腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹原因分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC)中转开腹的原因及意义.方法 回顾性总结2005年4月至2009年9月我院840例LC中中转开腹病例.结果 840例LC中转开腹48例,中转率5.71%.中转开腹的原因分别为:胆囊三角粘连、解剖不清13例(27.08%);急性胆囊炎、胆囊壁水肿增厚12例(25%);术中出血难以控制10例(20.83%);有腹部手术史及腹腔严重粘连6例(12.5%);"瓷瓶样"胆囊3例(6.25%);不能排除胆囊癌性病变2例(4.17%);解剖变异,怀疑胆道损伤1例(2.08%);腹腔镜光源损坏1例(2.08%).本组病例经中转开腹均痊愈出院,平均住院7.8d.2例胆囊癌患者分别于术后3个月及5个月死亡.结论 胆囊三角处理困难,胆囊急性炎症及术中出血、损伤是LC中转开腹的主要原因;适时中转开腹尤其是主动中转开腹是保证安全,防止严重并发症的重要手段.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术4420例治疗体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）并发症的预防及处理。方法回顾分析2002年2月至2010年10月我院4 420例LC的临床资料,分析手术并发症发生的原因,并发症的预防及治疗措施。结果 4 420例中实施4 332例LC,中转开腹88例,中转率2%;发生术后并发症8例,其中钛夹误夹胆总管2例,迷走胆管漏2例,肝右管损伤1例,胆总管损伤2例,钛夹致胆囊管坏死穿孔1例;全组无手术死亡病例。结论提高手术操作技巧及高度责任感是保障LC手术安全的前提,注重并发症的预防和正确处理是手术成功的关键,适时中转开腹可减少或避免并发症的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹9例分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中转开腹原因。方法 回顾性分析LC中转开腹9例。结果 胆囊周围及Calot三角区严重粘连4例，胆囊管未夹闭1例，手术野出血2例，副肝管损伤1例，怀疑胆囊癌变1例。结论 适当放宽LC中转开腹的指征，把握好中转开腹的时机，降低LC的并发症。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹指征探讨---486例

腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)目前已成为治疗良性胆囊疾病的金标准手术,择期或急诊已广泛开展.随着LC技术普及与在基层医院的开展,脏器损伤并发症的发生率有上升的趋势.在LC过程中及时中转开腹手术是避免脏器损伤并发症发生的重要手段之一.我院于2004年10月--2010年12月行LC术486例.其中中转开腹5 例,现报道如下.     

基层医院开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开放病例分析

目的 探讨基层医院开展腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中转开放的体会和经验.方法 对我院LC手术中转开放病例进行回顾性分析.结果 中转开放13例,占总例数3.8%.均为即时开腹,其中1例既往右上腹部手术史,4例术中出血镜下无法控制,6例胆囊三角区解剖关系不清,1例疑有结肠损伤,1例术中发现胆总管横断.均痊愈出院.结论 LC手术中转开放是保障病人安全和防止严重病发症的重要举措,不断提高手术技巧可减低中转开放率.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中出血的处理和预防

目的：研究腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)术中出血的防治措施。方法：回顾性分析作者施行LC术中7例出血病人的临床资料。结果：全部病例术中止血成功并痊愈出院，无中转开腹及术中术后输血者。结论：选择恰当的止血方法是处理LC术中出血的关键措施，仔细的术前检查、合理的掌握LC手术适应证、良好的基础训练、精细的操作和手术技巧的不断提高是减少LC术中出血的重要环节。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术608例临床体会

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊手术切除预防并发症发生的措施。方法回顾分析1999年11月至今早期开展LC手术治疗的608例临床资料。结果4例探查，4例中转开腹，其余全部顺利完成，未发现明显并发症。结论早期LC必须高度重视，成立专科小组严格人员培训，专业医生带教，手术前严格筛选病人，术间重视胆囊三角解剖，精细操作，严防副损伤，适时中转开腹。     

腹腔镜手术治疗急性胆囊炎的临床体会(附90例报告)

目的总结腹腔镜下处理急性胆囊炎的临床经验。方法回顾分析2000年5月～2005年5月间收治90例急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜手术的临床资料。结果90例患者中除5例中转开腹手术外，其余均完成LC手术。全组有1例术后发生黄疸，2例发生术后胆瘘，均经保守治疗后痊愈。结论急性胆囊炎患者行LC是安全的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎1526例

目的:总结急性结石性胆囊炎行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)的治疗体会.方法:2000年7月至2010年7月,采用LC术治疗急性结石性胆囊炎1 526例.结果:成功完成LC 1 435例(94.0%),中转开腹91例(6.0%).LC术后有7例出血,3例胆瘘,经过及时开腹手术或腹腔引流后均治愈.随访1～12个月,除1例发现有胆管癌外,其余1 525例均治愈,无死亡病例.结论:急性结石性胆囊炎行LC虽然难度较大,但只要把握好手术适应证,熟练地掌握LC操作技术,把握中转手术指征与时机,行LC术治疗仍然是安全有效的.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤12例

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤发生的原因、诊断及处理方法。方法 回顾性分析我院收治的12例腹腔镜胆惠切除术胆管损伤的临床资料。结果本组病例中腹腔镜胆惠切除术术中发现2例立即中转开腹手术,术后早期发现10例行再次开腹手术。其中,胆总管横断伤7例,胆总管和肝总管部分损伤3例,右肝管损伤2例。全部病例均痊愈出院,无严重并发症发生。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的发生主要与解剖病理及操作技术有关,早期发现、及时恰当再手术是改善预后的关键。     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.

     

Aspects of the problem of direct introduction of Standards of International Organizations

Editorial note. This article is published as part of a discussion. Particular issues of the article are disputable. First of all, this concerns the so-called “folder” method of introduction of international standards for medical devices to domestic medical practice (i.e., by direct translation of the standards and their publication as standardizing documents). Nevertheless, at least one of the problems, the problem of coordination between domestic state standards for medical devices and international recommendations of ISO and IEC, is undoubtedly of topical importance. Advancement of new health service legislation which is to be approved by law-makers will definitely introduce corrections into the present situation. The Editorial Board of Meditsinskaya Tekhnika believes this article will lessen these problems and to be welcomed by readers.