Dorsal fracture-dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint: a comparative study of percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation versus open reduction and internal fixation

Nineteen patients with a dorsal fracture-dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of a finger were treated with either closed reduction and transarticular Kirschner wire fixation (eight cases) or open reduction and internal fixation, using either one or two lag screws (six cases) or a cerclage wire (five cases). At a mean follow-up of 7 (range 6-9) years, most patients reported satisfactory finger function, even though some of the injuries healed with proximal interphalangeal joint incongruency (seven cases) or subluxation (four cases). Those treated by open reduction complained of more "loss of feeling" in the affected finger and those specifically treated by cerclage wire fixation reported more cold intolerance and had a significantly larger fixed flexion deformity (median, 30 degrees : range 18-38 degrees ) and a smaller arc of motion (median, 48 degrees : range 45-60 degrees ) at the proximal interphalangeal joint, despite having the best radiological outcomes. Closed reduction and transarticular Kirschner wire fixation produced satisfactory results, with none of the eight patients experiencing significant persistent symptoms despite a reduced arc of proximal interphalangeal joint flexion (median=75 degrees ; range 60-108 degrees ). The results of this relatively simple treatment appear at least as satisfactory as those obtained by the two techniques of open reduction and internal fixation, both of which were technically demanding.     

Long oblique/spiral mid-shaft metacarpal fractures of the fingers: treatment with cerclage wire fixation and immediate post-operative finger mobilisation in a wrist splint

The cerclage wire technique of internal fixation for displaced long oblique/spiral metacarpal shaft fractures has not gained popularity for two reasons: many believe that wire migration is a real possibility and that the fixation technique is not rigid enough to allow immediate postoperative finger mobilisation. In this report, the authors review the results of 19 cases of long oblique/spiral mid-shaft metacarpal shaft fractures of the fingers treated by cerclage wires and immediate postoperative mobilisation of all finger joints. The study included 17 men and two women with a mean age of 35 (range 18-45) years. After a mean follow-up of 8 weeks, all patients regained full range of motion of the fingers and no complications were noted. It is concluded that cerclage wire fixation of long oblique/spiral mid-shaft metacarpal fractures requires neither scoring of the bone (a technique recommended by other authors to prevent wire migration) nor finger immobilisation and that the technique consistently achieves good functional results.     

Cerclage wiring of metacarpal fractures

Preventing the deformities of rotation and shortening is essential in the treatment of metacarpal fractures. Maintenance of accurate reduction is often difficult to achieve by cast immobilization or by the more sophisticated techniques that use plates and screws. During a four-year period, 92 of 290 metacarpal fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. Of these, 21 were oblique and spiral fractures that were treated by cerclage wiring. The operation is performed with two to three lengths of No. 24 prestretched stainless steel wire that is tightened around the metacarpal shaft following fracture reduction. Mobilization of the hand is begun ten days following surgery, and full, unlimited use is permitted after six weeks. All 21 metacarpal fractures were followed up until the patient was ready to return to work, which occurred an average of seven weeks after surgery. Seventeen patients had no restriction of range of motion, with normal anatomic restoration of the metacarpal. Three patients lost 15 degrees of total active finger motion, and one had an extension lag of 10 degrees at the metacarpophalangeal joint.     

Metaphyseo-diaphyseal junction fracture of distal humerus in children

Six metaphyseo-diaphyseal junction fractures of distal humerus and 182 supracondylar fractures of humerus treated in our institute over a period of 5 years were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical data regarding child's age, neurovascular status, mechanism of injury, mode of treatment, and ultimate clinical outcome were collected for both these fractures and a comparison was made. Oblique (n=2), comminuted (n=3), and transverse types (n=1) of fracture patterns were identified at distal humeral metaphyseo-diaphyseal junction. The oblique and comminuted fractures were managed by closed reduction and plaster of Paris cast, whereas the only transverse fracture was treated by closed reduction and Kirschner wire fixation. In contrast, 125 patients of supracondylar fractures were treated by closed reduction and plaster of Paris cast and the remaining 57 fractures needed Kirschner wire fixation after closed reduction. Assessment by Flynn criteria after 1 year after of injury revealed better functional outcome in metaphyseo-diaphyseal junction fractures. Although transverse fractures are unstable and may require surgical fixation; oblique and comminuted fractures at the metaphyseo-diaphyseal junction of distal humerus can be managed conservatively.     

AO微创内固定系统在股骨远端及胫骨近端粉碎性骨折的应用

目的探讨应用AO微创内固定系统(lessinvasivestabilizationsystems,LISS)治疗下肢股骨远端与胫骨近端粉碎性骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2003年9月~2005年5月采用LISS治疗14例下肢骨折患者,其中男13例,女1例;车祸伤9例,坠落伤3例,摔倒跌伤2例。开放性骨折5例,闭合性骨折9例。骨折部位包括股骨髁上及髁间粉碎性骨折5例,胫骨上段粉碎性骨折9例。骨折按照AO/OTA分类:股骨骨折中,33C2型3例,33C3型2例;胫骨骨折中,41A2型2例,41A3型2例,41B2型3例,41C2型2例。分别应用股骨远端或胫骨近端LISS行内固定手术。术后对其伤口愈合、术前及术后X线片检查及关节功能恢复情况进行观察。结果患者术后切口均期愈合。均获随访1~20个月,平均11个月。12例骨折均在术后3~5个月愈合,另2例经术后2~3个月观察,效果良好。关节功能根据Johner-Wruhs关节功能评定标准:优10例,良3例,可1例;优良率为93%。11例膝关节屈伸范围达110~130°,2例为100°,1例为80°。结论LISS对股骨远端或胫骨近端粉碎性骨折是一种有效的内固定方法,具有创伤小,固定可靠,临床效果良好等优点。     

Cerclage wiring in displaced both-column fractures of the acetabulum

We evaluated the effect of cerclage wiring in the open reduction and internal fixation of displaced both-column fractures of the acetabulum. This was a prospective clinical evaluation of such cases where the main surgical strategy was open reduction and internal fixation with cerclage wire and supplemental reconstruction plates. Data on 35 cases treated by open reduction (all via the triradiate approach)/internal fixations with cerclage wire and reconstruction plates were collected. The follow-up period was 40 months (18-69). Reduction with a fracture gap of less than 2 mm without articular stepping was achieved in all 35 cases. Postoperative complications developed in seven cases, including subcutaneous haematoma in two, wound infection in two and heterotopic ossification in three. All the complications had no adverse effect on the clinical outcome, and all the cases had good to excellent final results. Cerclage wiring is very useful and effective in the reduction and fixation of displaced both-column fractures of the acetabulum, and supplemental fixation with reconstruction plates and screws is necessary.     

Fractures of the proximal phalanx and metacarpals in the hand: preferred methods of stabilization

Treatment of fractures of the proximal phalanx and metacarpals is based on the presentation of the fracture, degree of displacement, and difficulty in maintaining fracture reduction. A wide array of treatment options exists for the variation in fracture patterns observed. Inherently stable fractures do not require surgical treatment; all other fractures should be considered for additional stabilization. In general, of the many combinations of internal fixation possible, Kirschner wires and screw-and-plate fixation predominate. Early closed reduction typically is successful for unicondylar fractures of the head of the proximal phalanx. Bicondylar proximal phalanx fractures usually are treated with plate fixation. Transverse and short oblique proximal phalanx fractures generally are treated with Kirschner wires, although a stable short oblique transverse shaft fracture can be managed with an intrinsic plus splint. Plate fixation is used in comminuted proximal phalanx as well as comminuted metacarpal fractures, and lag screws in spiral long oblique phalanx shaft fractures and metacarpal head fractures. Kirschner wire fixation is successful in metacarpal neck fractures as well as both short and long transverse oblique shaft fractures.     

5种方法治疗髌骨骨折164例

目的:探讨根据髌骨骨折的具体情况采用不同的治疗方法,并对临床结果进行分析。方法:回顾性分析2005年7月至2009年12月收治髌骨骨折164例,男113例,女51例;年龄21～72岁,平均38.5岁。摔伤80例,车祸伤73例,击打伤11例。线性骨折或髌骨分离0.5cm者21例,髌骨分离0.5cm且为单纯横行或纵行骨折者63例,髌骨分离为3块者34例,分离为4块及以上者46例。其中保守治疗21例,钢丝环扎加"8"字内固定术治疗39例,空心钉及张力带钢丝内固定术治疗43例,经皮空心钉内固定术治疗29例,镍钛聚髌器内固定术治疗32例。结果:164例均获随访,时间3～36个月,平均14个月。按Lysholm膝关节评分标准:保守治疗优良19例,钢丝环扎加"8"字内固定优良36例,空心钉及张力带钢丝内固定优良40例,经皮空心钉内固定优良27例,镍钛聚髌器内固定优良30例。结论:能手法整复、固定者,尽量避免手术;需要手术治疗者应根据骨折类型选择不同的术式,可以经皮复位固定的,尽量微创手术;不管保守治疗还是手术内固定,都需要尽早进行合适的功能锻炼。     

术中撬拨复位经皮交叉克氏针固定治疗儿童不稳定性屈曲型肱骨髁上骨折

目的 探讨术中撬拨复位经皮交叉克氏针固定治疗儿童不稳定性屈曲型肱骨髁上骨折的疗效。方法 回顾性分析我院2015年1月至2019年6月收治的27例不稳定性屈曲型肱骨髁上骨折手法复位失败的儿童的临床资料,男13例,女14例;年龄为2～14岁,平均7.31岁。按照骨折移位程度分型,完全移位断端接触17例,完全移位断端无接触10例。合并尺神经损伤5例,均为闭合性损伤。所有病人在手法复位失败后均采用术中撬拨复位经皮交叉克氏针固定治疗。术后4～6周拔出克氏针,记录并发症发生情况,术后6个月参照Flynn肘关节功能评分标准评定疗效。结果 病人手术时间为15～50 min,平均30 min。病人术中均覆盖防辐射铅衣保护,术中透视5～8次,平均7.5次。术后随访12～36个月,平均24个月。病人骨折愈合时间为4～6周,平均4.5周,术后3个月尺神经损伤均恢复。术后6个月参照Flynn肘关节功能评分标准评定疗效：优20例,良6例,可1例,优良率为98.8%(26/27)。所有病人均未发生肘内翻、骨化性肌炎、医源性神经损伤。结论 撬拨复位经皮交叉克氏针固定是治疗儿童不稳定性屈曲型肱骨髁上骨折手法复位失败后的...     

Phalangeal neck fractures in adults

The author investigated the pattern of injury and outcome of management in 11 adults with phalangeal neck fractures. The mean age was 40 years. The fracture occurred at the neck of the proximal phalanx of the thumb in seven cases and at the neck of the middle phalanx of the fingers in the remaining four cases. One patient had an undisplaced (Type I) fracture and was treated with splinting; the final result was graded as excellent. Nine patients had Type II fractures (the displaced distal fragment maintaining bone-to-bone contact with the proximal fragment) and all patients were treated with closed reduction and single K-wire fixation. The final outcome of Type II fractures was considered good in eight patients and fair in one patient. One patient had a Type III fracture (the displaced distal fragment was rotated 180 degrees with no bone-to-bone contact with the proximal fragment). The fracture required open reduction and K-wire fixation and the final result was poor.     

Treatment of fractures of the patella with percutaneous suture

One hundred seven patients with fractures of the patella were treated by percutaneous suture. The method has the advantage of being simple and relatively nontraumatic. The reduction and the functional recovery were generally excellent. The reduction was poor in five cases, three of which had open reduction and internal fixation. After the percutaneous suture with steel wire is in place, the wire provides sufficient strength for internal fixation. The quadriceps expansion needs no repair. Neither open reduction nor percutaneous suture with cerclage solves the problem of the tendency of the fracture fragments to gap anteriorly. Percutaneous suture without Kirschner-wire internal fixation, with the principle of tension-band wiring, is adequate.     

交锁髓内钉加钢丝环扎治疗股骨干多段大斜面粉碎性骨折

目的: 评价有限切口、开放复位、交锁髓内钉加钢丝环扎治疗股骨干多段大斜面粉碎性骨折的临床效果。方法: 采用有限切口、开放复位、早期静力交锁髓内钉加钢丝多处环扎内固定的方法, 治疗股骨干多段大斜面粉碎性骨折 26例。结果: 所有病例均得到随访, 随访时间 10~18个月, 平均 12个月, 骨折愈合过程正常, 下肢关节功能按Junmer wrun评分标准: 优 18例 (69. 2% ), 良 6例 (23 .1% ), 一般 2例 (7 .7% ), 优良率 92. 3%。结论:有限切口、开放复位、早期静力交锁髓内钉加钢丝多处环扎内固定, 实现骨折的Ⅰ期优良复位, 保持股骨干多段大斜面粉碎性骨折的稳定, 保护重要神经、血管与肌肉免受进一步损伤, 为促进骨折的愈合、防止畸形提供了有力的保证。     

Percutaneous cerclage wiring and minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO): a percutaneous reduction technique in the treatment of Vancouver type B1 periprosthetic femoral shaft fractures

Background

Periprosthetic femoral fractures (PPFs) associated at or near a well-fixed femoral prostheses (Vancouver type-B1) present a clinical challenge due to the quality of the bone stock and instability of the fracture.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to present a novel reduction technique and analyze clinical and radiographic outcome in patients with Vancouver type-B1 fractures treated with percutaneous cerclage wiring for fracture reduction and maintenance of reduction with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) utilizing a locking compression plate (LCP).

Methods

Between March 2007 and December 2008, ten consecutive patients with spiral, oblique or wedge Vancouver type-B1 were treated with closed percutaneous cerclage wiring using a new cerclage passer instrument (Synthes^?) through small 2–3?cm incisions for reduction and maintenance of reduction. Internal fixation with MIPO was obtained utilizing a long LCP Synthes^? bridging the fracture. The reduction time, fixation time and operative time were recorded. The rehabilitation protocol consisted of partial weight bearing as tolerated. Clinical and radiographic outcomes included evidence of union, return to pre-injury mobility, and surgical complications were recorded.

Results

There were three men and seven women with an average age of 74?years (range 47–84?years) at the time the fracture occured. The average follow-up was 13.2?months. One patient died 2?months after surgery due to cardiovascular problems and was excluded. The average reduction time with percutaneous cerclage wiring was 24.4?min (range 7–45?min). The average fixation time was 79?min (range 53–100?min). The average operative time was 103?min (range 75–140?min). Blood loss was minimal and only two patients needed a blood transfusion. All fractures healed with a mean time to union of 18?weeks (range 16–20?weeks). There was one implant which bent 10° in the post-operative period but went on to heal uneventfully within 16?weeks. There was no evidence of loosening of any implants. Seven patients returned to their previous level of mobility. Two patients required a walker. There were no implant failures, wound complications or infections.

Conclusions

Percutaneous reduction of spiral, oblique or wedge-type B1 PPFs with percutaneous cerclage wiring combined with minimally invasive locking plate osteosynthesis provided satisfactory reduction, adequate stability and healing in nine patients. Our early results suggest that this reduction technique and fixation may be a useful solution for this growing challenge in orthopaedics. The authors caution that this technique must be done carefully to avoid serious complications, e.g., vascular injury.     

Fractures of the distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction in children

BACKGROUND: To our knowledge, there is no report in the English-language literature of metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction fractures of the distal humerus in children. The purpose of this study was to review our experience with this uncommon fracture. METHODS: Between 1998 and 2004, 422 displaced supracondylar humerus fractures underwent operative reduction and fixation at our institution. A retrospective review of medical records and radiographs revealed that 14 (3.3%) of these fractures occurred at the metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction just proximal to the olecranon fossa. In 8 patients, the fracture line was oblique (group A), and in 6 patients, the fracture line was transverse (group B). RESULTS: Average age at the time of fracture was 4.9 years (range, 1.5-10 years). All patients were treated by closed reduction and Kirschner wire fixation and had at least 1-year follow-up. In group A, operative time for reduction and fixation was significantly increased in comparison to the 408 remaining supracondylar humerus fractures. However, the clinical course in group A was uncomplicated, and no loss of fixation at follow-up was noted. The operative time in group B was even longer. These fractures were more problematic as loss of fixation occurred in 5 of the 6 patients, 4 occurring in the sagittal plane. In addition, multiple complications arose in group B including reoperation, cubitus varus, pin migration, and prolonged loss of motion. CONCLUSION: Metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction fractures of the distal humerus in children are rare but can be problematic. The transverse fracture pattern requires additional attention in the operating room with optimal pin fixation. Close postoperative follow-up is necessary. The oblique fracture pattern, while requiring increased time in the operating room for reduction and fixation, is typically stable with the usual fixation used for supracondylar humerus fractures. In summary, metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction fractures of the distal humerus are uncommon elbow fractures in children that should be differentiated from the more common supracondylar humerus fracture for optimal outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic level 4 (case series).     

Juxta-epiphyseal fractures of the base of the proximal phalanx of the fingers in children and adolescents

A series of 34 juxta-epiphyseal fractures of the base of the proximal phalanx of the fingers of children and adolescents are presented. The pattern of injury appeared identical in all these fractures, with a lateral angulation force separating a small triangular metaphyseal fragment from the base of the phalanx on the side of angulation and the fracture line then continuing through the metaphysis, 1-2 mm distal to the growth plate. Fractures were classified into two types according to the degree of displacement. Type 1 fractures (n=18) were mildly displaced and were all successfully treated with closed reduction and splinting. Type 2 fractures (n=16) were severely displaced and problems with obtaining an adequate reduction and long-term residual deformities were encountered. One patient with a severely displaced fracture required open reduction and Kirschner-wire fixation because of flexor tendon entrapment at the fracture site. Another five cases required Kirschner-wire fixation after closed manipulation in order to maintain the reduction. The remaining 10 patients with Type 2 fractures were treated by closed reduction and splinting, and two patients healed with malunion causing a "pseudo-claw" deformity.     

Unilateral external fixator in the treatment of lower third humeral shaft fractures

Lowerthirdhumeralshaftfracturesareoftenmanifestedbyoblique,spiralorcomminutedfractureswithahighincidenceofcomplicatingradialnerveinjury.Thispartofhumerusisirregularanatomicallyandneartheelbowjoint.Soitisdifficult toselectproperinternalfixationinstrumentswhile exploringradialnervethroughanterolateralapproach,whichaddsdifficultyinthetreatmentofthiskindof fractures.Inrecent6yearsweusedunilateralexternal fixatorstotreatsuchkindoffracturesinourdepartment andsatisfactoryresultswereachieved.METHOD…     

辅助钢板与钢丝加固髓内钉治疗不稳定股骨转子部骨折的比较

[目的]比较股骨近端髓内钉辅助股骨近端外侧锁定钢板与环扎钢丝内固定治疗不稳定股骨转子部骨折的临床疗效。[方法]回顾分析本院于2015年3月~2017年1月收治的83例不稳定性股骨转子部骨折行股骨近端髓内钉固定并辅助外侧壁固定手术患者的资料。根据辅助固定方法不同分为钢板组39例和钢丝组44例。比较两组患者临床效果。[结果]两组手术均顺利完成。钢板组手术时间显著长于钢丝组(P<0.05),两组患者在平均失血量、平均住院天数的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),钢板组平均住院费用显著高于钢丝组(P<0.05)。随访12~24个月,平均(16.81±2.92)个月。钢板组平均完全负重时间显著早于钢丝组(P<0.05)。随时间延长,两组患者Harris评分显著增加(P<0.05);术后3个月钢板组的Harris评分显著高于钢丝组(P<0.05),至术后6、12个月时,钢板组的Harris评分仍高于钢丝组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。影像评估方面,钢板组骨折复位质量优秀率为71.79%,钢丝组为45.45%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。钢板组骨折愈合时间显著早于钢丝组(P<0.05)。末次随访时两组患者颈干角差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。至末次随访时,钢板组内固定松动2例,髋内翻2例;钢丝组股骨头坏死1例,髋内翻3例。[结论]对不稳定性转子部骨折髓内钉辅助固定,钢丝环扎手术时间短、费用相对低。锁定钢板则有助于缩短完全负重及骨折愈合时间,并早期改善髋关节功能,骨折复位质量相对好。     

Results of osteotomy, open reduction, and internal fixation for late-presenting malunited intra-articular fractures of the base of the middle phalanx

PURPOSE: To present our results in the treatment of late-presenting impaction fractures of the base of the middle phalanx treated by osteotomy with full exposure of the articular surface to restore the normal anatomy. METHODS: Eleven patients with a malunited (impacted) fracture of the base of the middle phalanx were treated by osteotomy more than 5 weeks after the injury. All fractures had varying degrees of impaction, comminution, and dorsal subluxation. The malunited joint surface was visualized by dislocating the joint by hyperextension (shotgun approach). The restoration of the cup-shape contour of the middle phalangeal base was accomplished by osteotomy and mobilization of small osteochondral fragments. Rigid fixation was performed by cerclage wire, screws, or a combination of these. A distal radius bone graft was placed beneath disimpacted fragments in 9 of the 11 procedures. RESULTS: Ten of 11 patients were followed-up for more than than 1 year. One patient with a volar lateral impaction fracture was lost to follow-up study 4 weeks after the surgery and was excluded from the results. All patients except 1 achieved a functional range of motion of the proximal interphalangeal joint. Moderate limitations of the distal interphalangeal joint motion were common. Grip and thumb-affected finger tip pinch strengths were 95% and 90%, respectively, of the healthy side. The average pain level (as rated on a visual analog scale of 0-10) improved from a preoperative score of 9.1 to a postoperative score of 0.8. One patient was somewhat dissatisfied; all other patients were satisfied or very satisfied. All returned to their previous work at an average of 13 weeks after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Favorable results have been achieved in this challenging scenario in the short- and middle-term in 9 of 10 patients. Previous surgery and moderate to severe wearing of the cartilage of the proximal phalanx head negatively affected the results.     

Outcome of intramedullary nail for fixation of osteoporotic femoral shaft fractures in the elderly above 60

IntroductionIntramedullary nailing is an acceptable treatment option for femoral shaft fracture in young patients but not extensively studied in the elderly with osteoporotic fractures. Plate fixation for osteoporotic femoral shaft fractures have a high rate of complications and delayed healing time, and the most acceptable treatment is intramedullary nailing. This study evaluated the healing time and incidence of complications in osteoporotic femoral shaft fractures after intramedullary nailing.Patients &MethodsThis was a retrospective study that included 16 patients above 60 years old with osteoporotic femoral shaft fractures operated between January 2015 and December 2018. Patients with metastatic fractures or with atypical fractures were excluded. Thirteen patients had low-energy injuries such as a simple fall from standing height or lower and twisting injuries. The remaining 3 patients sustained high-energy-mechanism of injury. No patient received bisphosphonate except 2 patients received oral bisphosphonate for a period of 6 and 8 months, respectively.ResultsSixteen patients (12 females and 4 males) with mean age 69.5 ± 3.7 presented with femoral shaft fracture were operated with intramedullary nail, 10 patients were fixed with trochanteric entry nails with proximal neck screws, and 6 patients were fixed with piriformis entry nails. In 9 patients, closed reduction of fracture was achieved while 7 patients required open reduction, of which 5 fracture required cerclage wire addition. The mean bone healing time was 5.35±1.2 months. Intraoperative extension of femoral fractures during intramedullary nail insertion was observed in two cases that required open reduction and addition of cerclage wires around the fracture. The overall incidence of complications was 18.7%.ConclusionsIntramedullary nailing for osteoporotic femoral shaft fracture is a good acceptable option in elderly patients with reasonable healing time with no major complications.     

Open reduction and screw fixation of mallet fractures

Twelve patients with mallet fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation with small screws were reviewed at an average of 31 months after surgery. The indication for surgery was a fracture involving more than one-third of the distal phalanx articular surface or with subluxation of the distal interphalangeal joint. Loss of reduction occurred in one patient and in another one screw loosened slightly without loss of reduction. There were no nail deformities, infections, or secondary procedures. The mean range of motion was from 6 degrees (range, 0-30 degrees ) (extensor lag) to 70 degrees (range, 60-90 degrees ) flexion. Ten patients had no evidence of degenerative changes, one had minor joint space narrowing and one had significant deformity. Open reduction and screw fixation with small screws can lead to satisfactory outcome in appropriate patients.