Unattended home sleep studies for the evaluation of suspected obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome in children

Children suspected of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) are traditionally investigated in hospital with overnight sleep studies, and single-channel pulse oximetry is the commonest form of initial study. A prospective study was conducted comparing unsupervised sleep studies, using a Nellcor N-395 pulse oximeter, performed in hospital and at home. Two hundred and eleven patient studies were completed in 18 months, 158 in hospital and 53 at home. The median age of patients was four years in both groups. The mean study duration was 9 h 5 min in hospital and 9 h 12 min at home (P = 0.75). The mean time in pulse search was 0.4% (SD = 0.7) in hospital and 0.2% (SD = 0.4) at home (P = 0.008). The number of failed studies was 96 of 254 (38%) in hospital and three of 56 (5%) at home (P < 0.001). Overall, 149 hospital bed days were saved (at pounds 690 per bed day), representing pounds 68,540 saved annually. The results show that unattended home sleep studies in the form of overnight pulse oximetry can be performed to a standard better than hospital studies, where local community nursing facilities exist.     

Surgery for obstructive sleep apnea

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is considered an ideal treatment for treating Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS), due to its being conservative and reversible; however, there is a poor rate of adherence in its long-term use. Surgery can significantly complement those cases where CPAP is not tolerated. Surgery for OSAS must be carried out taking into account the degree of obstructive apnea, the place of greatest obstruction and the experience of the medical team. The more severe the OSAS, the more aggressive the surgical therapy can be. The place of obstruction must not be considered in a simplistic way, in which only one place of obstruction is defined, but as a general alteration of the airway where the surgeon must act in order to carry out an effective remodelling. This paper describes different types of surgery and their efficacy in OSAS according to the anatomical area involved (nose, adenoidal surgery, tonsils, soft palate, base of the tongue, hypopharynx and bimaxillary protrusion). The scientific evidence shows that at present reconstructive surgery of the airway competes effectively with medical treatment.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合症手术的麻醉期处理

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合症手术的麻醉期处理,正确选择麻醉方法,减少风险的发生。方法回顾性分析2008年7月～2010年7月某科采用不同麻醉方式处理的共105例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合症患者的临床资料,并对其麻醉效果进行总结分析。结果不同麻醉方法的麻醉效果相比差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05),而手术时间相比差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论降低阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停通气综合症手术的麻醉期期风险须重视术前准备,根据患者气道分级选择适合的麻醉诱导方法及药物,加强术中管理、术后监测,严格掌握拔管指证。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征局部治疗疗效分析

目的 探讨局部治疗手段对OSAHS患儿的疗效.方法 对175例儿童OSAHS患者进行局部治疗,治疗前后行PSG检查,并对呼吸紊乱相关指标结合临床症状改善情况进行综合分析.结果 ①保守治疗后患儿家长描述症状改善;②治疗后体征明显改善,双下鼻甲、扁桃体、腺样体缩小;③治疗前后呼吸紊乱指数(apnea hyponea index,AHI)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)等差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 局部治疗对OSAHS患儿疗效较好,能较好解除因扁桃体、腺样体肥大造成的小儿鼻腔及鼻咽部阻塞,且所承担的风险、对患儿的损伤也较小,是一种值得推广的治疗方法.     

A cost-minimization study of telemedicine. The case of telemonitored polysomnography to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: In a context where sleep laboratories are overwhelmed by a growing demand to diagnose obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), efficient substitutive solutions to in-laboratory polysomnography should be found. To compare the effectiveness and costs of home unattended polysomnography (Hpsg) and telemonitored polysomnography (TMpsg), a cost minimization study was performed. METHODS: In a crossover trial, 99 patients underwent on two consecutive nights TMpsg and Hpsg according to a randomized order. A legibility recording criterion was retained to measure effectiveness. A microcosting study of TMpsg and Hpsg was performed. The risks to adopt home strategy or telemonitored strategy, according to different scenario chosen to reach the diagnosis in case of failure of Hpsg or TMpsg, were analyzed. RESULTS: The recording was considered to be ineffective in 11.2% of TMpsg (95% CI, 4.9-17.4) and in 23.4% (95% CI, 19.12-27.68) of Hpsg. The effectiveness differential was 12.2% (95% CI, 1.8-22.6) (p = .02). Assuming that in case of failure PSGs would be re-realized in the same condition to reach the diagnosis, then TMpsg could be selected if Hc/TMc (cost of Hpsg/cost of TMpsg) > 0.97; Hpsg could be selected if Hc/TMc < 0.76. If 0.76 < or = Hc/TMc < or = 0.97, the choice of TMpsg would be ambiguous. TMc was estimated to be $244, while Hc was $153 (Hc/TMc = 0.63). CONCLUSION: Unless some specific geographical situations generate significant transport costs, the implementation of a strategy based on unattended polysomnography at home is cost-saving compared to a telemonitoring strategy.     

手术治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的疗效观察

目的研究探讨采取手术方法治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome)的临床效果。方法选取2010年5月—2012年12月期间该院收治的280例阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患儿作为研究对象,根据患儿发生阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的不同因素采取不同的手术方法,再对术前术后患儿PSG监测指标进行对比。结果经过采取手术方法治疗,患儿的呼吸道阻塞现象消除,患儿的健康状况得到了明显改善。结论采取针对性的手术方法治疗儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征具有明显的治疗效果。     

Arrhythmias in patients with obstructive sleep apnea

The authors summarize the current knowledge on the types, prevalence, reasons, diagnosis and current therapy of arrhythmias occurring in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Most of the patients with obstructive sleep apnea have nocturnal bradycardia (5-50%), paroxysmal tachyarrhythmia (atrial 35%; ventricular 0-15%), or both. The frequency of rhythm disturbances associated with the severity of the sleeping disorder. It is important to recognize the factors predisposing to arrhythmias and the early appropriate therapy of patients is essential, in order to protect patients from life threatening arrhythmias which may worsen the clinical outcome.     

Correlations between gastroesophageal reflux disease and obstructive sleep apnea

INTRODUCTION: Several studies have reported an increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. The increasingly negative intrathoracic and transdiaphragmatic pressure should facilitate of reflux-events during apnea. AIMS: The aim of the present study was to investigate whether there exists a link between endoscopic severity of reflux disease and the parameters of obstructive sleep apnea and the typical symptoms of reflux disease. METHODS: 57 patients with proven obstructive sleep apnea were divided into two groups according to the severity of the sleep apnea: "mild-moderate"--apnea-hypopnea index > or = 5-30, n = 27, "severe"--apnea-hypopnea index > 30, n = 30. All patients underwent upper panendoscopy, apnea monitoring during the night and were asked about existing and frequency of typical reflux symptoms. RESULTS: All examined patients in both groups showed significant overweight and there was a positive correlation between body mass index and the degree of sleep apnea (p = 0.0002). The occurrence of erosive reflux disease was significantly higher in "severe" group (p = 0.0001). Using a logistic regression analysis a positive correlation was found between endoscopic severity of reflux disease and apnea-hypopnea index (p = 0.016). 49.5% of all patients experienced the typical symptoms of reflux disease at least three times a week and there was not significant difference between groups. CONCLUSION: The study reveals that in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea, erosive reflux disease is more frequent and a positive correlation can be found between severity of reflux disease and sleep apnea as well.     

对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者多导睡眠图常用指标间的相关性分析

目的 探讨能够更加全面反映阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)缺氧程度的多导睡眠图指标.方法 回顾性分析确诊的63例OSAHS患者多导睡眠图,收集其呼吸紊乱指数(AHI)、呼吸暂停占总睡眠时间百分比(AM)、低通气时间占总睡眠时间百分比(HM)、平均血氧饱和度(MSaO2)、最低血氧饱和度(LSaO2)和最长呼吸暂停时间(LAT)等资料.结果 OSAHS患者的AHI与AM、HM、LAT呈正相关(P＜0.01或＜0.05),与MSaO2、LSaO2呈负相关(P＜0.01).AHI与AM、HM和LSaO2呈线性回归关系(F=202.264,P＜0.01).结论 OSAHS患者AM与AHI密切相关,AM、HM较LSaO2等多导睡眠图指标能更准确地反映OSAHS患者缺氧程度.

Abstract：

Objective To study the polysomnography(PSG) indexes which can reflex the severity of anoxia in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome(OSAHS) more comprehensively. Methods Sixtythree OSAHS patients' PSG indexes, including the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), apnea time/total sleeping time (AM), hypoventilation time/total sleeping time (HM), mean oxygen saturation (MSaO2),the lowest oxygen saturation (LSaO2) and the longest apnea time (LAT) were analyzed retrospectively. Results In patients with OSAHS,the AHI was positively correlated with AM, HM and LAT(P ＜ 0.01 or ＜ 0.05 ), and was negatively correlated with MSaO2 and LSaO2(P ＜ 0.01 ). The AHI had linear regression relationship with AM,HM and LSaO2 (F =202.264,P ＜0.01). Conclusions Among the PSG indexes,AM is intimately associated with AHI. Therefore,compared with LSaO2,AM and HM can reflex the severity of anoxia in patients with OSAHS more accurately.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血清脂联素水平的研究

目的探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者血清脂联素水平和胰岛素抵抗变化及脂联素下降的相关危险因素。方法选择主诉打鼾的患者共80例,分为对照组、轻度OSAHS组、中度OSAHS组、重度OSAHS组,分析比较不同组间血清脂联素水平和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IRI）的变化以及OSAHS患者中血清脂联素与呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、缺氧程度、微觉醒指数、睡眠结构等临床指标的相关性。结果与对照组、轻度OSAHS组、中度OSAHS组相比,重度OSAHS组血清脂联素水平[（5．44±2．57）mg／L]下降而HOMA—IRI（3．42±0．70）升高（P〈0．05）。OSAHS患者中血清脂联素水平与身体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比、颈围、HOMA-IRI、呼吸暂停低通气指数（AHI）、血氧饱和度〈90％时间（Ts90％）、ESS评分、肿瘤坏死因子-α[（TNF-α）及白介素-6（IL-6）呈负相关（r=-0．233～-0．499,P〈0．05）,而与夜间最低血氧饱和度（LSaO2）、Ⅲ＋Ⅳ期、快速眼动相睡眠占总睡眠时间百分比呈正相关（r=0．270～0．429,P〈0．05）。结论OSAHS患者存在血浆脂联素水平的下降及胰岛素抵抗,脂联素水平下降的相关危险因素可能包括肥胖、缺氧、睡眠结构的紊乱及其他脂肪因子的影响等。     

Severity of obstructive sleep apnea between black and white patients

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a relatively common problem with potentially serious health consequences. The purpose of this study was to identify whether race has any effect on the severity of OSA. Our hypothesis was that OSA, when present, is more severe in black patients than white patients. This cross-sectional study was performed at Truman Medical Centers, a teaching hospital affiliated with University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine (Kansas City, MO). Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to establish if race was predictive of apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) score when controlling for age, sex, and body mass index. The analysis included 280 patients with complete data for each of the variables in the model. Race (the primary predictor of interest) did not significantly predict AHI score (P = 0.172), and neither did age (P = 0.783). Men had higher AHI scores than women (P < 0.001), and higher body mass index was associated with higher AHI score (P < 0.001). There were more black women in the sample population than white women (P = 0.043). Black patients were also more likely to have hypertension (P = 0.037). This study suggests that race is not a predictor of OSA severity after controlling for age, sex, and body mass index. There is a need for more studies to examine the prevalence of OSA in different races.     

Comorbidity of diabetes and obstructive sleep apnea in hospitalized patients

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and type 2 diabetes are two morbidities commonly encountered in the hospitalized setting. Both diseases will present with an array of complications if not managed in a timely, competent manner. However, a growing body of evidence suggests a link between these two pathologies. It is our hope that through careful review of the literature, we may generate heightened awareness of the OSA/diabetes comorbidity. Through better understanding of these conditions and their interactions, we may insure efficient management in the clinical setting and prevent exacerbation of common complications.     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征手术治疗临床分析

目的:探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)手术治疗特点及其临床特征。方法:总结41例OSAHS患儿术前鼻咽侧位X线片(CR)、纤维鼻咽镜检查及多道睡眠监测(PSG)的特点,评价对其进行扁桃体和(或)腺样体手术治疗的效果。结果:41例患儿经扁桃体和(或)腺样体切除术后,睡眠鼾声明显减轻或消失,呼吸暂停消失或时间缩短并开始闭口呼吸,临床症状明显缓解。术后1～2月复查PSG,各项指标:AHI、最低血氧饱和度、最长呼吸暂停时间等,较术前有明显改善。结论:手术切除扁桃体和(或)腺样体,是治疗儿童OSAHS的有效手段,其诊断和手术方法的选择有赖于对PSG、鼻咽侧位X线片、纤维鼻咽镜检查和临床表现的综合考虑。     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的研究

目的探讨长春地区内儿童睡眠呼吸障碍的流行病学特点;儿童OSAHS的诊断及对儿童生长发育的影响。方法在长春一汽集团社区内的3所小学内的学龄前班、1年级、2年级内共1092名儿童进行流行病学调查。结果①本地区的儿童睡眠呼吸障碍各型发病率均较高。②因反复发作性扁桃体炎和(或)鼻炎导致的打鼾伴呼吸暂停及OSAHS的发病率较高。③临床诊断为OSAHS的患儿的并发症较多。结论夜间血氧监测是临床诊断儿童OSAHS简单有效,适宜推广的方法。     

饮酒对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的影响

目的 了解饮酒对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的影响及相关性.方法 对2009年6月～2010年12月,因睡眠打鼾、憋醒或被发现睡眠呼吸暂停以及因高血压、糖尿病要求了解睡眠状况,在我中心进行多导睡眠图检测的14～82岁患者,采用回顾性问卷调查,了解患者的饮酒情况.结果 符合研究条件者1017例,平均年龄(47.05±14.56)岁,男性842例(82.79%),女性175例(17.21%);饮酒者454例(44.64%),其中男性饮酒445例(98.02%),女性饮酒9例(1.98%).饮酒者OSAHS患病率明显高于不饮酒者(83.26% vs 67.67%,X2=25.206,P=0.000),且中度以上OSAHS的患者比率明显高于不饮酒者(60.13% vs 47.78%.X2=17.931,P=0.001).单因素分析显示,睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)与年龄、性别、职业、体重指数、饮酒史、饮酒量、日平均乙醇量、总乙醇量相关.在控制了年龄、体重指数、性别、职业后的偏相关回归分析显示.AHI与总乙醇量(偏相关系数0.096,P=0.018)及饮酒年限(偏相关系数0.081,P=0.036)相关.结论 饮酒是OSAHS的危险因素,AHI可能与总乙醇量及饮酒年限相关.     

饮酒对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的影响

目的了解饮酒对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)的影响及相关性。方法对2009年6月～2010年12月,因睡眠打鼾、憋醒或被发现睡眠呼吸暂停以及因高血压、糖尿病要求了解睡眠状况,在我中心进行多导睡眠图检测的14～82岁患者,采用回顾性问卷调查,了解患者的饮酒情况。结果符合研究条件者1017例,平均年龄(47.05±14.56)岁,男性842例(82.79),女性175例(17.21);饮酒者454例(44.64),其中男性饮酒445例(98.02),女性饮酒9例(1.98)。饮酒者OSAHS患病率明显高于不饮酒者(83.26vs67.67,χ2=25.206,P=0.000),且中度以上OSAHS的患者比率明显高于不饮酒者(60.13vs47.78,χ2=17.931,P=0.001)。单因素分析显示,睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(AHI)与年龄、性别、职业、体重指数、饮酒史、饮酒量、日平均乙醇量、总乙醇量相关。在控制了年龄、体重指数、性别、职业后的偏相关回归分析显示,AHI与总乙醇量(偏相关系数0.096,P=0.018)及饮酒年限(偏相关系数0.081,P=0.036)相关。结论饮酒是OSAHS的危险...