mRNA的动态变化。Sch-B能减轻染矽尘大鼠肺组织的纤维化程度,其机制可能与染尘初期Sch-B降低iNOS mRNA转录水平,抑制NO炎症介质的合成与释放有关。     

罗红霉素通过诱导型一氧化氮合酶/一氧化氮途径抑制哮喘大鼠气道炎症

目的探讨罗红霉素对哮喘大鼠支气管诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)及一氧化氮(NO)的影响。方法24只成年哮喘大鼠随机分成对照组、哮喘组以及罗红霉素组。对支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞计数,免疫组织化学检测大鼠支气管上皮细胞iNOS蛋白表达,RT-PCR检测肺组织iNOS mRNA表达,分光光度计检测肺组织iNOS活性及NO含量。双抗体夹心法检测肺组织白细胞介素-4(IL-4)及干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)。结果哮喘组大鼠BALF细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞分类分别为(7.28±1.65)×108.L-1、(7.73±1.54)%,均高于对照组(3.76±0.97)×108.L-1、(1.27±0.60)%;罗红霉素组BALF细胞总数及嗜酸性粒细胞分类分别为(5.68±0.95)×108.L-1、(5.54±1.53)%,明显低于哮喘组,差异有统计学意义。哮喘组肺组织IL-4浓度、iNOS活性及NO含量高于对照组,罗红霉素组肺组织IL-4浓度、iNOS活性及NO含量低于哮喘组。哮喘组肺组织IFN-γ浓度低于对照组,罗红霉素组肺组织IFN-γ浓度高于哮喘组。哮喘大鼠支气管上皮细胞iNOS蛋白及肺组织iN-OSmRNA表达分布吸光度值分别为(0.25±0.06)、(0.52±0.14),较对照组[(0.14±0.05),(0.33±0.05)]明显增强;但罗红霉素组iNOS蛋白及mRNA表达为(0.15±0.03)、(0.35±0.07),均明显较哮喘组减弱。结论罗红霉素通过干预哮喘大鼠气道IL-4、IFN-γ以及iNOS/NO体系,抑制哮喘气道炎症反应。     

糖尿病大鼠阴茎组织中糖基化终产物、诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达分析

目的：探讨糖尿病大鼠阴茎组织糖基化终产物（AGEs）、诱导型一氧化氮合酶（iNOS）的表达变化及它们表达的相关性。方法64只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为糖尿病模型组（DM组）和对照组（NC组）,各32只。在DM组大鼠模型制备成功后的4、8、12、20周,两组各杀检8只大鼠。使用免疫组织化学法观察阴茎组织中AGEs、iNOS的表达定位同时分析其含量变化,使用Real-time PCR检测阴茎组织中AGEs、iNOSmRNA的表达情况。结果大量AGEs和iNOS阳性细胞分别出现于4、8、12、20周DM模型大鼠阴茎组织内,其累计光密度（IOD）值高于对照组,并随病程进展而增高（P<0.05,P<0.01）。 Real-time PCR结果显示,NC组大鼠在造模后4、8、12、20周AGEs和iNOS的表达量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,DM模型大鼠阴茎组织AGEs和iNOS mRNA表达水平随着病程进展逐渐增加（P<0.01）,且高于相同时间点的NC组（P<0.01）,Pearson相关分析显示,DM大鼠阴茎组织AGEs与iN-OS的表达水平呈显著正相关（r=0.845,P<0.01）。结论高血糖状态下,阴茎组织内AGEs和iNOS的表达显著增加并呈正相关,可能共同参与了DM阴茎损害的发生。     

诱导型一氧化氮合酶在GK糖尿病大鼠心肌梗死后的表达

目的本研究通过制作GK糖尿病大鼠及非糖尿病大鼠心肌梗死模型,观察诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的表达在糖尿病大鼠合并心肌梗死时与非糖尿病大鼠心肌梗死时的变化,为冠心病合并糖尿病的心脏病理改变提供理论基础与科学依据。方法应用体质量在200～250g的雄性GK糖尿病大鼠及其对照雄性Wistar大鼠通过开胸手术结扎麻醉大鼠冠状动脉左前降支制作大鼠在体心肌梗死模型。心肌梗死模型制作前测量血糖。手术成功后分组饲养大鼠3周。3周后,测量血糖,活体剪取心脏,进行iNOS的免疫组织化学染色及实时聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测。结果①GK糖尿病大鼠血糖明显高于Wistar大鼠血糖(P<0.05);②Wistar心肌梗死组与GK心肌梗死组在缺血区可见到心肌细胞iNOS大量阳性染色,但GK心肌梗死组与Wistar心肌梗死组相比,iNOS阳性染色减少,二者吸光度测定值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);③Wistar心肌梗死组与GK心肌梗死组iNOSmRNA表达在缺血区明显增加,但GK心肌梗死组iNOSmRNA表达减少,二者之间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论iNOS在糖尿病大鼠合并心肌梗死时其在缺血区的表达是降低的,表明高血糖可能抑制iNOS的表达,使体内一氧化氮(NO)生成减少,不利于梗死后血供的恢复。     

胃癌中诱导型一氧化氮合酶、IL-8的表达与意义

目的探讨诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible NOS,iNOS)和白介素8(IL-8)在胃癌中的表达及意义。方法胃癌组织标本70例(包括癌组织和非癌组织),采用HE染色对胃癌标本进行组织分型,免疫组织化学sABC法检测不同类型胃癌组织和不同位置中的iNOS和IL-8的表达。结果①64．29％(45／70)胃癌组织中表达iNOS蛋白,在高、中分化腺癌中iNOS表达占46．67％(14／30);在低分化腺癌iNOS表达占77．50％(31／40);iNOS的表达与胃癌组织分化程度显著相关;②IL-8在高、中分化与低分化腺癌中的表达率没有差异,在癌组织和非癌组织两组中IL-8的表达率,有显著性差异。结论iNOS和IL-8可能在胃黏膜细胞癌变过程中起重要作用。     

二苯乙烯苷预防性干预大鼠动脉硬化对其一氧化氮合酶表达的影响

目的探讨二苯乙烯苷(TSG)对动脉粥样硬化(AS)大鼠一氧化氮(NO)含量及主动脉一氧化氮合酶(NOS)表达的影响。方法SD大鼠60只,♂,随机分为6组:①正常对照组;②模型组;③TSG低剂量组;④TSG中剂量组;⑤TSG高剂量组;⑥辛伐他汀阳性对照组。造模12wk后,颈动脉取血,检测血清NO含量。取血后分离主动脉,保存于-70℃,检测主动脉组织中NOS含量,RT-PCR检测大鼠主动脉eNOS和iNOS mRNA表达。实验数据采用STATA8.0软件进行统计分析。结果与模型组相比,辛伐他汀组和TSG各剂量组均能增加血清及主动脉组织NO的含量、主动脉组织NOS的水平、主动脉组织eNOS mRNA的表达及降低主动脉组织iNOS mRNA的表达,并呈剂量依赖性。结论TSG能上调AS大鼠动脉壁eNOS mRNA的表达,抑制AS大鼠动脉壁iNOS mRNA的表达,这可能是TSG抗AS的机制之一。     

FK506抑制脊髓挫伤后诱导型一氧化氮合酶表达的实验研究

目的观察大鼠脊髓挫伤后早期应用FK506对诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)表达的抑制作用。方法45只成年雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组、对照组和治疗组。治疗组在脊髓挫伤后5 min一次性经尾静脉注射FK506(0.3mg/kg),其余两组以相同方法给予0.9%生理盐水。伤后3,7,14,21 d采用BBB评分法进行后肢运动功能评价,应用逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和免疫组织化学染色检测iNOS的mRNA和蛋白质的表达,同时行脊髓组织尼氏染色病理学观察。结果治疗组病理学观察和行为学评分明显优于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01);iNOS的mRNA和蛋白质的表达均于伤后7 d达高峰,两者表达在治疗组明显低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论FK506能抑制大鼠脊髓挫伤后iNOS表达,减轻继发性损害,从而改善脊髓损伤后的功能恢复。     

中性粒细胞激活蛋白-2在大鼠哮喘中性粒细胞中的表达及意义

目的：观察大鼠哮喘中性粒细胞激活蛋白-2（NAP-2）蛋白在中性粒细胞（NEU）上的表达及地塞米松对其的影响,探讨NEU参与哮喘发病的可能作用机制。方法：采用大鼠哮喘模型,随机分成哮喘组、对照组、地塞米松治疗组,分离纯化血NEU,免疫组织化学法测定支气管和血NEU中NAP-2蛋白的表达水平。结果：哮喘组NEUNAP-2蛋白的平均光密度值（0.198±0.016）显著高于对照组值（0.079±0.015）（P〈0.01）;地塞米松治疗组的NEUNAP-2蛋白的平均光密度值（0.135±0.021）显著低于哮喘组且高于对照组（P〈0.01）。哮喘组支气管NAP-2蛋白的平均光密度值（0.226±0.050）显著高于对照组值（0.140±0.012）（P〈0.01）;地塞米松治疗组的支气管NAP-2蛋白的平均光密度值（0.175±0.028）显著低于哮喘组且高于对照组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。NEUNAP-2蛋白的表达水平与支气管肺泡灌洗液NEU计数呈显著正相关（n=29,r=0.334,P〈0.05）。结论：哮喘大鼠NEUNAP-2蛋白的表达水平增加,NEU可能通过NAP-2参与哮喘发病的炎症过程;地塞米松部分通过抑制NEUNAP-2的表达从而减轻气道炎症,NAP-2可能与NEU在肺组织中聚集有关。     

香菇多糖对巨噬细胞一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目的研究香菇多糖(LTN)诱导巨噬细胞的一氧化氮(NO)生成和一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)的活性,探讨LTN的免疫调节作用机理.方法采用Griess反应和荧光法测定不同剂量的LTN作用小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞后NO的生成量和iNOS活性.观察mRNA转录抑制剂、蛋白质合成抑制剂和iNOS抑制剂对巨噬细胞NO的生成和iNOS活性的影响.结果LTN能使小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞NO生成增加,iNOS活性增高,并呈作用剂量依赖关系.3种抑制剂均能抑制LTN诱导的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞N0的生成和iNOS活性.结论LTN能刺激小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞提高iNOS活性和NO的生成.提示LTN的免疫调节作用机制可能与LTN刺激巨噬细胞NO生成有关.     

Cardiovascular effects of chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition in genetically hypertensive rats

1. The possible role of an endothelial defect in the hypertension of the New Zealand genetically hypertensive (GH) rat strain was assessed by examining cardiovascular responses to the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and the endothelium-dependent depressor agent acetylcholine (ACh). The vascular sensitivity of the hindquarter to nitric oxide (NO) was examined using the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). 2. NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg per day in drinking water) was given to GH and normotensive (N) rats from age 7-9 weeks, with GH and N untreated control groups. Systolic blood pressure (tail-cuff) was monitored weekly from age 5-9 weeks. At age 9 weeks, pressure responses to various vasoactive agents were measured in vivo and in the rat isolated hindquarter. Left ventricular (LV) mass was measured at the time of death. 3. NG-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester induced a greater hypertensive effect in GH (P < 0.001) compared with N (P < 0.05) rats and caused a significant increase in hindquarter perfusion pressure in GH rats only (P < 0.01). 4. Genetically hypertensive rats had LV hypertrophy that was exacerbated by L-NAME (P < 0.01). Left ventricular hypertrophy was not induced by L-NAME in N rats. 5. The normalized response to ACh did not differ between GH and N control rats and was unaffected by L-NAME treatment in vivo and in vitro except at the highest ACh dose (3 micrograms/kg) in GH hindquarters (P < 0.01). The response to SNP was similar in GH and N hindquarters and enhanced by L-NAME in GH (0.1 microgram; P < 0.05) and N rats (0.01 microgram, P < 0.01; 0.01 microgram, P < 0.001). 6. These results suggest that the L-arginine/NO system is not deficient in GH rats and that endothelial function in the GH hindquarter is preserved. They confirm that NO is involved in mediating blood pressure in GH and N rats and raise the possibility that a non-NO-mediated mechanism may underlie ACh-induced vasodilation in GH and N.     

戊四唑癫痫大鼠脑组织一氧化氮含量和一氧化氮合酶活性变化

探讨一氧化氮在戊四唑癫病发机制中的作用。方法每天注射戊四唑建立在鼠癫痫模型,测定癫病发作后大鼠大脑皮质,海马一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性变化,结果癫痫发作后海马ＮＯ含量和ＮＯＳ活性显著升高,结 戊四唑诱导的癫痫中具有致痫性。     

Gender-specific vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption in rats: a role for inducible nitric oxide synthase

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Epidemiological data suggest that the risk of ethanol-associated cardiovascular disease is greater in men than in women. This study investigates the mechanisms underlying gender-specific vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Vascular reactivity experiments using standard muscle bath procedures were performed on isolated thoracic aortae from rats. mRNA and protein for inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and for endothelial NOS (eNOS) was assessed by RT-PCR or western blotting, respectively. KEY RESULTS: In male rats, chronic ethanol consumption enhanced phenylephrine-induced contraction in both endothelium-intact and denuded aortic rings. However, in female rats, chronic ethanol consumption enhanced phenylephrine-induced contraction only in endothelium denuded aortic rings. After pre-incubation of endothelium-intact rings with L-NAME, both male and female ethanol-treated rats showed larger phenylephrine-induced contractions in aortic rings, compared to the control group. Acetylcholine-induced relaxation was not affected by ethanol consumption. The effects of ethanol on responses to phenylephrine were similar in ovariectomized (OVX) and intact (non-OVX) female rats. In the presence of aminoguanidine, but not 7-nitroindazole, the contractions to phenylephrine in rings from ethanol-treated female rats were greater than that found in control tissues in the presence of the inhibitors. mRNA levels for eNOS and iNOS were not altered by ethanol consumption. Ethanol intake reduced eNOS protein levels and increased iNOS protein levels in aorta from female rats. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Gender differences in the vascular effects elicited by chronic ethanol consumption were not related to ovarian hormones but seemed to involve the upregulation of iNOS.     

Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase attenuates acute endotoxin-induced lung injury in rats

1. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) inhibitors S-methylisothiourea (SMT) and l-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (l-Nil) on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury (ALI), as well as the associated physiological, biomedical and pathological changes, in anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats and in rat isolated perfused lungs. 2. Endotoxaemia was induced by an intravenous (i.v.) infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli 10 mg/kg). Lipopolysaccharide produced systemic hypotension and tachycardia. It also increased the lung weight/bodyweight ratio, lung weight gain, exhaled nitric oxide (NO), the protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage and microvascular permeability. 3. Following infusion of LPS, plasma nitrate/nitrite, methyl guanidine, pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta) were markedly elevated. Pathological examination revealed severe pulmonary oedema and inflammatory cell infiltration. Pretreatment with SMT (3 mg/kg, i.v.) or l-Nil (3 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly attenuated the LPS-induced changes and ALI. 4. The results suggest that the inflammatory responses and ALI following infusion of LPS are due to the production of NO, free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the iNOS system. Inhibition of iNOS is effective in mitigating the endotoxaemic changes and lung pathology. Inhibitors of iNOS may be potential therapeutic agents for clinical application in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.     

Inducible nitric oxide synthase as a target for osteoarthritis treatment

Introduction: Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is the enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide (NO), a major proinflammatory and destructive mediator in osteoarthritis (OA).

Areas covered: This is a comprehensive review of the recent literature on the involvement of iNOS in osteoarthritis and its potential to be used as a target for OA treatment. Evidence from in vitro, in vivo and human studies was systematically collected using medical search engines. Preclinical studies have focused on the effect of direct and indirect iNOS inhibitors in both animal and human tissues. Apart from direct inhibitors, common pharmacological agents, herbal and dietary medicines as well as hyperbaric oxygen, low level laser and low intensity pulsed ultrasound have been shown to exhibit a chondroprotective effect by inhibiting the expression of iNOS.

Expert opinion: Data support the further investigation of iNOS inhibitors for the treatment of OA in human studies and clinical trials. Indirect iNOS inhibitors such as interleukin 1 inhibitors also need to be studied in greater detail. Finally, human studies need to be conducted on the herbal and dietary medicines and on the non-invasive, non-pharmacological treatments.