赖诺普利片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:评价国产和进口赖诺普利片的生物等效性。方法:18名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服20mg 国产和进口赖诺普利片,采用 HPLC 测定血浆中药物浓度,通过方差分析和双向单侧 t 检验比较2种片剂药-时曲线下面积(AUC_(0-60))。结果:2种制剂的 t_(max) 分别为(6.00±0.00)h 和(6.11±0.47)h,C_(max)为(110.37±23.35)ng·mL~(-1)和(109.18±26.06)ng·mL~(-1),2种制剂 t_(1/2)分别为(16.20±2.10)h 和(16.50±2.28)h,药时曲线下面积(AUC_(0→60)分别为(1531.73±239.08)μg·mL~(-1)·h 和(1535.39±170.93)μg·mL~(-1)·h。结论:2种赖诺普利片生物等效,相对生物利用度为(99.8±10.7)%。     

国产与进口齐多夫定胶囊在健康人体内生物等效性研究

目的:评价国产齐多夫定胶囊与进口齐多夫定胶囊的人体生物等效性。方法:20例男性健康受试者随机交叉单剂量口服国产制剂或进口制剂400 mg,采用高效液相色谱紫外检测器测定血浆中齐多夫定的浓度。2种制剂的齐多夫定血药浓度经BAPP 2．0程序处理,计算药动学参数及相对生物利用度,并对2种制剂的T_(max)及经对数转换后的C_(max)和AUC_(0-1)进行方差分析、双单侧检验及90%可信限判断生物等效性。结果:齐多夫定受试制剂与参比制剂的实测T_(max)均为(0．7±0．1)h,实测C_(max)分别为(2348．97±919．17)和(2396．94±876．44)ng·mL~(-1),梯形法计算AUC_(0-1)分别为(3012．64±723．42)和(3103．70±723．68)ng·h·mL~(-1),t_(1/2)分别为(1．34±0．35)和(1．47±0．42)h。国产齐多夫定胶囊的相对生物利用度为(97．8±12．3)%。结论:国产和进口齐多夫定胶囊在中国健康人体内具有生物等效性。     

人血浆中赖诺普利的液相色谱-质谱法测定及生物等效性研究

目的:建立液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)法测定人血浆中赖诺普利的浓度,并用于其生物等效性研究。方法:以依那普利拉为内标,采用Thermo Hypersil-HyPURITY C_(18)色谱柱,流动相为0．1%甲酸-甲醇-乙腈(58:25:17),HPLC-MS采用电喷雾离子化(ESI),选择正离子检测模式。结果:赖诺普利在2．5～320μg·L~(-1)浓度范围内线性关系良好。18名受试者单次服用20mg赖诺普利受试制剂或参比制剂后的主要药动学参数AUC_(0～48),AUC_(0～∞),t_(max),c_(max)分别为(1062±s 212)和(1055±214)μg·h·L~(-1),(1115±221)和(1136±224)μg·h·L~(-1),(6．1±0．6)和(6．1±0．5)h,(109±25)和(115±27)μg·L~(-1)。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(101±13)%。结论:该方法灵敏度高,无杂质干扰,结果准确。测得受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无显著差异,2种制剂生物等效。     

国产与进口吗氯贝胺片剂的生物等效性

目的:评价国产与进口吗氯贝胺的生物等效性。方法:20名健康受试者顿服300mg吗氯贝胺,采用自身交叉试验方法,以测定受试制剂的相对生物利用度,采用HPLC方法进行人血清药物浓度测定。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数t_(max)分别为(1.3±0.6),(1.3±0.7)h;c_(max)为(4096.2±1283.7),(3776.6±1241.3)mg·mL~(-1);AUC_(0→t)为(20313.3±10587.5),(1968.4±10178.6)ng·h·mL~(-1);T_(1/2)为(3.8±1.9),(3.7±1.8)h。2制剂间各参数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(103.8±8.8)％。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

硫酸茚地那韦胶囊的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的:评价健康受试者单剂量口服国产和进口硫酸茚地那韦胶囊的药动学及生物等效性。方法:20例男性健康受试者交叉单剂口服国产和进口硫酸茚地那韦胶囊800mg。用HPLC-UV法测定血浆中茚地那韦的血药浓度,并用SPSS 10．0统计软件对药代参数进行药动学及生物等效性研究。结果:受试制剂和参比制剂C_(max)分别为(13．14±3．92)和(13．51±3．23)mg·L~(-1);T_(max)分别为(0．63±0．18)和(0．63±0．17)h;AUC_(0→8h)分别为(23．02±6．24)和(23．62±7．27)mg．h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(1．2±0．4)和(1．2±0．5)h。受试制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度F为(99．2±13．9)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产阿奇霉素分散片人体生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种阿奇霉素分散片的人体生物等效性。方法:采用双制剂双周期自身交叉对照的方法,将22例健康男性受试音随机分为两组,口服阿奇霉案分散片受试制剂或参比制剂各1g。用HPLC-电化学检测法测定血浆中的阿奇霉素浓度,用DAS软件计算药动学参数,进行生物等效性评价。结果:阿奇霉素分散片受试制剂与参比制剂AUC_(0→132h)分别为(24,25±6．25)和(25．02±6．29)μg·h·mL~(-1);AUC_(0→∞)分别为(29．62±5．91)和(31．35±9．02)μg·h·mL~(-1);C_(max)分别为(1．18±0．17)和(1．18±0．21)μg·mL~(-1);T_(max)分别为(2．27±0．26)和(2．16±0．28)h;t_(1/2)分别为(39,89±9．36)和(42．27±9．62)h。与参比制剂比较,受试制剂相对生物利用度为(97．4±9．8)%。结论:口服阿奇霉素量试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

恩曲他滨片在健康人体的药动学和生物等效性

目的:评价国产恩曲他滨片和进口胶囊在健康人体的药动学及生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性受试者按2制剂双周期的交叉试验设计单剂量口服200 mg的进口恩曲他滨胶囊(参比制剂)和国产恩曲他滨片(受试制剂)后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中恩曲他滨的浓度,使用DAS 1.0软件计算药动学参数,用方差分析和双单侧t检验评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果:参比制剂和受试制剂的c_(max)分别为(2.4±s 0.6)和(2.1±0.5)mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.0±0.4)和(1.1±0.4)h;AUC_(0～14)分别为(9.2±1.4)和(8.7±1.1)mg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0～∞)分别为(9.6±1.4)和(9.1±1.1)mg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(3.1±0.3)和(3.1±0.3)h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(96±9)%,2种制剂主要药动学参数差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:2种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

辛伐他汀缓释片在比格犬体内的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究辛伐他汀缓释片在比格犬体内的药动学和生物等效性。方法:将6只比格犬随机分成2组,分别单剂量灌服20 mg辛伐他汀缓释片(受试制剂)和市售辛伐他汀片(参比制剂),不同时间采集血样,采用液相- 质谱- 质谱联用法测定比格犬体内的血药浓度并计算药动学参数。结果:参比制剂与受试制剂的C_(max)分别为(23.461±6.043)、(13.942±3.236)ng.mL~(-1);t_(max)分别为(2.158±0.396)、(4.116±1.145 3)h;t_(1/2) 分别为(4.564±0.645)、(8.143±0.679)h;AUC_(0～24 h) 分别为(118.647±31.989)、(129.977±29.853)ng.h.mL~(-1)。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂在吸收速率方面具有显著差异,二者不具有生物等效性。     

吉非罗齐片剂人体相对生物利用度及生物等效性

目的 评价国产吉非罗齐片剂的人体相对生物利用度及生物等效性。方法 用随机交叉、自身对照试验设计,18名健康男性志愿者,随机等分成两组,志愿者先后单剂量口服吉非罗齐片剂实验制剂或参比制剂后,在设计的时间点取静脉血,血药浓度用高效液相色谱法测定。由血药浓度数据获主要药代动力学参数,以方差分析法对主要药代动力学参数进行均数的差别检验,以双单侧t检验进行生物等效性判定。结果 单次服用600mg吉非罗齐片剂实验制剂或参比制剂后的主要药代动力学参数AUC_(0→10),AUC_(0→∞),C_(max)、t_(max)分别为91.13±18.14和94.14±16.20 μg·h·mL~(-1),95.17±18.31和98.51±16.74 μg·h·mL~(-1),29.29±6.98和32.17±8.68 μg·mL~(-1),1.67±0.35和1.53±0.42 h。实验制剂对参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(96.66±11.47)％。方差分析结果表明实验制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数之间无明显差异,双单侧t检验结果表明实验制剂与参比制剂为生物等效制剂。结论 吉非罗齐片剂与进口的吉非罗齐片剂为生物等效制剂。     

2种恩替卡韦制剂的人体生物等效性研究

目的:研究2种恩替卡韦制剂的人体生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者随机交叉单剂量空腹口服恩替卡韦胶囊(受试制剂)与恩替卡韦片(参比制剂)0.5mg后,采用液-质联用法测定人血浆中药物浓度,并用DAS2.1.1软件计算药动学参数和生物利用度。结果:恩替卡韦受试制剂与参比制剂在人体内的主要药动学参数分别为:c_(max)(4.21±1.26)、(4.06±0.80)ng·mL~(-1),t_(max)(0.6±0.4)、(0.6±0.2)h,t_(1/2β)(29.97±4.24)、(36.36±9.14)h,AUC_(0～96h)(10.84±1.80)、(10.50±1.25)ng.h.mL~(-1),AUC_(0～∞)(11.69±1.88)、(11.82±1.54)ng.h.mL~(-1)。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(103.7±16.6)%。AUC_(0～96h)的90%置信区间在等效范围内。结论:2种恩替卡韦制剂为生物等效制剂。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.