Gender, socioeconomic status and family status as determinants of food behaviour

This study examines social structural and family status factors as determinants of food behaviour. The data were derived from the FINMONICA Risk Factor Survey, collected in Finland in spring 1992. A multidimensional framework of the determinants of food behaviour was used, including social structural position, family status and gender. The associations between the determinants of food behaviour were estimated by multivariate logistic regression models, adjusted for age and regional differences. Food behaviour was measured by an index including six food items which were chosen based on Finnish dietary guidelines. In general, women's food behaviour was more in accordance with the dietary guidelines than that of men. The pattern of association between educational level and food behaviour was similar for both genders, but slightly stronger for men than women. Employment status was associated only with women's food behaviour, but the tendency was the same for men. Marital status was associated with men's as well as women's food behaviour. The food behaviour of married men and women was more in line with the dietary guidelines than the food behaviour of those who had been previously married. Parental status, however, was only associated with women's food behaviour, that is, the food behaviour of women with young children was more closely in line with the dietary guidelines than that of the rest of the women.     

The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors,Lifestyle, and Risk Perception on Dietary Patterns in Pregnant Women Living in Highly Contaminated Areas: Data from the NEHO Birth Cohort

During pregnancy, maternal nutrition and lifestyle play a critical role in influencing fetal development and newborn health outcomes. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors influencing the adherence to dietary patterns in pregnant women living in highly contaminated areas, and whether women with higher environmental risk perception manifest different nutritional behaviors during pregnancy. Food consumption data on 816 pregnant women from the Neonatal Environment and Health Outcomes (NEHO) residential birth cohort were analyzed. Dietary patterns were computed by principal component analysis. A multinomial logistic regression was also applied to identify sociodemographic, lifestyle, and pregnancy-related determinants of adherence to dietary patterns during pregnancy. Three patterns of food consumption—explaining 24.9% of the total variance—were identified as “prudent”, “high energy”, and “vegetarian” patterns. Results suggest that food choices during pregnancy follow a social gradient and align with other health behaviors during pregnancy: older, better educated, and physically active women with higher risk perception are more likely to follow healthier dietary patterns. Knowledge about what is eaten can contribute to dietary choices. Interventions to improve the prenatal nutrition knowledge of pregnant women are needed, especially concerning younger mothers and those with lower educational levels.     

Is Healthier Nutrition Behaviour Associated with Better Self-Reported Health and Less Health Complaints? Evidence from Turku,Finland

We examined nutrition behaviour, self-reported health and 20 health complaints of undergraduates in Finland. Students at the University of Turku in Finland participated in a cross-sectional online survey (N = 1189). For nutrition behaviour, we computed two composite food intake pattern scores (sweets, cakes and snacks; and fruits and vegetables), a dietary guideline adherence index and the subjective importance of healthy eating. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the association of students’ nutrition behaviour with three levels of self-reported health, controlling for many potential confounders (age, sex, living with partner, economic situation, moderate physical activity, Faculty and BMI). Factor analysis of the 20 health complaints revealed three components (psychological, pains/aches and circulatory/breathing symptoms). Multiple linear regression tested the association of students’ eating habits with the three components of health complaints, controlling for the same confounders. Fruits and raw and cooked vegetable consumption, dietary guideline adherence index and subjective importance of healthy eating were highest among students with excellent/very good self-reported health, exhibiting a decreasing trend for those individuals with poor/fair self-reported health. High levels of psychological symptoms were associated with decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, less dietary guideline adherence and less subjective importance of healthy eating. Pain/aches symptoms were associated with a higher consumption of sweets, cookies and snacks and a lower adherence to dietary guidelines. More healthy nutrition behaviour was consistently associated with better self-reported health and less health complaints. Of the four nutrition behaviour indicators we employed, the dietary guideline adherence index was the best indicator and exhibited the most consistent associations with self-reported health and health complaints.     

四川省成都市流动人口中孕妇营养知识及饮食行为的研究

目的描述成都市流动孕妇的营养知识、态度及饮食行为(KAP)现状,探讨其影响因素,为城市流动孕妇营养保健工作提供科学依据。方法采用问卷调查法对成都市171名流动孕妇进行调查。结果流动孕妇的营养KAP水平较差,总合格率为25.1%;营养知识合格率为27.5%,在对奶类营养价值和孕期不同阶段对营养需求不同的认识上低于当地孕妇,差异有统计学意义;营养态度普遍较好;对孕妇和胎儿健康特别重要的奶类、蛋类、豆类、海产品、动物内脏和血、坚果类摄入频率不足,尤其是奶类明显低于当地孕妇;营养K、A、P之间有显著相关性,相关系数分别为0.322、0.285、0.173;孕妇营养KAP水平主要受孕妇文化程度和丈夫职业的影响,标准偏相关系数(β值)分别为0.248、0.312(P<0.01);孕妇希望获得营养知识的主要途径是医护人员、营养师和专业书籍。结论目前成都市流动孕妇的营养知识和饮食行为存在诸多问题,应重点加强对流动孕妇进行专业营养知识和技能的宣传普及。     

武汉市孕妇营养知识、态度及行为调查及其相关分析

目的 了解武汉市孕妇营养知识、态度及行为情况,探讨三者之间的相关性。方法 采用问卷方法调查武汉市608例孕妇的一般情况和营养知识、态度及行为（KAP）。结果 武汉市孕妇的营养KAP水平总得分为（69．41±12．20）分,及格率为68．75％,孕妇营养认知水平处于中等偏下水平;营养态度较好;孕妇营养知识、态度和行为三者之间存在明显的正相关（ r值分别为0．132、0．794、0．197,均P＜0．01）;孕妇文化程度和职业与营养KAP水平有相关性,不同文化程度和不同职业孕妇营养KAP水平存在显著差异性（ r值分别为0．572、0．424,均P＜0．01）。结论 武汉市孕妇的营养知识和行为需进一步加强和改善,应根据孕妇文化程度、职业等采取不同方式的孕妇营养健康知识宣教,指导孕妇科学合理的安排饮食,促进孕妇健康,保护胎儿正常生长发育。     

孕妇营养素补充剂使用及影响因素分析

目的了解孕妇营养素补充剂使用现状及影响因素,为今后指导孕妇合理选用营养素补充剂提供科学依据。方法采用问卷调查方式收集473名孕妇基本信息、营养素补充剂使用、对营养素补充剂的认知情况和态度等情况,并进行分析。结果 473名孕妇中,有274人(57.93%)选用营养素补充剂,其中41.67%是接受医生推荐,选用较多的是维生素类,为168人(32.75%),选用维生素矿物质复合型类149人(29.04%),31.75%选择同时服用≥2种补充剂;营养素补充剂认知得分平均为(64.46±23.99)分,不同文化程度、职业孕妇认知得分差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);86.47%的孕妇不赞成长期服用营养素补充剂。结论孕妇营养素补充剂的使用具有一定普遍性,医生推荐是孕妇选用营养补充剂的主要原因;孕妇营养素补充剂使用与年龄、职业、文化程度、家庭收入等因素有关。     

成都市孕妇营养知识、态度及行为调查与分析

目的：了解成都市孕妇营养知识及饮食行为及其影响因素，为今后孕妇营养教育工作提供科学依据。方法：采用问卷调查法对成都329名孕妇进行调查。结果：成都市孕妇营养KAP水平较差，总合格率27．1％；营养态度普遍较好；营养行为中的主要问题是：孕妇特殊需要食物如奶类（74．5％）、蛋类（57．4％）、豆类（17．0％）、海产品（7．0％）、动物内脏（0．9％）和血（0．3％）、坚果类（15．2％）等摄入不足，主食（93．9％）、蔬菜（88．1％）水果类（80．2％）食物的摄人频率较合理；营养KAP之间有明显正相关性，孕妇的营养KAP水平与其文化程度和丈夫职业呈正相关关系；孕妇希望获得营养信息的来源主要是医护人员（79．9％）和营养师指导（43．2％）、专业书籍。结论：目前孕妇人群的营养知识和饮食行为有待改善，建议利用孕妇营养态度普遍较好的有利条件，提高医护人员的营养知识技能水平，加强孕妇及家人的营养教育，以促进母子健康。     

惠州市孕末期妇女营养知识态度行为的现况研究

目的了解惠州市孕末期妇女营养知识、态度及行为状况,分析影响孕期饮食行为的因素,促进优生优育政策的推广。方法随机抽取2007年6月-2008年6月在医院产科门诊接受围产期检查的1316名孕末期妇女,以面访形式进行问卷调查。结果孕妇营养知识得分（K分,x=70．68,S=21．32）和饮食行为得分（P分,x=81．15,S=14．81）相对较低,饮食态度较好（A分,x=118．40,S=14．66）;98．48％的孕妇愿意改变不良饮食习惯,51．30％有挑食习惯;孕妇的职业、文化程度、丈夫文化程度、家庭月收入与KAP得分均为正相关且有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;孕妇营养KAP3者均为正相关且有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论孕妇的饮食态度较好,但饮食行为仍不合理,建议加大孕期营养知识的宣传力度,使改善孕期营养的问题得到全社会的重视,通过指导孕妇合理饮食、均衡膳食,改变孕妇错误的饮食观念．以此促进优生优育政策的推广。     

Osteoporosis Prevention: Knowledge and Behavior in a Southwestern Community

Prior to developing an osteoporosis prevention education program and social marketing campaign, we sought to (a) establish current status of osteoporosis-related knowledge and behavior among women aged 25–55 years in Maricopa County, Arizona, and (b) assess factors that segment the population by age and ethnicity. Two-hundred women were surveyed by telephone using random-digit dialing selection. Data demonstrated knowledge of need to consume adequate calcium, but mixed understanding of forms of exercise that help prevent osteoporosis. Knowledge of osteoporosis prevention did not differ as a function of menopause status. Differences for Hispanic versus non-Hispanic women's knowledge showed fewer correct responses for Hispanics for dietary and physical activity questions, and more correct responses on the relationship between body weight and osteoporosis risk. Hispanic women and post-menopausal women generally fit the pattern of higher risk behaviors with Hispanic women exercising and using HRT less and postmenopausal women reporting lower calcium intake and physical activity and more tobacco use. Hispanic women appeared to have similar intake of dietary calcium despite lower levels of milk products. Social marketing campaigns for osteoporosis prevention should be segmented for cultural and age differences, especially considering differences in orientations toward exercise, milk consumption, and competing emphasis on other diseases.     

1 098例幼儿家长膳食营养知识-态度-行为调查

目的 了解开封鼓楼区幼儿家长膳食营养知识-态度-行为(knowledge-attitude-practice,KAP)现状,为有针对性地开展幼儿膳食营养健康教育工作提供科学依据。方法 随机抽取开封某区6所幼儿园家长1 200名进行《家长膳食营养知识-态度-行为问卷》调查。结果 家长的营养知识、态度、行为得分和总分良好率分别为56.4%、42.4%、33.3%、31.5%;家长每周摄入薯类、鱼类海鲜类、坚果类、粗粮、动物内脏、蔬菜的频率不足;家长的文化程度、职业和家庭角色是营养KAP得分的影响因素;家长行为得分与幼儿行为得分存在正相关(r=0.521,P＜0.05)。 结论 家长营养知识水平有待进一步提高,家长不良膳食行为广泛存在,膳食结构不合理;家长营养KAP得分与文化程度、职业和家庭角色相关;家长膳食行为与幼儿膳食行为之间存在一致性和相关性。     

晚孕妇女营养知识、态度和饮食行为调查分析

目的:了解济宁市晚期妊娠妇女营养知识、态度和饮食行为(Knowledge attitude practice KAP)及其影响因素,为开展孕妇营养教育工作提供理论依据。方法:采用问卷调查方法随机选择226例晚期妊娠妇女,对其一般情况和营养KAP进行调查。结果:济宁市晚期妊娠妇女的营养KAP总体水平一般,及格率为64.93%,营养态度较好,营养知识与态度、营养知识与饮食行为呈正相关,营养KAP得分与孕妇的文化程度和职业有关,文化程度越高,得分越高。结论:济宁市晚期妊娠妇女的营养知识水平和饮食行为有待进一步提高和改善,应根据孕妇的文化程度、职业等采取不同的方式开展孕妇营养健康知识宣教,指导孕妇科学合理的安排饮食,促进孕妇健康,保护胎儿正常生长发育。     

北京市密云区产后妇女避孕知识知晓情况及相关影响因素分析

目的:了解北京市密云区产后妇女相关避孕知识的知晓情况,为开展避孕宣教工作提供依据。方法:以2015年8-12月在密云区医院及密云区妇幼保健院住院的产后妇女作为研究对象进行问卷调查。问卷为自行设计,内容包括基本情况(姓名、年龄、联系方式、婚姻状况、户口性质、最高学历、职业、家庭人均月均收入、既往孕产史)和避孕知识知晓情况(10类常用避孕方法的使用条件、优缺点、哺乳期是否可以使用)。结果:715例被调查的产妇中,避孕知识得分41.5±20.4分,成绩60分者占18.3%。多元logistic回归分析显示,年龄、职业是避孕知识得分60分的独立影响因素。结论:密云区产妇避孕知识缺乏,应进一步对其进行更加全面、合理的避孕宣教,尤其是低年龄、特殊职业人群,以期做到真正的知情选择,维护女性生殖健康权宜。     

Nutrition knowledge and body mass index

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nutrition knowledge and body mass index (BMI). The General Nutrition Questionnaire was distributed to 500 individuals on the database of a large general practice. Results demonstrated that there was no significant correlation between levels of nutrition knowledge and BMI; however, a high level of nutrition knowledge was found among the sample. This suggests that a knowledge deficit may not be the most significant factor preventing overweight individuals from adopting a healthier diet and questions the utility of purely educational approaches to dietary behaviour change. Evidence-based health behaviour change techniques are discussed.     

Adequate Dietary Intake and Vitamin D Supplementation: A Study of Their Relative Importance in Determining Serum Vitamin D and Ferritin Concentrations during Pregnancy

Vitamin D is essential for human health. However, it is not clear if vitamin D supplementation is necessary for all pregnant women. This study examines the relative importance of dietary patterns and vitamin D supplementation frequency in determining serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and ferritin concentrations among pregnant women in Hong Kong, China. A total of 572 healthy women were recruited from antenatal clinics at 25–35 weeks pregnant. Participants completed an electronic version of the food frequency questionnaire and a web questionnaire on supplement use. Their blood samples were tested for serum 25(OH)D and ferritin. The associations of dietary patterns and vitamin D supplementation frequency with serum 25(OH)D and ferritin concentrations were analyzed using moderated hierarchical regression. Two dietary patterns were identified. The adequate dietary intake was characterized by the high probability of meeting recommended daily food group servings, whereas the inadequate dietary intake was characterized by inadequate consumption of vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, and eggs, or alternatives. The association between adequate dietary intake and serum ferritin concentrations was independent of vitamin D supplementation frequency (β = 0.05, p = 0.035), but dietary patterns interacted with vitamin D supplementation frequency to determine serum 25(OH)D concentrations (β = −13.22, p = 0.014). The current study presents evidence on the relative importance of dietary patterns and vitamin D supplementation in maintaining sufficient vitamin D and iron in pregnancy. Antenatal nutrition counselling services should be provided to pregnant women who show signs of inadequate dietary intake.     

The relation between nutritional factors and insulin–like growth factor–I in premenopausal women of different ethnicity

Summary Background Alterations in the insulin–like growth factor–I (IGF–I) system have been proposed as a metabolic link between nutritional factors and cancer risk. Aim of the study This study explored dietary determinants of circulating IGF–I and IGF binding protein–3 (IGFBP–3) levels among premenopausal women from different ethnic groups. Methods In a cross–sectional design, 258 women with a mean age of 43 ± 2.7 years donated blood approximately 5 days after ovulation and completed a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. The majority of the 97 Caucasian, 96 Asian, and 65 Mixed/Other subjects were born in the US. Serum concentrations of IGF–I and IGFBP–3 were measured by double–antibody ELISA. After creating quartiles for 13 food and 13 nutrient density variables, leastsquare means of IGF–I, IGFBP–3, and the IGF–I/IGFBP–3 ratio were calculated by quartile, while adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, and year of laboratory analysis. Results Whereas body mass index and dietary intakes varied significantly by ethnicity, IGF–I, IGFBP–3, and their ratio were similar by group. As the only food, fish showed a suggestive inverse association with IGF–I and the IGF–I/ IGFBP–3 ratio. Dietary fiber and vitamin A were positively related to IGF–I (p = 0.004 and 0.03), zinc with IGFB–3 (p = 0.0008), and iron with the IGF–I/IGFBP–3 ratio (p = 0.048), but the differences between the bottom and top quartile were less than 10%. Total energy, protein, carbohydrates, and total fat intake were not related to any serum measurements. Conclusions This study detected no ethnic differences in serum IGF–I, but it showed weak associations with dietary variables that require further investigation.     

Relationship of Social Roles and Nutrition Beliefs to Fat Avoidance Practices: Investigation of a US Model Among Danish Women

Objective This study was designed to investigate the associations among women's social roles, their nutrition beliefs, and their dietary fat avoidance practices. Role theory and prior qualitative research among US women provided the theoretical framework.Design/subjects A random-sample mail survey (76% response) was used to gather information on the usual pattern of dietary fat use, nutrition beliefs, and social positions of Danish women aged 30 to 60 years. A fat avoidance score was calculated for each respondent on the basis of 12 fat consumption practices. Sequential multiple linear regression was used to develop an explanatory model for fat avoidance using responses from 594 women.Results Interactions between nutrition attitudes and beliefs and social roles suggested that the roles themselves did not influence fat avoidance practices, but the nutrition beliefs associated with particular roles did have an influence. Among employed women, fat avoidance was lower among those who perceived many barriers to healthful eating. Among women who were not employed, fat avoidance was lower among those who perceived little social support for healthful eating. The association of fat avoidance with caretaking responsibility varied by age group. Caretaking was positively associated with fat avoidance among women in their forties, but not in older or younger age groups.Conclusions Nutrition messages should be tailored to fit women's unique social roles and the beliefs associated with them. Nutrition professionals in Denmark and the United States can adapt these findings to their own cultural context. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996; 96:580-584.     

Nutrition education intervention for college female athletes

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a nutrition education intervention for college female athletes to improve nutrition knowledge, build self-efficacy with respect to making healthful dietary choices, and improve dietary intake. DESIGN: A pretest-posttest control group design was implemented. PARTICIPANTS: A women's soccer team (n =15) and a women's swim team (n = 15) were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, respectively. INTERVENTION: The intervention focused on nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy in making healthful dietary choices, and dietary practices to demonstrate treatment effect. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dependent variables were nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy, and dietary practices. Independent variables were group assignment. ANALYSES: The Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyze the results between groups, and the Fisher exact probability test was used to detect differences between groups in the number of positive dietary changes. RESULTS: Treatment participants significantly improved nutrition knowledge, self-efficacy (P <.05), and the overall number of positive dietary changes (P <.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study reduces the paucity of nutrition education intervention research among athletes and demonstrates the ability to increase not only nutrition knowledge, which is typically reported, but also self-efficacy and improvement in overall positive dietary changes during an 8-week intervention.     

广东省外来务工妇女和本地妇女宫颈癌流行病学调查

目的 为掌握外来务工妇女宫颈癌流行病学情况,为其提供科学的宫颈癌防治决策依据。方 法2000年1月～2003年12月,采用宫颈刮片及阴道脱落细胞学检查分析,分别对广东省深圳市宝安区和佛山市3600名外来务工妇女和3600广东本地妇女进行宫颈癌筛查,疑似病例进行组织活检进一步确诊,并对调查对象的年龄、职业、文化程度及经济状况进行对比分析。结果 外来务工妇女宫颈癌检出率与广东本地妇女有显著性差异,明显高于本地妇女,而且患病有着年轻化趋势;不同的职业人群中,工人及服务业人员宫颈癌检出率较高;文化程度越低、经济状况越差者,宫颈癌检出率越高。结论 加大对外来务工妇女宫颈癌的普查普治工作,有效预防宫颈癌对外来务工妇女的危害。     

Lipid profile and socioeconomic status in healthy middle aged women in Sweden.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and full lipid profile in middle aged healthy women. PARTICIPANTS: These comprised 300 healthy Swedish women between 30 and 65 years who constitute the control group of the Stockholm female coronary risk study, a population based, case-control study of women with coronary heart disease (CHD). The age matched control group, drawn from the census register of greater Stockholm, was representative of healthy Swedish women aged 30-65 years. Five measures of SES were used; educational level, occupation, decision latitude at work, annual income, and size of house or apartment. MAIN RESULTS: Swedish women with low decision latitude at work, low income, low educational level, blue collar jobs, and who were living in small houses or apartments had an unhealthy lipid profile, suggesting an increased risk of CHD. Part of this social gradient in lipids was explained by an unhealthy lifestyle, but the lipid gradients associated with decision latitude at work and annual income were independent of these factors. Decision latitude, educational level, and annual income had the strongest associations with lipid profile. These associations were independent of age, menopausal status, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, obesity, excess abdominal fat, and unhealthy dietary habits. Of the lipid variables, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels were most consistently associated with low SES. CONCLUSIONS: Decision latitude at work was the strongest SES predictor of HDL levels in healthy middle aged Swedish women, after simultaneous adjustment for other SES measures, age, and all lifestyle factors in the multivariable regression model.     

Nahrungsmittelnachfrage, Ernährungsqualität und die rolle von ernährungsbezogenen Einstellungen und Wissen

The determinants of eating behavior in Germany are analysed, using the National Food Consumption Survey. In addition to income and sociodemographic variables, attitude and knowledge variables related to nutrition and health are included. First, the relationship between these variables and the demand for selected foods is investigated. Based on the consumption of various foods, indicators of dietary quality are established and the impact of the above mentioned variables on dietary quality is analysed. The results reveal a significant influence of sociodemographic as well as attitude and knowledge variables. Among others the educational attainment and attitudes towards a healthy nutrition were significant determinants of the eating behavior. The results are helpful in identifying sociodemographic groups whose eating patterns are of special concern and they also give some indications where nutrition education programs could be aimed at.