改良胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸的远期疗效

目的 总结改良胸骨上举术治疗漏我的远期疗效。方法 对１９８５年１０至１９９４年１０月期间,收治的１３７例漏斗胸病儿进行了远期随访,随访资料完整者１２１例。包括：胸廓外形、Ｘ线胸片,心肺功能检测。结果 除１例复发外,所有病儿的胸廓外形和漏斗指数都恢复正常,心功能亦恢复下沉但肺功能的恢复比较缓慢。结论 改良胸骨上举术治疗漏我可取得较满意的疗效。     

改良带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术治疗小儿漏斗胸

目的 探讨小儿漏斗胸的手术治疗方法。方法 １９８７年以来采用改良带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术,对２０例小儿漏斗胸患者进行手术治疗。结果 ２０例漏斗胸患者矫正均满意,经６～３６个月随访无复发,其中术前行骨质密度检测的患者,手术后６个月复查,检测值与术前相同。结论 改良带腹直肌蒂胸骨翻转术具有操作简便、出血少、胸肋片血运好、术后恢复快、凹陷畸形矫正满意、无复发等优点。值得在临床上推广。     

小儿漏斗胸的外科治疗

漏斗胸是最常见先天性胸壁畸形，可引起患儿呼吸循环功能损害及严重的心理创伤，产生一系列并发症。采用胸骨翻转术和胸骨上举术治疗漏斗胸，各有其不同特点及手术适应证。掌握正确的手术技术，并坚持术后疗法，可纠正胸壁的凹陷畸形，改善患儿运动耐受量及心功能，达到有效治疗目的。     

改良胸骨抬举术治疗儿童先天性漏斗胸268例

目的总结改良胸骨抬举术治疗儿童先天性漏斗胸268例的经验。方法2002年1月至2005年12月收治儿童漏斗胸268例中男213例，女55例；年龄2～16岁，平均（4．48±2．74）岁，其中2-3岁印例，3—6岁130例，6岁以上印例。均行改良胸骨抬举术，即胸壁横形小切口、断或不断胸骨、少切肋软骨、肋骨断端用丝线缝合、自行设计的钢板胸骨前悬吊固定。伴肺囊肿、大叶性肺气肿病儿同时行肺叶切除术；伴食管裂孔疝病儿同时行食管裂孔疝修补术；伴先心病病儿同时行先心病根治术。结果全组无死亡。术后除1例合并肺炎、2例皮下少量积液外，余恢复良好。所有病儿术后随访1～5年，除1例胸骨下段轻度凹陷外，余均有良好外观的胸廓。术后已取出钢板165例，均能维持原有胸廓形态。结论改良胸骨抬举术具有切口小、损伤轻、并发症少、疗效佳、固定牢靠、材料低廉，适用于任何类型的漏斗胸病儿，不失为目前治疗儿童漏斗胸的一种良好的手段。     

胸骨抬举加肋软骨成形治疗小儿漏斗胸

目的 总结胸骨抬举加肋软骨成形治疗小儿漏斗胸的经验。方法 1994年1月至2003年10月，采用胸骨楔形切骨后缝合固定和肋软骨部分切除成形后缝合固定的方法治疗57例漏斗胸小儿，随访6个月～10年，内容包括胸廓外形、临床症状、胸部X线正侧位片。结果 无手术死亡，除1例术后6个月胸骨出现轻度下陷外，其余矫形效果满意，临床症状明显好转，术后漏斗指数FI与正常儿童差异无显著性。结论 胸骨抬举加肋软骨成形治疗小儿漏斗胸近、远期效果满意。     

带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣翻转移植整复漏斗胸畸形

目的 探讨整复先天性漏斗胸的手术方法。方法 ①根据前胸壁漏斗状凹陷畸形的病变范围,设计胸骨前面皮肤正中垂直切口线。②采用带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣,前后翻转移植整复严重漏斗胸畸形。结果 1999年至2005年,于临床应用7例,全部获得成功,畸形矫正满意,术后无复发。结论 带腹直肌蒂胸骨-肋软骨瓣前后翻转移植是一种治疗漏斗胸前胸壁严重漏斗状凹陷畸形较好的方法。     

带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸22例

目的 总结带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸22例的经验.方法 1998年2月至2008年5月手术治疗漏斗胸22例,均为男性,年龄4～20岁,漏斗胸指数均大于0.2.全组均采用保留双侧胸廓内动脉和带腹壁上动脉的腹直肌蒂的胸骨180°翻转方式,翻转后两侧胸廓内动脉及两侧带腹壁上动脉的腹直肌均呈十字交叉状置于胸骨前.结果 全组病例术后胸骨凹陷均得到完全纠正,胸廓外形满意,术后无一例发生胸骨缺血坏死,切口均Ⅰ期愈合.术中胸膜破裂16例(73%),术后并发症主要为胸腔积液2例(9.1% ),均痊愈出院.术后住院10～15d(平均12d),随访3个月～4年,未见复发.结论 带上下血管蒂的改良胸骨翻转术治疗漏斗胸近远期效果满意.     

不切断胸骨和肋软骨的微创倒T形内固定术矫治儿童漏斗胸

目的总结不切断胸骨和肋软骨的倒T形内固定术治疗儿童漏斗胸的疗效。方法2005年5月至2007年5月采用不切断胸骨和肋软骨的倒T形内固定术矫治2~4岁漏斗胸患儿30例,其中不对称漏斗胸4例,合并肋缘外翻畸形12例。结果平均手术时间50(40~75)min,术中出血3~10 ml,术后4~9 d痊愈出院。30例胸骨均得到满意矫正,术后胸骨抬高平均3.1(1.5~5.0)cm,胸脊距平均6.2(4.0~9.7)cm。未发现并发症。随访15(3~24)个月,漏斗胸均获矫正,12例肋缘外翻畸形得到了满意矫正,仅1例患儿遗留胸壁不对称及扁平胸。结论该术式治疗2~4岁儿童漏斗胸具有手术时间短、创伤小、恢复快、手术瘢痕小、并发症少、效果满意、住院时间短和住院费用低的特点,简单易行,值得推广。     

改良Ravitch手术治疗成人复发性漏斗胸

目的观察改良Ravitch手术治疗成人复发性漏斗胸的效果。方法回顾性分析2007年7月至2010年1月新华医院收治的8例成人复发性漏斗胸患者的临床资料,均为男性;年龄18~26岁,平均年龄21.5岁。所有患者均采用改良Ravitch手术治疗。对术前症状、术中资料、术后结果进行分析。结果手术均顺利完成,术中无并发症发生,无死亡。患者胸廓畸形得到纠正,左右对称。术后发生左侧气胸2例,其中1例有胸腔积液,经胸腔闭式引流后治愈。无切口感染、浮动胸壁和反常呼吸等并发症发生。8例患者随访1~20个月,5例胸痛消失,1例胸痛明显缓解。呼吸急促等症状明显好转;无胸廓凹陷和浮动胸骨发生,无畸形复发。复查肺功能6例患者最大呼气中段流速(FEF)均80%,但用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒率(FEV1%)略有改善。结论成人复发性漏斗胸患者采用改良Ravitch手术再次矫正后可获得较满意的效果。     

复发性漏斗胸的外科治疗

目的总结复发性漏斗外科治疗的初步经验。方法 2012年1月~2014年12月对23例复发性漏斗胸行二次手术:Nuss术15例,改良Nuss术6例,Nuss术联合截骨1例,Ravitch术1例。结果 23例均顺利完成手术,无术中并发症。术中出血量10~150 ml,中位数20 ml。术后住院4~15 d,平均7.1 d。术后2例引流较多,积极胸腔引流加强营养等治愈。23例术后2年拆除钢板,均无复发。结论 Nuss术可作为漏斗胸修复失败患者再次矫正的首选术式,疗效满意。严重畸形漏斗胸复发患者,首选Ravitch术。     

Modified Ravitch procedure: using a pectus bar for posttraumatic pectus excavatum

Guidelines for surgical management of posttraumatic pectus excavatum have not been established due to the variable clinical manifestations and limited number of cases. A 34-year-old man who was involved in a truck-mixer vehicle crash 6 months previously complained of a depressed anterior chest wall deformity. The patient had successfully undergone subperichondral resection, sternal osteotomy, and pectus bar insertion placed under the depressed sternum, followed by bar rotation for elevation of the chest wall. This case illustrates that a modified Ravitch procedure, using a pectus bar, may be an alternative for posttraumatic pectus excavatum.     

One-stage operation in a patient with Marfan's syndrome, severe pectus excavatum and annulo-aortic ectasia]

A case of Marfan's syndrome complicated by annulo-aortic ectasia with pectus excavatum (Wada's 3rd grade classification) and aortic regurgitation (Seller's 1st grade) is reported in a 36-year-old man. We performed one-stage operation combining Bentall's procedure for the annulo-aortic ectasia and sternal elevation for the pectus excavatum. Few reports of one-stage operation for pectus excavatum and annulo-aortic ectasia in Marfan's syndrome have been published. If both diseases are present and surgical indications permit, one-stage operation can be performed to ensure protection of the heart and a satisfactory postoperative course. The best approach to the heart to obtain the most favorable operating field and the best chestplasty method that also assures closure of the median sternotomy are important considerations in one-stage operation. The most appropriate combination of these two operational variables must be assessed in each case.     

Correction of pectus excavatum with free latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap

The treatment of pectus excavatum in an adult patient using a free de-epithelialized latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap is described. While sternal elevation has been a standard method for the treatment of pectus excavatum, the procedure proposed herein is an appropriate option for patients with mild pectus excavatum who want to avoid invasive surgery and return to daily activities as soon as possible. Received: 24 June 1998 / Accepted: 8 December 1998     

Simultaneous repair of cardiovascular disorders and pectus deformity in a patient with Sprintzen-Goldberg syndrome: A case report.

We report a 12-year-old girl with Sprintzen-Goldberg syndrome (SGS) who was complicated with annuloaortic ectasia with aortic regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse with mitral regurgitation, and a severe pectus excavatum. In this patient, aortic root replacement, mitral valve replacement, and sternal elevation were simultaneously performed, and a version of Ravitch's procedure that was technically modified to support the sternum was used for sternal elevation. This modified sternal elevation technique gave excellent operative exposure, and maintained chest wall stability after the operation.     

A 26-year review of pectus deformity repairs, including simultaneous intracardiac repair

BACKGROUND: We reviewed our operative experience and long-term results with repair of pectus excavatum and carinatum deformities through a vertical midline approach, including those cases with simultaneous intracardiac repair. METHODS: From 1972 through 1998, 120 children underwent pectus deformity repair. Operative technique used a vertical midline incision with subperichondrial resection of deformed cartilages and an anterior sternal osteotomy. Thirty-five patients had a temporary metal bar for retrosternal support for 6 months; 85 underwent repair without a bar. Patients and parents were asked to assess the outcome after pectus repair as poor, fair, good, or excellent. RESULTS: There were 94 male and 26 female patients (mean age, 8.4 years; range, 3 to 21 years). There were 111 cases of pectus excavatum and 9 of pectus carinatum. Fourteen children (11.5%) had an associated congenital heart defect; 9 patients had simultaneous pectus and intracardiac repair. One patient was referred for emergent open heart repair and pectus repair after attempted "Nuss" repair resulted in a perforated right atrium, perforated right ventricle, and partially disrupted tricuspid valve apparatus. There were no deaths and only one significant complication, which required a return to the operating room for bleeding. Morbidity was not higher in patients with simultaneous intracardiac repair. Long-term follow-up was established in 83% of patients. Results were classified as excellent in 64 patients (64%), good in 25 (25%), fair in 8 (8%), and poor in 3 (3%). Thirty (86%) of 35 patients with a sternal bar had excellent results versus 34 (52%) of 65 without a bar (p = 0.004); 97% of patients who underwent repair with a sternal bar classified the result as excellent or good. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term results of pectus excavatum and carinatum repair through a vertical midline approach are excellent. Outcome with a temporary sternal bar is superior to outcome without a bar. Concomitant repair of congenital heart defects and pectus deformity may be performed successfully without additional morbidity.     

Simultaneous repair of pectus excavatum and tetralogy of fallot: report of a case.

We report an 18-month-old boy with the association of pectus excavatum and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). We successfully performed simultaneous pectus repair using sternal elevation without any prosthetic support and total correction of TOF after a prior modified Blalock-Taussig shunt. Retracting a divided costo-sternal complex with a rectus abdominal flap away from the operative field before the cardiac operation provided excellent surgical exposure. The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt prior to the combined repair prevented life-threatening hypoxic spells during dissection of the deformed sternum and costochondral cartilages before institution of cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Simultaneous repair of pectus excavatum and congenital heart defect in adults by using the convex bar

Simultaneous repair of pectus excavatum and cardiac lesions remains technically difficult. In adults, most repairs of pectus deformity and heart lesions have been performed through long incisions, sternal splits, excision of deformed cartilages, and sternal turnover, which can result in poor cosmetic appearance because of sternal devascularization. We performed concomitant repair of pectus excavatum and an atrial septal defect through a short midline incision in an adult. The sternum was fixed by using absorbable plates and screws and was supported by a convex steel bar. The cosmetic appearance remained excellent after the operation. The technique and a review of the literature are included.     

Transesophageal echocardiography during pectus excavatum correction in children: What happens to the heart?

ObjectivesCardiac compression in pectus excavatum remains difficult to evaluate. We describe the findings with intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography during pectus excavatum correction in pediatric patients.MethodsWe studied right heart changes during surgical correction of pectus excavatum by transesophageal echocardiograph. Four-D echo was associated to assess morphology of the tricuspid annulus.ResultsTwenty patients were included, mean age 13.5 (+/? 2.9). Mean preoperative Haller Index was 6.3 (+/? 2.63) and mean Correction Index 47.63% (+/? 12.4%). Preoperative transthoracic echocardiography at rest showed mild right heart compression in 6. Correction was gained by Nuss technique in 19, and Taulinoplasty in one. Initial transesophageal echocardiography showed compression of the right heart and deformation of the tricuspid annulus in all. During the sternal elevation, diameters of right atrium, ventricle and tricuspid annulus significantly improved: mean augmentation of right ventricle was 5.78 mm (+/? 3.56 p < 0.05), right atrium 6.64 mm (+/? 5.55 p < 0.05) and tricuspid annulus 6.02 mm (+/? 3.29 p < 0.05). The morphology of the tricuspid annulus in 4D normalized.ConclusionsPreoperative transthoracic echocardiography at rest underestimates right chamber compression in pediatric patients with pectus excavatum. Surgical correction improves diameters of the right ventricle, right atrium and tricuspid annulus and normalizes the morphology of the tricuspid annulus (4D).Level of evidenceLevel III.     

Surgical correction of pectus excavatum and carinatum

The author presents three decades of experience in the management of anterior chest wall deformities. During this period more than 800 operations were performed on patients with pectus excavatum and carinatum. In this series, there was no death and serious complications were rare. The author believes that the principles on which surgical treatment of pectus excavatum should be based are as follows: (1) bilateral removal of the "culprit" costal cartilages, (2) adequate mobilization of the sternum and correction of the sternal positional deformity by transverse osteotomy, (3) stabilizing the corrected position of the sternum with a substernal "hammock" support. Using this technique the author developed new surgical techniques for the correction of different varieties of chest wall deformities: Pectus excavatum, asymmetric pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum with xiphoid angulation, horizontal pectus excavatum, asymmetric pectus carinatum, chondrosternal prominence with chondrogladiolar depression, and recurrent pectus excavatum. The present method applied for correction of pectus excavatum utilizes the above principles and a substernal Marlex mesh support with bilateral muscle coverage. For carinatum repair, the author routinely uses positional correction of the sternum and sternal shortening. Patients who have significant pectus deformities should undergo surgical repair, preferably between one and eight years of age.     

Endoscopic correction of pectus excavatum.

Pectus excavatum has been most commonly corrected by either the sternal elevation or turnover methods. Both of these procedures require a long skin incision in the anterior chest wall. Endoscopic techniques have been introduced into the treatment of pectus excavatum since 1994 to minimize the skin incision to approximately 1 inch. Thirty patients with pectus excavatum (25 men and 5 women) underwent surgery employing the centimeter incision method assisted by the endoscope. The mean age at the time of surgery was 11.9 years (range, 4-45 years). The patients were classified as having one of three types of pectus excavatum: Type I (symmetrical and localized) was seen in 18 patients (60%), type II (symmetrical and diffuse) was seen in 5 patients (17%), and type III (localized or diffuse but asymmetrical) was seen in 7 patients (23%). Although the results of the thoracic cage correction achieved using our procedure were excellent overall, the results were best for type I, with clear improvement achieved in the funnel index-0.48 to 0.63. All of the patients recovered well without any severe complications, and both the patients and their families found the results obtained using this method to be quite satisfactory, especially because of the minimal postoperative scar.