袖套式血管吻合法建立肝肠联合移植的实验研究

目的 建立一种新肝肠联合移植手术模型,探讨移植肝脏对移植小肠的保护作用.方法Wistar大鼠同种异体肝肠联合移植,供体手术时门静脉和肠系模上动脉进行双重冷灌注,用冷新霉素液冲洗小肠肠腔并清洁.受体手术的先进行肝脏移植,再进行小肠移植,门静脉、肝下下腔静脉袖套式吻合,肠系膜上动脉在显微镜下与左肾动脉油套式吻合,供体肠系膜上静脉袖套式与受体左肾静脉吻合,回肠下端在左下腹部造□,完成肝肠联合移植.结果 手术成功率为62.5%(15/24),手术平均存活为11.2天.手术后组织学发现:移植肝脏和小肠发生排斥反应.结论(1)袖套式血管吻合技术在大鼠身上建立的肝肠联合移植模型是可行的.(2)肝肠联合移植后移植的肝脏不能起到保护移植小肠的作用.     

大鼠原位肝、肾一期联合移植模型的建立

目的　建立一种简易可靠的大鼠肝、肾联合移植模型。方法　以SD大鼠作供、受者,以4 ℃乳酸林格液经门静脉和腹主动脉对供者的肝脏和左肾进行原位灌洗,肝下下腔静脉在右肾静脉以下切断。供肝肝上下腔静脉用显微外科技术缝合,双袖套法吻合肝下下腔静脉及门静脉;带瓣左肾动脉与受者的腹主动脉吻合,袖套管法吻合肾静脉;用支架管重建胆道和输尿管。结果　共完成54次大鼠肝、肾一期联合移植手术,其中预实验24 次,正式实验30 次,正式实验的手术成功率为76.7 %,移植肝及肾功能良好。结论　此模型可以用于移植相关研究。     

大鼠辅助性肝—小肠联合移植模型

目的 介绍一种新的大鼠辅助性肝－小肠联合移植模型。方法 整块切取全部小肠和60％的肝脏。同时切取腹腔动脉及肠系膜上动脉的动脉段以确保移植器官的血供。供体小肠的静脉血通过供体完整的门静脉回流，将供体左肾静脉水平肝下下腔静脉斜形切断吻合于受体两肾静脉之间的下腔静脉，供体腹主动脉和受体腹主动脉端侧吻合。切除受体的小肠，通过小肠端－端吻合重建肠道。结果 整个手术时间平均为130min。3个月的生存率为8％（16／20）。移植后90d，对3只大鼠行剖腹探查及组织这检查，观察到移植物的形态及功能均正常。观察移植后12个月的5只大鼠，肝功能正常，移植肝及小肠均呈正常的组织学结构。结论 大白鼠辅助性肝－小肠联合移植是可行的。     

大鼠辅助性肝-小肠联合移植模型

目的　介绍一种新的大鼠辅助性肝 -小肠联合移植模型。方法　整块切取全部小肠和6 0 %的肝脏。同时切取腹腔动脉及肠系膜上动脉的动脉段以确保移植器官的血供。供体小肠的静脉血通过供体完整的门静脉回流。将供体左肾静脉水平肝下下腔静脉斜形切断吻合于受体两肾静脉之间的下腔静脉 ,供体腹主动脉和受体腹主动脉端侧吻合。切除受体的小肠 ,通过小肠端 -端吻合重建肠道。结果　整个手术时间平均为 130min。 3个月的生存率为 8% (16 2 0 )。移植后 90d ,对 3只大鼠行剖腹探查及组织学检查 ,观察到移植物的形态及功能均正常。观察移植后 12个月的 5只大鼠 ,肝功能正常 ,移植肝及小肠均呈正常的组织学结构。结论　大白鼠辅助性肝 -小肠联合移植是可行的。     

大鼠胰十二指肠肾脏联合移植模型的实验研究

目的：为了进行胰肾联合移植基础研究，建立一种简易可靠的大鼠胰十二指肠肾脏联合移植（SPKT）模型，方法：雄性SD大鼠作同品系异体移植的供受体，受体尾静脉注射链脲霉素（STZ）50mg/kg，建立大鼠糖尿病模型，在保存液中，移植物门静脉与肾下下腔静脉作袖套式吻合；移植物肾上腹主动脉，肾上下腔静脉分别与受体肾下腹主动脉，肾下下腔静脉显微缝合吻合，移植物十二指肠与受体十二指肠端侧吻合，移植物带输尿管的膀胱片与受体膀胱吻合。结果：血管吻合时间及受体手术时间短，手术成功率为88％，移植胰腺及肾脏功能良好。结论：此模型是一种简易可靠的大鼠胰十二指肠肾脏联合移植模型。     

三袖套血管吻合法行大鼠异位小肠移植

目的改进大鼠小肠移植血管吻合术式,以缩短移植肠缺血时间,简化手术操作,提高手术成功率。方法动脉吻合采用供者带肠系膜上动脉的腹主动脉段两端与受者的腹主动脉袖套吻合,静脉吻合采用供者的门静脉与受者的左肾静脉袖套吻合,即三袖套吻合法。结果共进行70次手术,成功65次,手术成功率92.9%;整个手术用时2～3h,其中动脉吻合用时(5±2)min,静脉吻合用时(2±1)min,动静脉吻合用时(8±2)min。结论三袖套血管吻合法可简化大鼠小肠移植手术,缩短手术时间。     

大鼠小肠移植模型的改进

目的　通过改进技术 ,建立一种简便稳定存活率高的大鼠异位节段小肠移植模型。方法　“无损伤”游离 ,原位冷灌注 ,切取带有腹主动脉和肠系膜上静脉并门静脉的节段小肠 ,4℃乳酸林格氏液保存 1h。游离受体左肾静脉 ,切除左肾。采用显微外科技术行供体腹主动脉对受体腹主动脉的端侧吻合 ,门静脉与受体左肾静脉行袖式吻合。移植肠近端关闭 ,远端外置。结果　共进行 87次移植实验 ,其中 2 6次为正式实验。动脉、静脉吻合时间分别为 2 5～ 30min和 5min。 2 6只受体鼠中2 1只存活超过 3d ,平均存活 (8.93± 2 .5 9)d ,最长存活时间为 14d。结论　良好的血管吻合和充分补充液体是手术成功、移植肠具有良好活力的关键因素     

肝小肠联合移植的术式探讨及术后处理一例

目的 总结1例保持门静脉连续性的小肠双造口方式肝小肠联合移植病例的手术操作和术后处理的经验.方法 受者为短肠综合征合并肝功能不良的男性患者,供者为尸体供者.联合切取器官,确保供者肠系膜上静脉和门静脉的连续性.移植肝静脉采用背驼式吻合,受者自体门静脉和供肝门静脉端侧吻合,胆道端端吻合,供者肝动脉和肠系膜上动脉吻合于受者腹主动脉;移植小肠约2 m,两端双造口于腹壁,未作肠道吻合.采用人源化抗CD52单克隆抗体诱导治疗,维持期单用他克莫司.行内镜下黏膜活检监测排斥反应.结果 术后1个月内,患者发生腹腔感染和疑似排斥反应各1次,分别经过手术和甲泼尼龙冲击治疗后痊愈.随访6个月,受者移植肝和小肠功能恢复良好,但仍有腹泻,需补充静脉营养,体重尚未完全恢复.结论 保持门静脉连续性的小肠双造口方式肝小肠联合移植可以简化手术操作,发生外科并发症的风险小,有利于肝脏和小肠功能恢复及术后排斥反应的监测,但是消化液未能进入移植小肠,也影响了受者的恢复.     

袖套法制作大鼠胰腺移植模型

目的:建立一种改进的大鼠胰腺移植模型.方法:共完成80例大鼠胰腺移植,术中不阻断受体下腔静脉,用袖套法完成供体门静脉与受体左肾静脉断端的吻合,动脉用缝合法吻合.结果:受体平均手术时间50 min,静脉袖套吻合时间3 min,腹主动脉阻断时间10 min,冷缺血时间50 min.手术成功率达90%.移植术后胰腺功能恢复正常,组织病理学改变轻微.结论:袖套法制作大鼠胰腺移植模型操作简单,成功率高,结果稳定.     

大鼠小肠移植模型的改进

目的：在传统小肠移植模型基础上改进操作方法并试图建立一个操作简便、并发症少、稳定的大鼠小肠移植模型.方法：显微镜下切取供肠的范围包括近端空肠、门静脉及其带肠系膜上动脉的腹主动脉袖.动脉吻合采用供体带肠系膜上动脉的腹主动脉袖与受体的腹主动脉端侧吻合,静脉吻合采用供体的门静脉用袖套法与左肾静脉端端吻合,移植肠两端造瘘.结果：正式实验100次,手术成功率91%.供体手术控制在50 min以内,受体手术控制在80 min以内,手术时间约为150 min.结论：完全在显微镜下建立大鼠小肠移植模型并将手术方法加以改进能在手术视野清晰、术中操作定位准确、局部创伤小的基础上使手术时间缩短,并发症更少,存活率更高.     

门脉建立侧袖式大鼠肝/小肠整块联合移植模型

目的 建立大鼠肝、小肠整块联合移植模型.方法 用Wistar大鼠行同种异体肝、小肠整块联合移植.肝肠联合移植整块切取移植物时,保留门静脉完整性,利用供体腹段下腔静脉在门静脉侧壁上建立一侧袖,并安置套管.然后按kamada二套管法行原位肝移植,动脉重建通过供体腹主动脉与受体腹主动脉行端侧吻合以建立肠系膜上动脉及肝固有动脉血供.回肠末端在右下腹造瘘.结果 手术成功率为86%,动物平均存活时间大于30 d.病理组织学检查发现移植肝和小肠结构正常.结论 用门脉建立袖套式血管吻合技术施行大鼠肝、小肠整块联合移植模型是可行的.     

简化的大鼠异位全小肠移植术

目的:建立简化的大鼠异位全小肠移植术技术,以提高手术成功率,为相关研究奠定基础.方法:供、受体均为雄性近交系Wistar大鼠,共180只,配对手术.采用供肠的肠系膜上动脉与受体肾下腹主动脉端侧吻合、门静脉与受体左肾静脉套管法端端吻合重建移植小肠血供,移植小肠远端腹壁造口.结果:手术耗时130min,移植小肠热缺血时间约30min.90只受全大鼠术扣即时存活率为100%,长期存活率(＞7d)为95.6%.结论:简化术式具有操作简便,移植小肠的热缺血时间短,手术成功率高等优点,有利于后续研究工作的开展.     

The establishment of a new en bloc combined liver-small bowel transplantation model in rats

In order to facilitate preclinical research, we established a new combined liver-small bowel transplantation rat model. Male inbred Wistar rats were chosen as donors and recipients. An en bloc liver-small bowel graft was harvested. During the donor operation, the inferior vena cava in the chest was removed to be used as an interpositional venous graft to anastomose to the portal vein. In the recipient operation the portal veins of donor and recipient were quickly anastomosed using a cuff technique instead of the traditional suture method. Rearterialization was achieved by anastomosing the superior mesenteric artery of graft to the right renal artery of the recipient. The recipient small bowel was resected and intestinal continuity restored simultaneously by two end-to-end anastomoses. The postoperative 5-day survival rate was 77.5% (31/40) and 60-day survival rate, 72.5% (29/40). Recipient rats that tolerated the operation remained healthy. Liver and renal function was normal. The liver and intestinal grafts showed normal histological architecture in all rats surviving for 2 months postoperatively. Our results demonstrated that the present model is feasible, allowing preclinical experimental research on combined liver-small bowel transplantation.     

Cervical heterotopic small intestinal transplantation in rats using artery sleeve anastomosis

Our goal was to establish a simple and stable cervical heterotopic small intestinal transplantation (SIT) rat model that minimizes mortality. METHODS: The graft was removed en bloc consisting of small intestine, portal vein (PV), and donor superior mesenteric artery. The graft was perfused in situ and the gut lumen irrigated during the operation. The donor artery was end-to-end anastomosed to the recipient left common carotid artery using a sleeve technique, and the donor vein to the recipient right external jugular vein using a cuff technique. The proximal and distal ends of the graft were formed as cervical cutaneous stomas. RESULTS: Among 106 intestinal transplantations, 40 were a formal experimental group, displaying a survival rate of 95%. Surgery lasted 70 +/- 10 minutes. The average time for the arterial anastomosis and the venous anastomosis was 5 +/- 2 minutes and 2 +/- 1 minutes, respectively. Two rats died due to late anastomotic hemorrhage or intestinal fistula; 38 survived more than 6 months. CONCLUSION: The cervical heterotopic technique has the advantages of being easier and faster to perform with shorter cold ischemia time and higher graft survival rate as well as fewer complications.     

肝细胞胸腺内注入对大鼠异位小肠移植物的影响

目的 研究大志胸腺内注入异体抗原对异体小肠移植的影响。方法 在未用任何免疫抑制剂的情况下,将ＤＡ大鼠的肝细胞注入ＰＶＧ大鼠的胸腺内,１周后行周种异位小肠移植。结果 ３周内胸腺中注入的同种异体肝细胞存活;移植小肠遭强烈排斥,受者死亡,但胸腺内注入同一供者的肝细胞仍存活。结论 胸腺内注入同种异体肝细胞不能诱导受者对同一供者小肠移植物的免疫耐受。     

肠道-腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术

目的 探讨肠道-下腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术的手术操作及临床效果.方法 对3例慢性肾衰竭合并2型糖尿病患者施行肠道-腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术,3例均为首次移植,年龄52、58、58岁.每日胰岛素用量20～55 U.供体切取均采用多器官联合切取.热缺血时间8～12 min,供体修整均采用肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉端-端吻合以重建十二指肠动脉弓,利用供体髂总静脉延长供体门静脉,切除供体脾脏.以供体髂内动脉与供肾动脉端-端吻合备用.受者手术采用右下腹经腹直肌切口,游离腔静脉下段及右侧髂外动静脉,取动脉延长之供肾,将供肾静脉与受者髂外静脉行端-侧吻合,将供体髂总动脉与受者髂外动脉行端-侧吻合,供体髂外动脉(残端修整成斜面)以动脉夹暂时夹闭备用,十字切开侧腹膜,将供肾埋入,输尿管经腹膜外隧道牵至膀胱底行膀胱输尿管吻合术,胰腺移植采用供体门静脉与受者下腔静脉行端-侧吻合,腹腔干-肠系膜上动脉之腹主动脉袖片与供体髂外动脉残端吻合,开放血流后行供体十二指肠与受体小肠侧侧吻合并关闭十二指肠残端.术后保留胃肠减压,待患者胃肠道功能恢复后拔除.每4 h测血糖、每6 h测血清及胰周引流液淀粉酶1次,每日超声监测胰腺及肾脏血流,生长抑素0.1 mg皮下注射8 h 1次,2周后停用.免疫诱导采用抗胸腺细胞免疫球蛋白减激素方案.结果 3例患者手术过程顺利,手术时间分别为7.5、8.0及10.0 h,术中失血量300～500 ml,仅1例术中输注浓缩红细胞2 U.术后1～3 d内完全停用胰岛素.术后3～7 d内移植肾功能恢复正常.实验室检查SCr分别为86、98及112μmol/L.1例术后10 d出现消化道出血,考虑为肠道吻合口出血;停用抗凝药.给予止血药及输血6 U治疗后1 d出血停止.3例随访2～6个月,无排斥反应发生,空腹及餐后血糖正常.结论 利用供体髂动脉搭桥的方法进行的胰肾同侧联合移植术手术操作简单,创伤较小而且仪使用一侧髂血管,对于左侧髂动脉硬化严重的患者仍可施行该术式.因而扩大了受者的范围;为患者保留一侧髂血管,为今后再次肾移植创造了条件.同时腔静脉引流的胰肾联合移植术使供体门静脉与脾静脉的夹角更符合生理角度,可能减少脾静脉血栓形成的发生率.     

Surgical management of anatomical variations of the right lobe in living donor liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To review the anatomical variations of the right lobe encountered in 40 living liver donors, describe the surgical management of these variations, and summarize the results of these procedures. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Anatomical variability is the rule rather than the exception in liver and biliary surgery. To make effective use of liver segments from living donors for transplantation, surgical techniques must be adapted to the anomalies. METHODS: Donor evaluation included celiac and mesenteric angiography with portal phase, magnetic resonance angiography, and intraoperative ultrasonography and cholangiography. Arterial anastomoses were generally between the donor right hepatic artery and the recipient main hepatic artery. Jump-grafts were constructed for recipients with hepatic artery thrombosis, and double donor arteries were joined to the bifurcation of the recipient hepatic artery. The branches of a trifurcated donor portal vein were isolated during the parenchymal transection, joined in a common cuff, and anastomosed to the recipient main portal vein. Significant accessory hepatic veins were preserved, brought together in a common cuff if multiple, and anastomosed to the recipient cava. The bile ducts were individually drained through a Roux-en-Y limb, and stents were placed in most patients. RESULTS: Forty right lobe liver transplants were performed between adults. No donor was excluded because of prohibitive anatomy. Seven recipients had a prior transplant and five had a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Arterial anomalies were noted in six donors and portal anomalies in four. Arterial jump-grafts were required in three. Sixteen had at least one significant accessory hepatic vein, and one had a double right hepatic vein. There were no vascular complications. Multiple bile ducts were found in 27 donors. Biliary complications occurred in 33% of patients without stents and 4% with stents. CONCLUSIONS: Anatomical variations of the right lobe can be accommodated without donor complications or complex reconstruction. Previous transplantation and TIPS do not significantly complicate right lobe transplantation. Microvascular arterial anastomosis is not necessary, and vascular complications should be infrequent. Biliary complications can be minimized with stenting.     

Technical aspects of intestinal transplantation in the rat

The microsurgical technique for rat intestinal transplantation used in our laboratory is described. A 25-cm segment of jejunum is harvested from the donor on a pedicle of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV). These vessels are then anastomosed end-to-side with 10-0 nylon to the infrarenal aorta and inferior vena cava of the recipient. The bowel ends are placed in isoperistaltic continuity with the host intestine. The procedure was performed in 423 animals with an 86 percent success rate and has been used to investigate all aspects of small bowel transplantation. The technique is described in detail with schematic drawings and intraoperative photographs, with the goal of making the procedure more understandable and accessible to other investigators wishing to study vascularized intestinal transplantation in the rat.     

Small bowel and colon transplantation in rats using porto-portal cuff anastomosis

Portal versus systemic venous drainage and colon grafting are major controversies in the techniques of intestinal transplantation. The rat is the best animal for research in this field. Nevertheless, this model requires complex microvascular anastomoses that are responsible for the high incidence of technical failures. A cuff technique is an easier anastomosis method than a hand-suture. We describe a simplified rat model of small bowel and colon transplantation using a porto-portal cuff anastomosis. DONOR: The entire small bowel, cecum, and ascending colon are harvested on a vascular pedicle, consisting of a long aortomesenteric conduit and portal vein. The right colonic vessels are preserved. The graft is flushed and a cuff device is placed on the end of the portal vein. RECIPIENT: The graft is implanted through an end-to-side aorto-aorta hand-sewn anastomosis. A segment between the first and second jejunal branch is isolated between clamps to insert into the portal cuff. After reperfusion, the recipient's mesentery is divided just below the cuff anastomosis. The recipient jejunum, ileum, and ascending colon are removed en bloc, and the graft is anastomosed in continuity with the remaining naive intestine concluding the operation. This simplified technique surmounts the technical obstacles in rats because it is easily and quickly performed, maintaining the physiological portal drainage, preserving graft ileocecal valve and ascending colon, and reaching acceptable success after a short period of training.     

新型同种异体猪全胰十二指肠移植模型的建立与评价

目的 建立一种符合生理、稳定的猪全胰十二指肠移植模型。方法 采用手术切除受体胰腺，制造Ⅰ型糖尿病模型。移植物的门静脉与受体门静脉或肠系膜前静脉吻合；移植物的腹主动脉下段与受体腹主动脉下段吻合；十二指肠与受体空肠吻合。结果 16例动物移植后效果满意，胰腺功能良好。同时，猪的免疫和胰腺解剖与人极为相似。结论 在胰腺移植的研究中，猪全胰十二指肠移植是较理想的动物模型。