前臂游离皮瓣在口腔鳞状细胞癌切除术后缺损修复中的应用

目的探讨前臂游离皮瓣在口腔鳞状细胞癌切除术后缺损修复中的临床应用价值。方法分析2016年6月～2017年06月安徽医科大学第一、第二附属医院收治11例口腔鳞状细胞癌病例的临床资料,术中采用游离桡侧前臂皮瓣Ⅰ期修复重建口腔较大软组织缺损,总结临床手术经验。结果 11例舌、颊、口底等处缺损成功修复,术后外形恢复满意。术后半年随访,大部分患者皮瓣黏膜化明显,全部患者咀嚼功能基本恢复;部分患者舌及口底鳞癌术后语言功能稍有改变。结论游离桡侧前臂皮瓣移植修复是一种修复口腔颌面部软组织较大缺损的理想皮瓣选择。     

前臂桡侧游离皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的临床分析

目的总结前臂桡侧游离皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的经验。方法对14例前臂桡侧游离皮瓣修复口腔颌面部软组织缺损的病例进行回顾性分析,总结临床经验与教训。结果 14例前臂桡侧皮瓣移植术后全部成活,供区创面一期愈合,修复后口腔功能恢复良好,外形基本满意。结论前臂桡侧游离皮瓣解剖结构恒定、制备方便、厚薄适中,是一种理想的口腔颌面部软组织缺损修复皮瓣。     

锁骨上岛状皮瓣在头颈部肿瘤手术缺损修复中的应用分析

目的　探讨锁骨上岛状皮瓣在头颈部肿瘤术后缺损修复中的临床应用。方法　回顾性分析2018年12月~2022年3月中国科学院大学附属肿瘤医院头颈外科应用锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损32例患者的病例资料,其中修复下咽11例、气管8例、头颈部皮肤6例、喉部3例、口腔2例、食管1例及咽瘘1例。制备皮岛大小约（3～7）cm×（3～10）cm,皮瓣蒂部的长度约10～20 cm。记录皮瓣存活情况、受区及供区其他并发症情况。结果　32例患者中30例皮瓣全部存活,2例皮岛局部坏死。并发咽瘘6例（皮瓣均 存活）。肩部供区皮肤均直接拉拢缝合,无切口感染、肩部功能损伤等并发症。结论　锁骨上岛状皮瓣修复头颈部肿瘤术后缺损疗效可靠,适用范围较广,有较好的应用前景。     

游离组织瓣移植修复头颈部肿瘤术后组织缺损的临床分析

目的探讨吻合血管的游离组织瓣在头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损修复中的应用。方法2 0 0 3年5月～2 0 1 2年4月收集头颈肿瘤术后组织缺损患者1 0 0例,其中口腔4 7例,口咽部1 6例,下颌骨9例,颌面部20例,颈部6例,项背部2例;所有患者应用吻合血管的游离组织瓣(101处)修复组织缺损,其中游离前臂皮瓣61处,游离背阔肌皮瓣18处,游离腓骨肌皮瓣7处,游离腹肌穿支皮瓣2处,游离股前外侧皮瓣1 0处,游离髂骨肌瓣2处,游离肩胛皮瓣1处;观察游离组织瓣修复组织缺损处后的愈合情况。结果术后随访2个月至5年,患者术后外形及功能均恢复正常,101处游离组织瓣术后成活98处,坏死3处,成功率97.03%。受区和供区的并发症12/101(11.8%)。结论游离组织瓣移植在头颈外科修复中应用安全灵活且可供选择的组织瓣多,提高了患者的生存质量。     

游离组织瓣修复晚期颅底肿瘤术后组织缺损

目的 总结游离皮瓣在晚期颅底肿瘤术后组织缺损中修复的效果及适应证.方法 回顾性分析中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科1999年3月-2009年3月颅底手术后组织缺损修复的游离皮瓣共25例,其中背阔肌肌皮瓣9例,腹直肌肌皮瓣6例,腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣4例,股前外侧皮瓣3例,前臂皮瓣2例,腓骨骨肌皮瓣1例.颅底缺损类型分别为颅骨25例次,脑膜10例次,脑组织3例次,鼻腔鼻窦13例次,黏膜14例次,皮肤20例次.结果 23例(92%)游离皮瓣全部成活,1例皮瓣坏死,1例部分坏死.5例(20%)患者出现术后中枢神经系统并发症,其中脑疝死亡1例,颅内感染2例和脑脊液漏2例.结论 游离组织瓣修复技术可靠,适用于晚期颅底复发肿瘤,同时涉及皮肤或黏膜手术缺损的修复.     

股前外侧皮瓣修复口腔颌面组织缺损

目的总结游离股前外侧皮瓣在修复口腔肿瘤切除术后组织缺损的经验和教训。方法2004年12月-2005年12月应用吻合血管的游离股前外侧皮瓣修复舌鳞癌17例,口颊鳞癌6例和其他恶性肿瘤切除术后的口腔颌面部组织缺损8例,皮瓣(4～8)cm×(6—23)cm。术中同时气管切开4例。结果皮瓣完全成活者30例,成活率96．8％。3例术后12 h～4 d出现静脉血管危象,其中1例静脉血管危象和1例静脉血栓均抢救成功,皮瓣完全成活;另1例术后因皮瓣淤血时间较长,最后皮瓣坏死约25％。30例患者无瘤生存,1例术后8个月死于颈部淋巴结复发未控。结论股前外侧皮瓣厚薄适中,是修复口腔组织缺损的良好材料。皮瓣大小应与受区缺损大小相当,避免皮瓣挤压。肿瘤手术必须在保证安全切缘的同时,尽可能保留牙齿等重要的口腔功能结构;缝合皮瓣应防止扭曲血管蒂,避免静脉受压。修复软硬腭时加行气管切开比较安全。     

晚期扁桃体癌的手术治疗和修复

目的 :探讨晚期扁桃体癌的手术治疗方式及术后缺损的 期修复。方法 :对 7例晚期扁桃体癌患者 ,除 1例行改良颈清扫术外 ,余均行根治性颈清扫术 ,经口腔及咽侧进路肿瘤切除各 1例 ;经颈 -颌 -扁桃体联合进路肿瘤切除 5例 ,其中 3例采用前臂桡侧游离皮瓣 期修复 ,2例采用胸大肌肌皮瓣 期修复。结果 :经颈 -颌 -扁桃体联合进路肿瘤切除 ,并采用组织皮瓣修复的 5例 ,术后随访 1～ 5年 3个月 ,均健在 ,无肿瘤复发 ,功能恢复满意 ;经口腔及咽侧进路切除肿瘤的 2例 ,术后 2个月及 8个月肿瘤复发 ,分别于术后 1年及 2年 10个月死亡。结论 :对晚期扁桃体癌手术治疗宜取颈 -颌 -扁桃体联合进路肿瘤切除术式 ;同时 ,宜用前臂桡侧游离皮瓣或胸大肌肌皮瓣修复。     

折叠前臂桡侧游离皮瓣在上颌、腭部缺损修复中的应用

目的：探讨折叠前臂桡侧游离皮瓣修复上颌、腭部组织缺损的特点。方法: 应用折叠前臂皮瓣修复4例上颌、腭部恶性肿瘤切除后组织缺损。结果:4例前臂皮瓣修复全部成活,随访3～24个月,皮瓣与腭部黏膜伤口愈合良好,口鼻腔分隔良好,呼吸、语言和吞咽等口腔功能得以基本维护,面部和腭部外形较满意。结论:折叠前臂游离皮瓣是修复上颌、腭部组织缺损较好的材料之一。     

上颌窦癌游离皮瓣修复术后缺损的疗效观察

目的探讨上颌窦癌不同T分期术后游离皮瓣修复术后缺损的疗效。方法上颌窦癌术后游离皮瓣修复共30例，采用前臂桡侧游离皮瓣一期修复术后缺损18例，股前外侧皮瓣一期修复术后缺损12例。结果18例前臂皮瓣修复者中，17例成活，成活率94．4％；12例股前外侧皮瓣修复者中，11例成活，成活率91．7％。结论前臂桡侧游离皮瓣、股前外侧皮瓣一期修复上颌窦癌术后缺损是一种切实可行的有效方法。     

血管化游离腓骨肌皮瓣修复颌面部缺损

自Hidalgo于1989年首次报告利用游离腓骨肌皮瓣修复下颌骨缺损以来^[1],游离腓骨肌皮瓣在口腔下颔骨重建中的应用很快为头颈重建外科医师所接受。目前,游离腓骨肌皮瓣已经成为修复各种类型下颌骨缺损最常用的方法。我科自2004年5月-2007年11月,应用血管化游离腓骨肌皮瓣即刻修复口腔颌面部肿瘤术后缺损患者12例,效果满意,现总结如下。     

上颌骨缺损类型与游离组织瓣修复选择的初步研究

目的 观察和评价应用不同游离组织瓣Ⅰ期修复上颌骨切除术后缺损的效果.方法 同顾性分析1997年10月至2010年6月中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科应用游离组织瓣Ⅰ期修复因肿瘤切除造成的上颌骨缺损共66例,其中43例为术后复发挽救性手术.46例患者曾行放射治疗.上颌骨Brown缺损类型分别为:Ⅰ型10例,Ⅱ型13例,Ⅲ型23例,Ⅳ型20例.游离组织瓣种类有:腓骨肌皮瓣26例.前臂桡侧皮瓣10例,背阔肌肌皮瓣7例,腹直肌肌皮瓣7例,股前外侧穿支皮瓣7例,腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣5例,背阔肌-肋骨肌皮瓣2例,髂骨肌皮瓣2例.术后对29例患者进行外观和功能评估.结果 游离组织瓣修复成功率为93.9%(62/66).修复失败的4例中3例为腹直肌肌皮瓣,1例为腓骨肌皮瓣.术后对29例患者进行功能评估,62.1%(18/29)的患者恢复普通饮食,交流基本无障碍的比例为82.8%(24/29),对外观满意的比例为86.2%(25/29).结论 对于上颌骨Ⅰ型缺损建议主要采用游离前臂皮瓣修复,Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型主要以游离腓骨肌皮瓣,Ⅳ型采用穿支皮瓣修复.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of the distinct free flaps in reconstruction of different types of maxillectomy defects. Methods A retrospective reviews was performed of in 66 consecutive cases of reconstructions with free flaps for maxillary tumor ablation defects from October 1997 to June 2010. There were 43 patients who had recurrences after previous operations and 46 patients had accepted radiation therapy before. According to the classification of Brown's maxilla defect; 10 cases were in class Ⅰ ,13 in class Ⅱ , 23 in class Ⅲ and 20 in class Ⅳ. The reconstructive free flaps included 26 fibula flaps, 10 radial forearm flaps, 7 latissimus dorsi flaps, 7 rectus abdominis flaps, 7 anteriolateral thigh perforator flaps, 5 deep inferior epigastric artery perforators, 2 latissimus dorsi/rib flaps and 2 iliac crest flaps. Postoperative features and functions were assessed in 29 patients. Results The overall free flap success rate was 93. 9% (62/66). Three rectus abdominis flaps and one fibula flap failed. There were 29 patients who received postoperative function assessment Sixty-two percent of the patients restored to taking regular diets, 24(82. 8% ) patients had normal language communication ability, and 25(86.2%) patients were satisfied with their feature. Conclusions Radial forearm flap was recommended to reconstruct the class 1 defect, fibula flap to class 2 or class 3 and preforatoe flap to class 4.     

Combination of successive free transplants and osseointegrated implants in the reconstruction of the upper jaw

Various free flap transfers can be associated to reconstruct a defect after resections in the head and neck region. The use of these flaps can be synchronous (one-stage surgery) or metachronous (two-stage surgery) in order to correct or improve secondary residual deformities. A two-stage use of free flaps, first with an osteocutaneous scapular flap and second with a fascial radial forearm flap, is reported after total maxillectomy. The osteocutaneous scapular flap was used to restore function (swallowing, chewing, speech and cheek projection) and the radial forearm flap to improve esthetic facial morphology. Minor ancillary procedures were subsequently necessary to achieve the final result (brow lift, tarsal straightening and facial lift).     

上颌窦恶性肿瘤术后缺损及修复方法

目的探讨上颌窦恶性肿瘤术后缺损的外科重建及贋复体修复。方法60例上颌窦恶性肿瘤术中采用带蒂额瓣、胸锁乳突肌皮瓣、颞肌筋膜瓣、胸大肌皮瓣及腭瓣修复软组织缺损18例,术后选用贋复体修复50例。结果术后语音、吞咽、通气功能及面容恢复良好者占68.3%,一般占20%,较差者占11.7%。胸大肌皮瓣与腭部裂开3例,边缘坏死1例,内眦部皮肤瘘口3例,开口受限8例。结论外科重建与贋复体并用即刻修复上颌窦恶性肿瘤术后缺损,方法简便、经济,贋复体周围软组织良好的固位形和封闭性是功能恢复及面容美观的关键。     

Vascularized bone graft is a better option for the reconstruction of maxillary defects

We read the article of Kinnunen et al., which evaluated the result of maxillary defects, and feel some objections. We present our considerations of their operative indication and thoughts based on our surgical experiences. Defects after palatectomy, which have left no dentition for the retention of an obturator, require vascularized bone-containing free flaps. Local flaps are available in only small defects of Class 1 and 2a. Most palatomaxillary defects following malignant tumor abrasion are classified as 2b, 2c, 3, or 4, which require microsurgical free flap transfer combined with bony reconstruction. Regarding bony reconstruction, non-vascularized bone grafts tend to be absorbed. Thus, we believe that bony reconstruction should be performed with vascularized bone. We agree with the authors’ comment that PTMF may be useful in repairing defects due to complications in microvascular procedures in the palatal area. However, even when bone segment is required for salvage surgery, using a vascularized bone flap is more preferable. A parietal bone-fascial-periosteal flap based on the superficial temporal vessels is a suitable and reliable bone flap for the reconstruction of a maxillary defect following free skin flap transfer to the palate.     

游离股前外侧皮瓣在头颈外科中的应用

目的 总结应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复头颈肿瘤术后缺损的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2007年11月至2010年6月辽宁省肿瘤医院头颈外科应用游离股前外侧皮瓣修复重建头颈部恶性肿瘤术后缺损43例患者的临床资料.患者男32例,女11例;年龄40～81岁,中位年龄56岁.口腔癌23例,咽侧壁扁桃体7例,下咽癌11例,头皮癌、枕部肉瘤各1例.肿瘤分期:T1期9例,T2期17例,T3期11例,T4期6例.为保证有足够的安全切缘,所有患者手术切除范围为距肉眼所见肿瘤边缘至少2 cm,43例患者肿瘤切除术后应用游离股前外侧皮瓣进行修复重建,恢复咀嚼、吞咽及呼吸功能.皮瓣血管蒂长8～18 cm,平均12.5 cm.左股前外侧皮瓣41例,右侧2例.皮瓣面积(4～15)cm×(5～25)cm.结果 游离股前外侧皮瓣移植一期成功40例,1例术后第5天出现静脉血栓,重新吻合血管皮瓣成活.坏死3例,其中2例分别于术后第1天、第4天胸大肌肌皮瓣修复.1例第20天皮瓣坏死脱落后长肉芽愈合.11例下咽癌患者中3例行喉全切除术,8例保留喉功能(72.7%).23例口腔癌、7例咽侧壁扁桃体癌术后均恢复较好的咀嚼、吞咽、发音功能.头皮癌、枕部肉瘤患者较好地修复了大面积皮肤缺损.结论 游离股前外侧皮瓣修复技术可靠,成活率高,供区无严重并发症.皮瓣薄厚适中,可塑性好,是头颈肿瘤术后修复重建理想的修复皮瓣.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the results of reconstruction by free anterolateral thigh flaps ( ALT) after operation of head and neck tumors. Methods Forty-three cases underwent the reconstruction of postoperative defects with free anterolateral thigh flaps after head and neck cancer surgeries between November 2007 and June 2010 were reviewed. Ages of the patients ranged from 40 to 81 years, with a median of 56 years; 32 males and 11 females; 23 cases of oral carcinoma, 7 cases of tonsil carcinoma, 11 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma,and 2 cases of head skin cancer. TNM classified as follows; no case of distant metastasis; T1 9 cases; T2 17 cases; T3 11 cases; T4 6 cases. All patients were applied with ALT to restore swallowing and respiratory functions. The mean length of blood vessel pedicles of the ALT free flaps was 12. 5 (8-18) cm. The flaps were 4 - 15 cm in width,5 - 25 cm in length. Results In the 43 cases applied with ALT free flaps, 40 cases were successful and 3 cases unsuccessful. Two of the failed cases were reconstructed with pectoralis major flap. In 11 cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma, except 3 cases with total laryngectomy, 8 cases(72. 7% ) had their laryngeal function been preserved. Conclusions The successful rate of ALT free flaps is perfect. There were no serious complication in offered areas. The flap could be shaped into various forms. ALT free flap is an ideal flap to reconstruct the defect after surgery in some head and neck tumors.     

Microvascular reconstruction after previous neck dissection

BACKGROUND: Microvascular reconstruction of defects in the head and neck is more challenging in patients who have undergone a previous neck dissection, owing to prior resection of potential cervical recipient blood vessels used for free flap perfusion. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and safety of free flap reconstruction in patients with previous neck dissection. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Sixty free flaps were performed in 59 patients with a medical history of neck dissection for head and neck cancer. This included patients undergoing salvage surgery for recurrent cancer as well as patients undergoing secondary reconstruction of cancer surgery-related defects. Flap selection included 25 radial forearm flaps, 20 fibula flaps, 7 rectus abdominis flaps, 7 subscapular system flaps, and 1 iliac crest flap. RESULTS: Recipient vessels were used in the field of previous neck dissection in approximately half the patients with previous selective neck dissection, while contralateral recipient vessels were always used in patients with a history of modified radical or radical neck dissection. Vein grafts were not necessary in any cases. One arterial anastomosis that was created under excessive tension required urgent reoperation and revision, but there were no cases of free flap failure. CONCLUSIONS: Free flap reconstruction of the head and neck is highly successful in patients with a history of neck dissection, despite a relative paucity of potential cervical recipient blood vessels. Heavy reliance on free flaps with long vascular pedicles obviated the need to perform vein grafts in the present series, probably contributing to the absence of free flap failure. Previous neck dissection should not be considered a contraindication to microvascular reconstruction of the head and neck.     

Simultaneous noninvasive monitoring for radial forearm and fibula flaps using laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry]

AIM: In the literature currently available monitoring devices are usually divided into two major groups: those for monitoring perfusion and those for measuring tissue oxygenation. The O(2)C (oxygen to see) system combines these two ways of monitoring free flap viability. The aim of this prospective study was to determine the necessity of flap revision and when unnecessary revision can be avoided. Another point of interest was the question of whether critical values for the successful course of free flaps could be defined and in addition whether such values would differ for different flap types. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective study 82 free flaps (61 radial forearm flaps and 21 fibula flaps) were monitored with the O(2)C monitoring unit. Measurements were carried out intraoperatively and postoperatively up to 14 days. RESULTS: Perfusion compromise occurred in 12 (14.6%) of 82 monitored free flaps. Operative exploration was performed in seven cases, in five of them successfully. Five flaps (three radial forearm and two fibula flaps) were lost due to vascular compromise, which led to an overall success rate of 93.4%. Venous congestion was identified by a rapid increase in hemoglobin concentration of more than 30%. An abrupt decline of blood flow and hemoglobin oxygenation indicated arterial occlusion. Vascular complications were detected in all cases prior to clinical assessment with no false positive or negative results. For radial forearm flaps a hemoglobin oxygenation of 15%, a superficial flow of 10 AU, and a deep flow of 20 AU were identified as minimum values for flap viability. For fibula flaps a hemoglobin oxygenation of 10%, a superficial flow of 5 AU, and a deep flow of 15 AU were determined as minimum values. CONCLUSION: O(2)C combines laser Doppler flowmetry and tissue spectrophotometry and for the first time allows simultaneous measurement of the microcirculatory parameters including blood flow, flow velocity, hemoglobin concentration, and hemoglobin oxygenation. We found this new noninvasive technique to be a reliable and accurate method for evaluating flap viability and improving the success rate in free flap transfer.     

Radial forearm free flap pharyngoesophageal reconstruction

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluates the outcome of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction using radial forearm free flaps with regard to primary wound healing, speech, and swallowing in patients requiring laryngopharyngectomy. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review in the setting of a tertiary, referral, and academic center. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients underwent reconstruction of the pharyngoesophageal segment using fasciocutaneous radial forearm free flaps. RESULTS: All free flap transfers were successful. An oral diet was resumed in 85% of the patients after surgery. Postoperative pharyngocutaneous fistulas occurred in 4 patients (20%) with 3 resolving spontaneously. Distal strictures also occurred in 20% of the patients. Five patients who underwent tracheoesophageal puncture achieved useful speech. CONCLUSIONS: Advantages of radial forearm free flaps for microvascular pharyngoesophageal function include high flap reliability, limited donor site morbidity, larger vascular pedicle caliber, and the ability to achieve good quality tracheoesophageal speech. The swallowing outcome is similar to that achieved after jejunal flap pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. The main disadvantage of this technique relates to a moderately high incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistulas, which contributes to delayed oral intake in affected patients.