输精管吻合术后精液参数恢复的研究

为探讨输精管吻合术后精液参数恢复情况,我们对46例接受输精管吻合术者进行术后18个月追踪分析,共检查精液85份。结果提示:输精管吻合术后18个月内,精液中射出的精子总数和精子密度(几何均值)减少;正常形态学的精子减少;精子膜完整性的百分率减少;活动良好的精子减少(a级)和活动不良的精子(c级)增高,这6个异常参数在吻合术后18个月时间内较为恒定。精子总活动率和精子低渗膨胀试验有良好的正相关关系,这两个参数在吻合12个月后有逐步恢复至正常水平的趋势。     

男性不育患者精浆锌含量与精液主要参数相关性研究

目的:探讨不育男性精浆的锌含量与精液质量的关系。方法:回顾性分析2011年8月～2012年1月在广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院生殖中心就诊的343例男性不育患者的相关资料,依据精浆锌含量分为正常A组(n=274例)和异常B组(n=69例),比较两组间精液参数的差异;同时根据精液黏稠度分为黏稠C组(n=54例)与非黏稠D组(n=289例),比较两组间精浆锌含量及其他精液参数的差异。结果:A组与B组患者年龄比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A组的精液量、每次射精精子总数、前向运动精子总数显著高于B组,而黏稠精液的比例明显低于B组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。其他精液各指标比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);C组与D组精液圆细胞浓度、精液量、精子浓度、精子总数比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);D组的前向运动精子百分率、前向运动精子总数、活动率、精浆锌明显高于C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。精浆锌含量与精液量、每次射精精子总数、前向运动精子总数显著正相关,与其他参数无显著相关性。结论:精浆锌含量直接影响精液量、精子总数、前向运动精子总数和精液黏稠度,精浆锌含量是男性生殖力的重要评估指标。     

影响精液质量的因素

精液异常是男性不育的主要指征,拥有健康精液是优生优育的重要保证,随着科学技术的发展,各种影响生育的不良因素被逐渐认识。据报道,近几年我国育龄男性精液质量异常人数呈上升趋势,有关人员曾对此做过研究和统计,其中包括对一次性射精量、精液黏稠度、精液液化时间、以及精子总数、精子密度、正常精子形态、精子运动情况和精子成活率、活动率等,通过流行病学调查分析认为,造成精液异常的主要原因除年龄因素之外,物理因素、化学因素、生物因素、营养因素、病理因素以及不良的生活习惯都有可能对其产生影响。参照WHO标准,结合我国相关调查,总结造成育龄男性精液异常的各种原因,对确保精液质量的健康大有意义。因此,加强对环境的保护,调整生活方式,保持良好的身体状态十分重要。     

Semen quality and reproductive sex hormone levels in Peruvian pesticide sprayers

To determine the association between occupational pesticide exposure and semen quality among sprayers using organophosphate (OPs) pesticides, 31 pesticide sprayers and 80 men who were not exposed were studied. Semen and blood samples were obtained one day after last pesticide application. Semen samples were analyzed for sperm concentration, percentage of sperm motility, percentage of normal morphology, and fructose and zinc concentrations. Blood samples were analyzed for sex hormones. Pesticide sprayers had significantly reduced age-adjusted seminal volume, percentage of motility, percentage of sperm with normal morphology, serum luteinizing hormone, serum testosterone levels, and seminal zinc concentration (a marker of prostate function), as well as significantly increased time of liquefaction, seminal pH, percentage of immature sperm morphology, and leukocyte concentration. These findings provide further evidence that occupational exposures to OP pesticides adversely affect semen quality and sex hormones.     

SPERM MORPHOLOGY AND CHROMATIN CONDENSATION BEFORE AND AFTER SEMEN PROCESSING

Semen analysis constitutes the most important investigation of male infertility. However, the true anomalies present in defective sperm cells have been only partially characterized. The integrity of the sperm chromatin may play the most important role, particularly in ICSI, where most of the natural selection mechanisms are bypassed. This study was carried out to characterize sperm morphology (strict criteria), to evaluate chromatin condensation and sperm count in native semen as well as after semen preparation by the swim-up technique, and to eventually evaluate any correlation between these parameters. Semen from 90 men was analyzed for the above parameters in both the fresh and processed semen. Whereas the sperm count decreased after sperm preparation by the swim-up technique in comparison to the value in the fresh semen (p&lt;.001), there was an increase in the percentage of morphologically normal (p&lt;.001) and chromatin-condensed sperm (p=.99). However, there was no correlation between sperm morphology, chromatin condensation, and sperm count either in the fresh or in the processed semen samples. These results suggest that sperm morphology, sperm count, and chromatin condensation are independent parameters that should be evaluated separately in the assessment of male fertility in an assisted reproduction program.     

超生理剂量11-酸睾酮对人精液中脱落生殖细胞的影响

为研究大剂量睾酮对生精细胞的影响,对53例志愿接受11-酸睾酮的成年男性在给药前后及恢复期的精液进行分析,用瑞-姬氏染色进行脱落生殖细胞观察。结果为给药后30,60天脱落生殖细胞计数随精子计数减少而减少,初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞比例增多,精子细胞减少。细胞增多了凋亡脱落生殖细胞的各种形态变化,包括凋亡的初级、次级精母细胞和精子细胞。恢复期随精子计数的恢复,生精细胞的计数和形态也相应恢复。提示11-酸睾酮主要干扰了初级、次级精母细胞和精子细胞的正常分化发育。     

Microbicides--evaluating multiple formulations of C31G

The purpose of the study was to evaluate semen quality in young Chinese men and to establish reference values. Normal healthy young men from seven geographical areas were enrolled. The study showed that the mean sperm volume was 2.61 mL, and mean percent of sperm with forward progression was 59.89, while median of semen viability was 79.0%, and geometric mean of semen density was 55.45 x 10(6)/mL. Proportion of routine semen indexes that met World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were as follows: 81.9% for semen volume, 91.1% for liquefaction time, 93.4% for viscosity, 90.8% for pH, 81.3% for sperm with forward progression, 65.3% for sperm viability, 93.8% for semen density, 98.8% for normal sperm morphology, and 89.1% for total sperm count. Participants whose sperm met all WHO standard parameters accounted for 42.3%. Because the infertility rate in China is about 10-15%, the fifteenth percentile of semen parameters might be used as the lower limit of reference values, which may be more appropriate for young Chinese men. The fifteenth percentiles of parameters in this study were as follows: 1.5 mL for semen volume, 7.2 for pH value, 45% for proportion of sperm with forward progression, 68% for sperm viability, 30 x 10(6)/mL for semen density, 68% for proportion of sperm with normal morphology, and 50 x 10(6) for total sperm count.     

Antispermatogenic effects of tolnidamine in langur (Presbytis entellus)

Tolnidamine (50 mg/kg body weight; twice a week; oral) was administered for 90 days to adult male langur monkeys (Presbytis entellus entellus Dufresne) to assess its contraceptive potential. Semen weight, volume, seminal fluid volume, colour, pH and libido remained unchanged. Sperm motility, vitality and morphology were impaired with the advancement of treatment. Sperm density reduced to severe oligospermia following 75-90 days of treatment. Increased number of immature germ cells were also noticed. Resumption of changes to pretreatment range was observed following 90 days of cessation of treatment. However, sperm density remained low all through the recovery period of 150 days. Seminal fructose, ACP, LDH and citric acid concentrations did not change markedly. A significant depletion in GPC and magnesium levels was recorded during treatment and early recovery periods. Alterations in germ cells and Sertoli cells were also observed. A progressive but reversible rise in serum creatinine was evident. Other clinical parameters and body weight response revealed no drug-related alterations. In conclusion, tolnidamine medication induced irreversible inhibition of spermatogenesis.     

Temporal trends in bull semen quality: A comparative model for human health?

Introduction

A decline in human semen quality over the past 30-60 years has been reported in numerous epidemiological studies from the United States and Europe. We evaluated temporal trends in semen quality parameters in dairy bulls. The long-term management of dairy bulls for artificial insemination presented a unique opportunity to evaluate temporal trends in semen quality and explore this relationship as a potential animal model for reproductive abnormalities in humans.

Materials and methods

Bull semen analysis data from 1965 through 1995 were collected from a large artificial insemination organization. Semen analyses from 12- to 18-month-old Holstein dairy bulls were included in the study and consisted of daily sperm concentration, daily ejaculate volume, total daily sperm output, percentage of sperm with normal morphology, and percentage of sperm with normal post-thaw motility. Multiple regression analysis, logistic regression, and general linear modeling were used to determine temporal trends over the 30-year period.

Results and discussion

Semen quality appears to have declined from 1970 to 1980 or 1985 as manifested by declines in daily ejaculate volume, daily sperm concentration, and total daily sperm output. In contrast, sperm morphology and motility improved over the same period. In approximately 1980 or 1985, depending on the parameter, ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, total sperm, and motility improved. However, normal morphology began to deteriorate during this same period. Methodological inconsistencies over time introduce uncertainty in analyses of temporal trends in semen quality in this and previous human studies. However, changes in technology do not appear to be solely responsible for the temporal trends observed. The source of the decline in semen quality in the bulls studied is unknown. If the decline in semen quality were due to exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals, then a continued decline or a leveling-off would be expected. Instead, a rise in semen quality was observed during the latter portion of the observation period.     

IgA ANTIBODIES TO CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS AND SEMINAL PARAMETERS IN ASYMPTOMATIC INFERTILE MALES

Prevalence of IgA antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in semen samples from infertile men was estimated and its clinical meaning is discussed. The ejaculate of 102 infertile men without any symptom of genital infection was studied, and seminal alterations were classified according to WHO criteria. Antichlamydial IgA antibodies were detected using a solid-phase, enzyme-linked immunoassay (ImmunoComb II Chlamydia trachomatis monovalent IgA) and related to sperm count, motility and membrane integrity, seminal leucocyte count, and past history of sexually transmitted disease (STD). Prevalence of IgA antibodies to C. trachomatis was 23%. There was no relationship between IgA antibodies and the sperm variables or leucocyte count in semen. However, a strong association between antichlamydial IgA antibodies and the antecedent of STD was found (p &lt;. 005; OR = 6). IgA antibodies to C. trachomatis did not cause alterations in sperm function and they were not associated with inflammatory response. However, these antibodies in semen of asymptomatic infertile men would indicate a risk of C. trachomatis infection for the couples of those patients.     

精浆一氧化氮与精液主要参数之间关系探讨

目的:探讨精浆一氧化氮与精液主要参数之间关系。方法:应用精子质量自动分析系统(CASA)检测精液主要参数,采用分光光度比色法检测精浆一氧化氮含量。结果:精浆一氧化氮含量与精液白细胞浓度呈低度正相关关系(r=0·294,P≤0·05),与精液量呈低度负相关关系(r=-0·33,P≤0·05);与a,b级精子百分率、精子密度、形态正常精子百分率均无显著相关性(P>0·05);精液参数正常组与异常组精浆一氧化氮含量比较差异无显著性(P>0·05);精液白细胞浓度、a,b级精子百分率、精液量、精子密度、形态正常精子百分率正常组与其对应的异常组比较,精浆NO含量差异亦均无显著性(P>0·05)。结论:精浆一氧化氮与精液主要参数无明显密切关系。     

Depressed Semen Quality: A Study Over Two Decades

One hundred-eighty-five consecutive spermograms from men of infertile couples in 1980—1981 were compared with as many spermiograms of age-matched controls from 1960—1961. The semen parameters analyzed were: volume, sperm density, and sperm morphology. The following significant changes were noted over the time period: the mean seminal volume decreased from 3.79 ml to 3.42 ml (p < 0.05), the mean sperm count decreased from 125.4 mill/ml to 78.0 mill/ml (p < 0.001) and the proportion of double sperm heads increased from 0.52% to 1.51% (p < 0.001). Further analysis showed even more pronounced changes in these parameters for men living in the urban area compared those from the surrounding rural areas.     

Effect of age and abstinence on semen quality: A retrospective study in a teaching hospital

ObjectiveTo elucidate the effect of age and sexual abstinence on semen quality (semen volume, total count, progressive motility, vitality and morphology).MethodsA total of 730 semen samples were analyzed. Subjects were grouped according to the age (20-29, 30–34, 35–39 and 40–50) and abstinence (2–3, 4–5 and 6–7). Semen parameters were evaluated following WHO standard criteria.ResultsAnalysis of 730 semen samples showed negative correlation of progressive motility (r=-0.131, P< 0.01), vitality (r=-0.173, P< 0.01), morphology (r=-0.324, P< 0.01) with age. With increase in age percentage of progressive motility, vitality and normal morphology in mean values declined after the age group of 35–39 to 40–50 years, but no change in volume and count were observed. Increase in abstinence with individual days significantly affected semen volume (H= 20.65, P< 0.001), count (H= 36.67, P<0.01), progressive motility (H= 13.53, P<0.05) and vitality (H= 15.33, P< 0.01). But, no effect was found on sperm morphology. Mann Whitney U test confirmed the changes in semen volume, total count and vitality in paired grouping from 2–7 days (P<0.05), but changes in sperm motility were observed after 5 days of abstinence in each paired group upto 7 days (P<0.05). Mean values of semen parameters among three abstinence groups (2–3, 4–5 and 6–7 days) also showed similar result.ConclusionsIn the present study, age negatively affected progressive motility, vitality and morphology of human sperm. Semen samples showed intra varied results within WHO amended abstinence period.     

INTERLEUKIN-6 (IL-6) IN SEMINAL PLASMA OF INFERTILE MEN,AND LIPID PEROXIDATION OF THEIR SPERM

Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor- &#102 (TNF- &#102 ) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in seminal fluid, as well as levels of sperm lipid membrane peroxidation, were investigated in fertile and infertile men. Semen samples, obtained by masturbation from 37 infertile and 14 fertile men, were examined for the presence of TNF- &#102 and IL-6. The level of lipid peroxidation of the sperm membrane was measured by determining malondialdehyde (MDA) formation. The correlation between the IL-6 and the TNF- &#102 concentrations in seminal plasma with the levels of lipid peroxidation of the sperm membranes was statistically evaluated. The IL-6 concentration in seminal plasma of infertile men was significantly higher than that of fertile men ( p <. 05). Similarly, the level of membrane lipid peroxidation was higher for the semen of infertile men than that of fertile men ( p <. 001). A significant positive correlation was found between IL-6 levels in seminal plasma and membrane sperm lipid peroxidation ( p <. 002), but not between this parameter and TNF- &#102 levels in seminal plasma. These findings suggest a possible association between IL-6 seminal plasma levels and lipid peroxidation of sperm membrane. Stimulation of reactive species production by human sperm and leucocytes, induced by the high levels of IL-6, could explain these results.     

The long-term effects of DDT exposure on semen, fertility, and sexual function of malaria vector-control workers in Limpopo Province, South Africa

Hormonally active chemicals in the environment such as DDT have been associated with declining male reproductive health, especially semen quality. A cross-sectional study of 60 workers was performed near the Malaria Control Center (MCC) in Tzaneen, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Tests included a questionnaire (sexual function, fertility, and job history), a physical examination of the reproductive system, and semen analysis (produced via coitus interruptus or masturbation). Sperm count, density, and motility using the World Health Organization criteria and morphology using the strict Tygerberg criteria were determined. Serum o'p' and p'p' isomers of DDE, DDT, and DDD were measured. Forty-eight (81.0%) participants produced a semen sample, while all completed the questionnaires and physical examination. The mean sperm count was 93.8+/-130.3 million, and sperm density was 74.6+/-85.1 million/mL. The mean normal morphology score was 2.5+/-1.8% of subjects. Eighty-four percent of morphology scores were below either the WHO or the Tygerberg criteria, with the highest individual score being 6%. Self-perceived current problems with sexual function ranged between 10% and 20%. The most prevalent genital abnormality was abnormal testis disposition at 71%. There were few significant associations between DDT exposure measures (measured as years worked at MCC and serum DDT) and reproductive outcomes. p'p'-DDT was negatively associated with semen count (beta=-3.7+/-1.7; P=0.04; R2=0.05 adjusted for age, abstinence, physical abnormality, and fever in last 2 months). While the semen quality in the study was less than normal, no strong evidence for a DDT effect was found.     

中国年轻男性精液质量与血清重金属含量的典型相关分析

目的:了解中国年轻男性的精液质量与血清重金属含量的相关关系。方法 研究对象为1998年12月至1999年12月在上海、河南、浙江、山西、青岛、河北、贵州七省市妇保所进行婚检的正常男性志愿者529例。结果 调整地区因素后铅、镉与正常形态精子率存在负相关；但精液质量与血清重金属两组指标间的典型相关关系不明显。有两个省(河南、贵州)的典型相关分析结果有显著性，显示镉含量对正常形态精子率有不良影响；锰对精液质量的影响不明显；精子数量指标与血清重金属的关系不明显；河南的结果还表明铅影响精子的存活和形态。结论 总体而言，精液质量与血清重金属之间的典型相关关系不明显。但局部地区典型相关分析发现血清铅、镉可能对精子质量有不良影响．     

Effect of a new injectable male contraceptive on the seminal plasma amino acids studied by proton NMR spectroscopy

Effect of RISUG, a newly developed male contraceptive, on various amino acids of seminal plasma ejaculates was studied by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 400 MHz. Levels of amino acids were compared with the seminal plasma of obstructive azoospermia and controls. Glutamic acid, glutamine, and arginine were found to be high in concentration in human seminal plasma. The concentration of aromatic amino acids such as tyrosine, histidine, and phenylalanine in RISUG-injected subjects showed no significant difference compared to controls (p > 0.1); however, there was a statistically significant decrease in the concentration of these amino acids in obstructive azoospermia. The concentration of some prominent amino acids that showed overlapping resonances, such as isoleucine+leucine+valine (p < 0.01), alanine+isoleucine+lysine (p < 0.01), arginine+lysine+leucine (p < 0.01), and glutamic acid+glutamine (p < 0.01), showed a statistically significant decrease in RISUG-injected subjects compared to controls. Overlap of these amino acid resonances were noticed even at 600 MHz. In general, the total amino acids concentration in RISUG-injected subjects was found to be higher than in azoospermic subjects, confirming the occurrence of 'partial' obstructive azoospermia in subjects injected with this contraceptive.     

Gonadal Function in Patients with Testicular Germ Cell Tumors

The gonadal function of 18 patients with testicular germ cell tumors was evaluated. Seminal parameters after orchiectomy were examined in 15 patients. Six of them were available for follow-up observation after 2 or 3 courses of adjuvant chemotherapy. Serum gonadal hormones before and after orchiectomy were evaluated in 7 patients (testosterone and PRL were not examined in one patient). Five of 15 (33.3%), 8 of 15 (53.3%), 13 of 15 (86.7%), 7 of 13 (53.8%), and 9 of 12 (75.0%) had abnormal values in seminal volume, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and vitality, respectively. The sperm concentration gradually improved after chemotherapy following orchiectomy in 5 of 6 (83.3%) patients. In all the patients examined, serum levels of follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and prolactin (PRL) increased after orchiectomy. Serum levels of testosterone increased in 4 patients, but decreased in 2 after orchiectomy. These findings suggest that several factors, including preexisting intrinsic defect and disturbance of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, are involved in the deterioration of gonadal function in patients with testicular germ cell tumors.     

精浆果糖含量、中性α-糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与精液参数关系研究

目的探讨精浆果糖含量、中性α-糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与精液参数关系。方法295例精液样本(生育组100例、不育组195例)。常规分析精液量、pH值、精子密度、活力、活动率、形态。采用分光光度法测定果糖含量、中性α-糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性。结果与生育组相比,不育组精浆果糖含量显著增高,而精浆中性α-糖苷酶活性、酸性磷酸酶活性显著降低(P<0.05),果糖含量与精子密度、活力、活动率均呈显著负相关(P<0.01);中性α-糖苷酶活性与精子密度、活力、活动率均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),与其他畸形精子百分率呈显著负相关(P<0.05);酸性磷酸酶活性仅与头部异常精子百分率呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论果糖含量、中性α-糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶活性异常可能导致男性生育力下降。     

慢性肾炎对精液质量的影响及作用机制探讨

目的:探讨慢性肾炎患者精液质量及其影响机制。方法:对35例不同阶段的慢性肾炎及20例健康志愿者精液常规检验结果进行统计分析。结果:慢性肾炎患者的精液主要参数(精子活动力、存活率)明显下降,形态镜检异常,与对照组相比较差异有显著性统计意义(P<0·05),慢性肾炎患者的血清尿素氮、肌酐含量与精液常规参数值呈负相关(r=-0·05,P<0·01)。结论:慢性肾炎患者代谢毒素物质可能使精子细胞受损、存活率、活动力下降,并且导致精子畸形率增加。