湛江市1994～2003年检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

目的 了解湛江市检出脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的流行病学特征及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)病例的发生情况。方法 对1994～2003年检出脊灰疫苗株病毒的AFP病例进行分析。结果 1994～2003年共报告AFP 199例,其中检出脊灰疫苗株病毒16例,平均检出率为8．04％。对检出脊灰疫苗株的AFP病例分析结果显示：病例以≤1岁儿童为主(14例),男性多于女性;地区分布无明显聚集性,发病季节高峰在每年12～2月;检出的疫苗株以Ⅱ型病毒为主(9例),残留麻痹率较高;VAPP发生率为0．37／100万,服苗VAPP发生率为0．22／100万,首次服苗发生率为1．87／100万,接触者VAPP发生率为0．15／100万。结论 脊灰疫苗株病毒可能在湛江市外环境发生循环．今后必须提高脊灰疫苗免疫覆盖率,以阻止脊灰疫苗株病毒的循环。     

江苏省脊灰病毒阳性AFP病例残留麻痹影响因素

目的 分析脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病毒阳性、急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例流行病学特征及其残留麻痹影响因素.方法 收集2004 - 2009年江苏省(AFP)病例1 548例,采集粪便标本1 540例,检测脊髓灰质炎病毒(PV),进行描述流行病学分析.结果 1 540例中,检出PV60例,检出率3.90％,均为脊灰疫苗相关株病毒;病例散在发生,男性多于女性;＜1岁组阳性病例均高于1～2岁和≥3岁组;＜1岁组、未服苗或服苗＜3次、服苗与麻痹时间间隔≤60d的PV阳性AFP病例残留麻痹率均较高;首次服苗并分离出混合型脊灰病毒的5例病例均残留麻痹;疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)总发生率为0.29/100万,首次服苗后为1.56/100万.结论 江苏省仍有一定数量的脊灰疫苗株阳性病例和疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)病例发生;年龄、服苗史、服苗与麻痹时间间隔是残留麻痹的主要影响因素.     

深圳市1994～2001年检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

为了解深圳市检出脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )疫苗株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例流行病学特征及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰 (VAPP)病例发生情况 ,对 1 994～ 2 0 0 1年检出脊灰疫苗株病毒的AFP病例进行分析。结果显示 :病例分布在 0～ 3岁儿童 ,男性多于女性 ;发病时间、地区无明显聚集趋势 ;无脊灰疫苗免疫史的占 55 .55 % ,均为外来流动儿童 ;检出脊灰疫苗株Ⅱ型病毒占 44 .45 % ,残留麻痹率高。VAPP发生率为 0 .90 / 1 0 0万 ,服苗者VAPP发生率为0 .68/ 1 0 0万 ,首次服苗VAPP发生率为 4 .0 9/ 1 0 0万 ,服苗接触者VAPP发生率为 0 .2 3/ 1 0 0万。提示应加强外环境中脊灰病毒的监测和相关研究     

山东省疑似脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关病例流行病学分析

目的了解山东省脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)疫苗相关病例(VAPP)的发病情况.方法对山东省1993～2000年期间通过急性弛缓性麻痹监测系统报告的81例疑似VAPP病例进行流行病学分析.结果以脊灰减毒活疫苗(OPV)投放量计算,疑似VAPP发生率为0.27/100万～1.33/100万,平均为0.79/100万;首次服苗、再次服苗及全程免疫后,疑似VAPP发生率分别为7.34/100万、2.58/100万和0.61/100万.疑似VAPP的发生多为散发,男性高于女性;病毒分离发现,接触病例中以Ⅱ型脊灰病毒为主,服苗病例中Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型病毒的分离率基本相同;服苗病例的平均潜伏期为45天;60天后随访时均残留麻痹.结论我国应进一步加强对VAPP的研究,应考虑以脊灰灭活疫苗(IPV)替代OPV进行常规免疫,以避免VAPP的发生.     

甘肃省1996～2000年疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎病例流行病学分析

为了解甘肃省1996～2000年疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)病例(VAPP)的发生情况,利用急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统有关资料对VAPP进行分析.结果显示1996～2000年全省共接种口服脊灰疫苗2 629万人份,发生VAPP 7例,发生率为0.27/100万,其中首次服苗者发生4例,发生率为1.62/100万,接触者发生3例,发生率为0.11/100万;病例呈高度散发,年龄均＜3岁,男女之比为6∶1,临床表现典型,所有病例都残留麻痹;病毒分离以Ⅱ型疫苗相关株为多.实现无脊灰后VAPP的影响不容忽视.     

杭州市急性弛缓性麻痹病例检出疫苗相关株病毒的调查分析

目的为维持无脊髓灰质炎脊灰阶段提供依据。方法分析无脊髓灰质炎阶段杭州市连续5年检出脊灰疫苗相关株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例的流行病学特征,以及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰(VAPP)的发生情况。结果检出病毒相关株的AFP病例集中在2-3月龄的儿童占60%,全部为男性。零剂次免疫儿童占30%,VAPP的发生率为0.58/100万。结论提高VAPP诊断准确性,加强AFP病例监测,保证高水平免疫接种率。     

昭通市1992-2011年脊灰疫苗株病毒病例流行病学分析

目的了解1992-2011年昭通市急性迟缓性麻痹病例中检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗株病毒病例的流行病学特征,为维持无脊灰提供科学依据。方法根据脊灰实验室监测结果,对检出脊灰疫苗株病毒病例进行流行病学分析。结果 581例病例合格标本脊灰疫苗株病毒检出61例,检出率为10.50%;检出疫苗株病毒病例集中在2岁以内儿童,男多于女;未进行疫苗全程免疫的病例多于全程免疫病例,"0"剂次儿童所占比例较大,最多服苗剂次儿童服苗12剂次;麻痹病例中检出Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病毒较多;15岁以下儿童VAPP的发生率为0.62/100万,服苗者VAPP的发生率为0.49/100万。2010年检出1株疫苗变异株病例,变异株为新出现的VDPV病毒。环境脊灰监测从污水与河流中检出疫苗株病毒,检出率为25%。结论脊灰疫苗基础免疫工作存在薄弱环节。必须保持高水平的疫苗接种率,严防VDPV病例产生和VDPV循环引起脊灰暴发或流行。服苗儿童VAPP发生率高于国内文献报道的西安、福建和杭州,低于甘肃、深圳。加强污水的消毒处理严防接触者VAPP的发生。     

深圳市1994～2004年疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎流行病学分析

目的 了解深圳市疫苗相关麻痹型脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)(Vaccine Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis,VAPP)发生情况及流行病学特征.方法 采用描述流行病学方法对深圳市1994～2004年VAPP进行分析.结果 深圳市1994～2004年VAPP总发生率为2.27/100万;服苗者VAPP发生率为0.85/100万,其中首次服苗VAPP发生率为5.88/100万;接触者VAPP发生率为1.42/100万.Ⅱ型疫苗株占62.50%;无口服脊灰减毒活疫苗(Oral Polio-myelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine,OPV)免疫史儿童占62.50%;病例均为<4岁儿童;有明显时间和地区聚集趋势.结论 阻断脊灰野病毒传播后,还需要停止使用OPV,以最终实现消灭脊灰的目标.     

山东省疑似脊灰质炎疫苗相关病例流行病学分析

目的：了解山东省脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）疫苗相关病例（VAPP）的发病情况,方法：对山东省1993－2000年期间通过急性驰缓性麻痹监测系统报告81例疑似VAP病例进行流行病学分析。结果：以脊灰减毒活疫苗（OPV）投放量计算,疑似VAPP发生率为0．27／100万－1．33／100万,平均为0．79／100万;首次服苗、再次服苗及全程免疫后,疑似VAPP发生率分别为7．34／100万、2．58／100万、0．61／100万。疑似例中以Ⅱ型脊灰病毒为主,服苗病例中Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型病毒的分离率基本相同服苗病例的平均潜伏期为45天;60天后随访时均殖留麻痹。结率：我国进一步加强对VAPP的研究,应考虑以脊灰来活疫苗（IPV）替代OPV进行常规免疫,以避免VAPP的发生。     

陕西省1999～2002年检出脊髓灰质炎疫苗相关株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析

分析了陕西省 1999～ 2 0 0 2年检出脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )疫苗相关株病毒的急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例的流行病学特征 ,以及疫苗相关麻痹型脊灰 (VAPP)的发生情况。结果显示 :AFP病例集中在 0～ 2岁儿童 ,占 6 8 6 % ;男性多于女性 ;发病无地区、时间分布特征 ;零剂次免疫和未全程免疫儿童占 6 2 9% ;VAPP发生率为 0 32 /10 0万 ,服苗者VAPP发生率和接触者VAPP发生率均为 0 16 /10 0万。建议提高VAPP诊断准确性 ,加强AFP病例监测 ,保证高水平免疫接种率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.