张口甲颏间距预测困难气管插管

喉镜暴露困难是指用常规喉镜暴露声门时不能看见声门的任何结构[1],困难气管插管则指经过正规训练的麻醉医师在使用常规喉镜下插管时间超过10min或插管次数超过3次。本研究拟采用张口甲颏间距的测量,采集国人口腔及气道周围解剖学数据希望找到更适合国人的气管插管困难预测评估方法,为临床研究和临床实践提供依据,以更好的处理困难气管插管。资料与方法一般资料随机选择2012年4月至2013年11月择期     

喉罩及插管型喉罩的进展

喉罩作为“无法通气、无法插管”困难气道的急救方法之一,无需扭曲气道以暴露声门,即可独立通气。它的曲线造型又可辅助盲插或纤维支气管镜引导下气管插管,适用于常规和困难气道。近年来有不少改进,插管型喉罩有更好的插管特性,可明显降低插管困难及失败率,更利于临床使用。     

可视喉镜与普通喉镜在困难气道插管中的应用价值比较

目的比较可视喉镜与普通喉镜在困难气道插管中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2018-01—2019-12间宝丰县中医院急诊科收治的104例需行紧急插管的困难气道插管患者的临床资料。按不同喉镜分为普通喉镜组和可视喉镜组,各52例。比较2组喉镜检查分级、一次性插管成功率、声门显露时间、插管次数、插管时间及平均动脉压(MAP)。结果可视喉镜组喉镜检查分级、一次性插管成功率、声门显露时间、插管次数、插管时间,以及声门显露时、置入导管时和导管置入5 min后的MAP等指标,均优于普通喉镜组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论可视喉镜应用于困难气道插管患者,具有喉镜检查分级优、一次性成功率高、插管次数少、插管时间短,而且对患者的MAP影响较小等优势。     

喉罩及插管型喉罩的进展

喉罩作为“无法通气、无法插管”困难气道的急救方法之一,无需扭曲气道以暴露声门,即可独立通气。它的曲线造型又可辅助盲插或纤维支气管镜引导下气管插管,适用于常规和困难气道。近年来有不少改进,插管型喉罩有更好的插管特性,可明显降低插管困难及失败率,更利于临床使用。     

观察3种不同视频喉镜在模拟困难气道模型气管插管的效果

目的 初次应用3种不同视频喉镜于模拟困难气道模型气管插管时的效果,为临床初次处理困难气道时提供技术数据参考。方法 选择在麻醉科实习1～3个月的实习学生32名,均在调整好的AirSim模拟困难气道模型上使用Macintosh喉镜（M组）,GlideScope(G组)、Hc(H组)和Airtraq(A组)进行气管插管。记录气管插管总时间、获得最佳视野的时间、气管导管置入的时间、气管导管置入次数、喉部暴露分级,同时使用VAS评分评估每种喉镜最佳暴露时使用力量的大小和评价潜在创伤。结果 气管插管总时间最短的是M组。获得最佳视野的时间最短的是M组。气管导管置入时间最短的是M组;声门暴露C/LⅢ级以上,M组、G组、H组和A组暴露情况分别为46.9%、6.2%、9.3%、12.4%。反复置管次数最少的是H组。最佳暴露时A组声门最佳暴露时使用力量最小。结论 对未使用过视频喉镜的志愿者来说,初次应用3种视频喉镜在模拟困难气道模型气管插管时,与Macintosh喉镜相比,3种视频喉镜能明显改善模拟困难气道下的喉部暴露分级,但会延长插管的时间,对急救是不利的。     

视频喉镜在气道管理中应用的进展

视频喉镜是能够提供上呼吸道间接视野的新型气管插管设备。在困难气道管理处理方面．与直接喉镜相比．视频喉镜能够改善声门显露的Cormack—Lehane分级,并能在较短时间内达到相同或更高的气管插管成功率。尽管视频喉镜可获得非常好的声门显露．但是应用视频喉镜时插入和推进气管导管有时可发生失败。到目前为止,尚无确切证据表明在正常或困难气道患者视频喉镜应取代直接喉镜。     

类风湿关节炎致困难插管1例

报告1例类风湿关节炎(RA)患者在全身麻醉(全麻)诱导时发生因声门暴露困难所致困难插管,采用可视喉镜联合电子软镜插管成功,该患者后续手术采用清醒气管插管.     

新型Airtraq喉镜（氧瞬得）在困难气管插管中的应用

目的：观察Airtraq喉镜在困难气道插管中的临床应用。方法将60例困难气管插管患者作为研究对象,观察使用Airtraq喉镜插管过程中患者声门显露率、气管插管总成功率和一次插管成功率、插管操作时间、插管操作相关并发症等。结果Airtraq喉镜组患者声门显露均为Ⅰ级,气管插管均一次成功（100％）,插管过程中患者心率和血压稳定,未出现声音嘶哑、牙齿损伤或松动的病例,插管后出现口腔粘膜出血1例,术后咽喉痛1例,分别占总例数的3．3％。结论Airtraq喉镜对麻醉中困难气管插管理及临床抢救插管有较高的应用价值。     

困难气道患者的麻醉处理

目的对407例困难气道患者麻醉处理进行总结。方法在麻醉中出现困难通气和（或）困难插管,根据病情采用方法各异。结果困难通气要调整舌体位置,可使用口咽通气道或鼻咽通气道,喉痉孪、支气管痉孪并哮喘要寻找原因正确处理。对困难气道患者的插管,至少有12种经喉插管的方法（如清醒、经鼻、纤支镜）;环甲膜穿刺或气管切开可作为保护呼吸道的紧急措施。结论困难气道包括困难通气和（或）困难插管,对预计困难气道的患者,应充分评估与准备。     

喉通气导管与食管气管联合导管用于困难气管插管患者的比较

喉通气导管(LT)及食管气管联合导管(ETC)是两种较新型的快速建立气道装置[1]。为探讨LT及ETC用于困难气管插管患者快速建立气道的临床效果,我们对此进行对比研究,现报道如下。资料与方法一般资料选择我院自1998年2月至2006年2月气管插管困难患者(即根据插管困难分级为Ⅲ级以上,     

Evaluation of the airway and preparation for difficulty

Preoperative airway evaluation is essential to consider which is the best method of maintaining and protecting the airway during surgery and whether problems with airway management are likely. In general surgical patients, the prevalence of difficult intubation is low and tests have poor predictive power. This means that the patient may be evaluated as normal but prove to be difficult. The absence of reliable prediction in general surgical patients means that airway strategy holds the key to successful management. Where there are obvious abnormalities in the history, examination or imaging the preoperative evaluation will allow choice of the most appropriate airway strategy which may include preparation of the patient, assembling of alternative airway equipment, advice and help from a more senior or skilled anaesthetist or aid from a surgical colleague or assistant.     

The palm print as a sensitive predictor of difficult laryngoscopy in diabetics

Background : Grading of the ink impression made by the palm of the hand has been proposed as a means of screening diabetic patients in whom tracheal intubation may be difficult because of glycosylation of both metacarpal and cervical joints. The current study was designed to test the predictability of the palm print and other airway evaluation indices in a diabetic population.
Method : 83 adult, diabetic patients scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia were evaluated preoperatively using 4 physical examination indices predictive of difficult laryngoscopy and intubation: Mallampati classification, thyromental distance, head extension, and palm print. Following induction of anesthesia and neuromuscular relaxation, laryngoscopy was performed and the laryngoscopic view scored. The sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of each airway evaluation index was calculated.
Results : The palm print had the highest sensitivity of all indices (100%). The other 3 indices failed to detect 9 to 13 difficult laryngoscopies.
Conclusion : We believe that in the diabetic population, the palm print index may be a sensitive marker of difficult intubation. It is possible that other airway evaluation indices would prove more sensitive, and have greater utility, in distinct populations as compared to when they are applied to all patients.     

Using a nasopharyngeal airway during fiberoptic intubation in small children with a difficult airway

BACKGROUND: Induction of anesthesia and tracheal intubation in small children with a difficult airway is a challenging task. We report the experience with a procedure based on sevoflurane inhalation via a nasopharyngeal airway inserted early during induction before airway obstruction occurs. A pediatric fiberscope is used to perform a nasotracheal intubation via the opposite nostril. METHODS: All small children with suspected or known difficult airway needing tracheal intubation were scheduled for a fiberoptic intubation following the described protocol. RESULTS: In 3 years, we performed 27 successful fiberoptic guided tracheal intubations in 19 children, median age 8.2 months (1.0-39.1 months) and median weight 7.6 kg (3.0-15.0 kg). The optimal depth for placement of the nasopharyngeal airway was found to be 8.0 cm (7.0-8.5 cm) from the nostril in the first year of life and 8.5 cm (8.0-10 cm) in the second year. Oxygenation was sufficient during the entire procedure in all cases except one child who had short-lasting laryngeal spasm caused by instillation of lidocaine during light anesthesia. The duration of fiberoptic intubation was significantly shorter when performed by an experienced anesthesiologist (55 s vs. 120 s), but there was no significant correlation between the duration of fiberoscopy and oxygen saturation during fiberoscopy or endtidal CO(2) after intubation. CONCLUSION: The combination of nasopharyngeal airway and fiberoptic guided tracheal intubation seems to be a reliable and safe procedure for managing the difficult airway in small children.     

Clarus可视管芯引导气管插管的临床运用

背景 Clarus可视管芯(Clarus Video System,CVS)是由美国Clarus公司研发的一种较新的可视光导管芯,其配备高清液晶显示屏及“J”形镜杆融合了可视软镜与光棒的优点,在国外已用于解决气管插管和处理困难气道,并发挥重要作用.目的 明确认识CVS的结构、插管准备工作、操作方法、临床运用及插管可能出现问题及处理对策,有益于提高CVS插管的有效性.内容 介绍CVS的结构、插管准备工作、操作方法、临床运用(包括普通气道和困难气道插管及改良运用)及临床运用可能出现的问题及处理对策.趋向 CVS作为新的可视光导管芯,无论在普通气道还是困难气道插管,单腔管还是双腔管插管,快速诱导或清醒插管,都是有效的工具之一.但在临床中仍应根据具体情况选择合适的操作方法和气管插管设备.     

Infraglottic airway devices and techniques

Infraglottic airway management techniques, such as intubation of the trachea with a cuff-sealed endotracheal tube, offer significant advantages for the anaesthetized patient, especially for patients in critical condition.There are numerous ways of intubation of the trachea; the most common and popular is direct laryngoscopy. The variety of laryngoscope blades offers choices to solve difficult intubations, but all different techniques and devices need experience in routine clinical use.In case of failure, unsuccessful attempts to intubate the trachea should be limited to three, in order to use different—e.g. supraglottic or fibreoptic—techniques.Nasotracheal intubation causes an inherent risk of severe epistaxis, which may severely compromise airway management options and endangers the patient's life. Prior to passing the tube through the nose, direct laryngoscopy should be performed to estimate the Cormack–Lehane score.Rigid intubation fibrescopes—as flexible ones—do improve the view of the larynx and permit tracheal intubation with less head and cervical spine movement than direct laryngoscopy. Success with these devices requires considerable experience and clinical practice.The use of retrograde intubation has reduced during recent years, mainly due to the availability of flexible and rigid intubation fibrescopes.The EasyTube—a relatively new device—combines the advantages of both an endotracheal tube with a supraglottic airway device.The Combitube is a well-established emergency airway used widely for solving unanticipated and anticipated difficult airways. International guidelines recommend the use of Combitube following the number of studies and reports associated with its use.     

Failed intubation secondary to complete tracheal rings: a case report and literature review

Unanticipated difficult intubation in asymptomatic infants is a rare event. Most infants with congenital tracheal anomalies will present with airway problems. We present a case of failed intubation in an asymptomatic 8-day-old infant with complete tracheal rings. The infant could be ventilated with an LMA and surgery for placement of a ventricular-peritoneum shunt was completed. This is a report of the case and review of the literature.     

Predictive models for difficult laryngoscopy and intubation. A clinical, radiologic and three-dimensional computer imaging study

PURPOSE: To identify the variables most useful in predicting difficult laryngoscopy and intubation from various clinical, skeletal (lateral x-rays) and soft tissue (three-dimensional computed tomography imaging) measurements. METHODS: Twenty-four adult patients in whom an unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation was identified according to established criteria were evaluated. Further, a control group of 32 patients in whom tracheal intubation was easily accomplished was studied. We applied multivariate discriminant analysis to clinical and radiological data of all patients to select those variables most useful in predicting difficult laryngoscopy and intubation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to describe the discrimination abilities and to explore the trade-offs between sensitivity and specificity of the model. RESULTS: With the clinical data alone, discriminant analysis identified four risk factors that correlated with the prediction of difficult laryngoscopy and intubation: thyrosternal distance, thyromental distance, neck circumference and Mallampati classification. With both clinical and radiological data, discriminant analysis identified five risk factors: thyrosternal distance, thyromental distance, Mallampati classification, depth of spine C2 and angle A (the most antero-inferior point of the upper central incisor tooth). The positive predictive value of this combined (clinical and radiological) model was greater than that of the clinical model alone (95.8% vs 87.5%, respectively). The areas under the ROC curves, that measure the probability of the correct prediction of the clinical and the combined models, were found to be 0.933 and 0.973, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: These models can be used for predicting difficult laryngoscopy and intubation in clinical practice.     

Preoperative assessment for difficult intubation in general and ENT surgery: predictive value of a clinical multivariate risk index

Several clinical multifactorial indexes have been described for predicting difficult laryngoscopy or intubation, or both, mostly in general surgery, and less frequently in ENT surgery. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a single clinical index for prediction of difficulty in tracheal intubation in both ENT and general surgery. We studied a population of 1200 consecutive ENT and general surgical patients. Clinical criteria were tested using univariate and multivariate analysis. Difficult intubation was defined as requiring unusual techniques. Logistic regression identified seven criteria as independent predictors of difficult tracheal intubation; previous history of difficult intubation; pathologies associated with difficult intubation; clinical symptoms of pathological airway; inter-incisor gap and mandible luxation; thyromental distance; head and neck movement; and Mallampati's modified test. Point values were assigned to each of these factors in proportion to regression coefficients representing the relative weight of each predictive intubation difficulty factor, the sum comprising the score. The best predictive threshold was chosen using a receiver operating characteristic curve. We then prospectively studied and validated the score in a population of 1090 consecutive ENT and general surgery patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the predictions were 94% and 96% in general surgery, 90% and 93% in non- cancer ENT surgery, and 92% and 66% in ENT cancer surgery, respectively.      

Prediction of difficult tracheal intubation in Turkish patients: a multi-center methodological study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Preoperative evaluation is important in the detection of patients at risk for difficult airway management. It is still unclear whether true prediction is possible and which variables should be chosen for evaluation. The aim of this prospective, multi-centre study was to investigate the incidence of difficult intubation, the sensitivity and positive predictive values of clinical screening tests and whether combining two or more of these tests will improve the prediction of difficult intubation in Turkish patients. METHODS: Seven study sites from six regions in Turkey participated in this study. One thousand six hundred and seventy-four ASA physical status I-III patients, scheduled to undergo elective surgery under general anaesthesia, were included. RESULTS: The incidence of difficult intubation was 4.8% and increased with age (P < 0.05). The incidence of difficult intubation was significantly higher in patients who had a Mallampati III or IV score, a decreased average thyromental and sternomental distance, decreased mouth opening, or decreased protrusion of the mandible (P < 0.05). Mouth opening and Mallampati III-IV were found to be the most sensitive criteria when used alone (43% and 35%, respectively). Combination of tests did not improve these results. CONCLUSIONS: There is still no individual test or a combination of tests that predict difficult intubations accurately. Tests with higher specificity despite low positive predictive value are needed.