肩胛下血管蒂组织瓣的解剖及其临床应用

目的　研究肩钾下血管蒂组织瓣的血供解剖 ,解决肩钾下血管蒂的联合组织瓣的临床应用。方法　采用 6具新鲜尸体标本 ,从肩胛下血管起始处灌注中华墨汁 ,观察皮肤着色范围 ,于背阔肌上缘、前缘、肩胛岗、腋前线和髂嵴平面分别切取组织块做连续切片 ,应用Luzex F图像分析仪 ,观察皮瓣间微血管构筑。结果　肩胛皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣、侧胸皮瓣间存在非常丰富的血管吻合网。临床上以肩胛下动静脉为血管蒂 ,包含肩胛皮瓣、背阔肌肌皮瓣、侧胸皮瓣联合移植修复巨大软组织缺损 ,吻合血管移植 6例 ,轴型皮瓣移植 5 0例 ,均获成功。结论　肩胛下血管蒂联合组织瓣是一个理想的供区 ,可用于移植修复大范围组织缺损。     

带血管背阔肌瓣构建侧支循环治疗闭塞性脉管炎的应用解剖

目的：为吻合血管的背阔肌瓣构建膝周侧支循环治疗血栓性闭塞性脉管炎提供解剖学依据。方法：在34侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人尸体标本上，分别对肩胛下动脉及胭动脉的起始、分支、及分布进行解剖学观察。结果：肩胛下动脉与胭动脉分支胫后动脉、胫前动脉、腓动脉起始外径分别为3．90、4．68、42．9、27．3mm，以肩胛下动脉为蒂的背阔肌瓣可以在膝周构建一支相当重要的侧支循环。血管闭塞的位置决定着切口的选择。结论：肩胛下动脉为蒂的背阔肌瓣血管化后对血栓性闭塞性脉管炎的治疗有一定的可行性。     

旋股外侧血管蒂复(联)合组织瓣移植的解剖学基础

目的：为以旋股外侧血管蒂复(联)合组织瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：50侧成人下肢标本解剖观察旋股外侧动脉分支起始类型及其分布。结果：旋股外侧动脉分支起始主要有3型：Ⅰ型：旋股外侧动脉发升支、横支和降支占76％；Ⅱ型：升支、横支、降支由两干从股深动脉或股动脉发出占20％；Ⅲ型：升支、横支、降支单独从股深动脉或股动脉发m占4％。升支恒定分支分布于阔筋膜张肌和髂嵴前外侧部；横支分支分布于股外侧肌上部和大转子前外侧部；降支分支分布于股外侧肌和股前外侧部皮肤。结论：76％可以旋股外侧血管为蒂形成：①升支阔筋膜张肌皮瓣和／或髂骨瓣；②横支大转子骨瓣或骨膜瓣；③降支股前外侧皮瓣。20％则可以升支和横支或横支和降支共十形成相应两个组织瓣：     

以颈横动脉浅支为蒂肩胛冈骨瓣枕颈融合术的应用解剖

目的：为枕颈融合术提供带血管蒂骨瓣转位术的应用解剖学基础。方法：在３０侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上，解剖观测颈横动脉浅支的走行、分支及分布；另在１侧标本上摹拟手术设计。结果：颈横动脉浅支主要分支有肩胛冈支和斜方肌支。肩胛冈支外径１．６±０．３ｍｍ，长度４．９±０．６ｃｍ；斜方肌支可分为升支和降支，其中升支水平横向正中线，在第７颈椎棘突附近与颈深动脉后支及邻近皮支相吻合，斜方肌支—升支长达６．７ｃｍ，起始外径１．５±０．３ｍｍ。结论：在颈横动脉肩胛冈支和斜方肌支分支前结扎动脉干，可以斜方肌支—肩胛冈支为蒂设计肩胛冈骨瓣转位行枕颈融合的术式。     

前锯肌瓣移位的解剖学基础

<正> 为探讨前锯肌瓣在头、颈、胸部外科手术移位的可能性,我们对40例前锯肌的血管蒂(起自液动脉的肩胛下-胸背动脉血管轴)进行了解剖观察。此肌的位置特点是:自胸前外侧壁伸至肩胛骨内侧缘,手术入路方便,血供来自肩胛下动脉分出的胸背动脉,恒定可靠,转位的弧度大,     

前锯肌下部肌皮瓣移植的应用解剖

目的：为前锯肌下部肌皮瓣移植提供解剖学基础。方法：在２５具（５０侧）成人尸体标本上，对前锯肌下部的形态、血供和神经支配进行了应用解剖学观测。结果：前锯肌下部的血供主要来自胸背动脉的前锯肌支，外径１．３±０．２ｍｍ，伴行静脉外径１．５±０．２ｍｍ，长４．９±１．１ｃｍ；由胸长神经支配，其横径为１．７±０．４ｍｍ，神经干长７．７±１．４ｃｍ。结论：以胸背血管及前锯肌支为血管蒂和胸长神经为蒂可切取前锯肌下部１２．０ｃｍ×９．０ｃｍ的肌皮瓣，修复较大创面或重建肌动力     

肩胛—侧胸联合皮瓣移植的解剖学基础

在36侧从动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体标本上,解剖观测了肩胛—侧胸皮瓣的血管类型、分支和分布等.本文观察结果,83.3％可以肩胛下血管为蒂,带旋肩胛血管和胸背血管,形成肩胛—侧胸联合皮瓣.文中对皮瓣的设计、切取方法等有关的解剖学进行了讨论.     

三边孔的解剖学观测及其临床意义

目的:了解三边孔的形态,为临床制作旋肩胛血管蒂肩胛骨骨皮瓣、肌瓣和肌皮瓣提供解剖学依据。方法:解剖观测32侧成尸肩胛区三边孔的形态及经过三边孔的旋肩胛动、静脉的外径及其位置毗邻关系。结果:三边孔外侧壁长(15.51±1.8)mm,上壁长(25.1±5.4)mm,,下壁长(25.7±4.5)mm。旋肩胛动脉宽径(2.6±0.7)mm;旋肩胛静脉上支宽径(2.6±0.7)mm,下支宽径(2.4±0.7)mm。肩胛下神经宽径(2.1±0.6)mm。旋肩胛动、静脉在入三边孔前与肩胛下神经伴行。结论:旋肩胛动脉在三边孔内的投影点,对手术寻找该血管具有指导作用。     

修复小腿的三种常用皮瓣的主干动脉直径及长度的解剖学研究

目的：评估国人胸脐皮瓣、背阔肌皮瓣及股前外侧皮瓣的主干动脉直径及长度及其在小腿修复中的应用价值。方法：采用成年尸体下肢标本30侧,解剖并观测胫前动脉、胫后动脉的直径,观测肩胛下动脉、胸背动脉、旋肩胛动脉、腹壁下动脉、旋股外侧动脉降支的直径及长度。结果：修复小腿的三种常用皮瓣的主干动脉与胫前、胫后动脉的直径基本匹配,但主干动脉长度相差较大,从高到低分别为股前外侧皮瓣（92．7±25．3）mm、背阔肌皮瓣（88．4±20．8）mm、胸脐皮瓣（75．8±17．0）mm。结论：采用游离皮瓣移植修复小腿软组织缺损时,注意不同皮瓣的主干动脉直径及长度有助于吻合成功。     

大转子区筋膜骨膜血管分布及其临床意义

目的：为股方肌蒂大转子筋膜骨膜骨瓣移位术提供解剖学基础。方法：在３４侧下肢标本上对大转子区筋膜和骨膜的形态特点及其血供进行了解剖学观察。结果：大转子区筋膜较厚,分浅、深两层,与臀大肌筋膜和大转子骨膜通过疏松结缔组织相连。筋膜和骨膜的动脉来源为多源性,来自旋股内侧动脉深支、臀下动脉大转子支、第１穿动脉升支、旋股外侧动脉升支和横支。它们在大转子形成广泛的吻合。旋股内侧动脉深支管径为１．７±０．５ｍｍ,长３．３±０．７ｃｍ,其筋膜支和骨膜支是大转子的主要营养血管。臀下动脉大转子支管径１．４±０．５ｍｍ,长５．２±０．８ｃｍ,常与旋股内侧动脉深支吻合。结论：带筋膜血管的骨膜骨瓣比不带筋膜的骨膜骨瓣血供丰富。根据大转子区筋膜和骨膜的血管分布特点,可设计带筋膜血管的股方肌蒂大转子骨膜骨瓣。     

带血管蒂肱骨中段骨膜瓣移位术的应用解剖

目的 :为带血管蒂肱骨中段骨膜瓣移位术提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 8侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人尸体上肢标本上对肱骨中段前内侧面和部分前外侧面骨膜血管的来源、走行、分支、分布及吻合进行观测 ,并在 4侧标本上摹拟手术实验。结果 :旋肱前动脉主干行经喙肱肌和肱二头肌短头深面 ,绕肱骨外科颈外进至结节间沟外侧缘处分出升支和降支 ,升支上行分布于肱骨头及小结节部 ,降支有 2条分别沿胸大肌止腱内、外侧紧贴骨膜下行 ,为内侧降支和外侧降支。肱动脉肌间隙支自肱动脉发出后向外上走行至三角肌止端内侧发一升支即直接骨膜支上行连接旋肱前动脉的内侧降支。结论 :以旋肱前动脉内侧降支和肱动脉肌间隙支为蒂的肱骨中段骨膜瓣移位可用于修复肱骨头缺血性坏死和肱骨上、中段骨不连、骨缺损。     

上侧胸部穿支的应用解剖学研究

目的　对上侧胸部皮肤的血供分布规律进行解剖学研究,为上侧胸部皮瓣的设计提供解剖学依据。 方法　新鲜成人标本10具,灌注红色乳胶氧化铅混合物后行螺旋CT进行扫描,后数据输入Mimics 13软件进行三维重建;然后进行解剖,观察并记录第9肋以上腋中线周围管径大于0.5 mm的穿支的管径、穿出点、走形于筋膜的长度及与周围血管的吻合关系;将其中2具标本躯干的被覆组织剥离下来,行X线摄影。 结果　第3、第4肋间后动脉在侧胸壁的外侧支支常常缺失或管径细小。该区域的皮肤血供分布来源于旋肩胛动脉、胸外侧动脉及胸背动脉近端的穿支。10具标本共中解剖到了109支位于第5至第8肋间隙的肋间后动脉肌皮穿支;90%侧标本上有一支优势穿支的存在,外径为（0.9±0.3）mm。在25%的标本中,可以发现优势穿支与肩胛下动脉前锯肌支的分支有吻合。 结论　 ①上侧胸部可以切取以胸背动脉外侧支为蒂大型跨区皮瓣;②第5至第8肋间隙存在恒定的肋间后动脉外侧穿支,可以切取以肋间后动脉外侧穿支皮瓣来修复四肢及躯干部皮肤缺损。     

Rare variation of the arm artery: coexistence with the superficial brachial and superficial subscapular arteries in the absence of the normal brachial artery

A rare variation in the arterial pattern was found in the right arm of an 87-year-old male cadaver in a student dissection practice. In this case, the superficial brachial and superficial subscapular arteries coexisted in the absence of the normal brachial artery (A. brachialis profunda). After branching off a large-sized superficial subscapular artery, the axillary artery did not penetrate the brachial plexus and gave rise to a superficial brachial artery, which arose from the axillary artery at the point between the ansa pectoralis and ansa mediana, and descended ventral to the median nerve branching off the profunda brachii and superior and inferior ulnar collateral arteries. The superficial brachial artery finally divided into the radial and ulnar arteries in the cubital fossa. The superficial subscapular artery passed inferior and dorsal to the medial cord of the brachial plexus, giving off the lateral thoracic artery, and then branched off into the thoracodorsal, circumflex scapular and posterior circumflex humeral arteries. Thus the main nerves of the brachial plexus were sandwiched between the superficial brachial artery and the superficial subscapular artery system. The morphological and clinical significance of this variant are discussed.     

旋肱前血管外侧降支为蒂肱骨上段骨膜瓣的应用解剖

目的：为带旋肱前动脉外侧降支为蒂的肱骨上段外侧面骨膜瓣痊术提供解剖依据：方法：在３８侧经动脉环绕色乳胶的成人上肢标本上对旋肱前上侧降支的来源、走行、分布进行了了解剖学观测,并在４侧标本上不幕拟手术实验。结果：旋肱前动脉经 肱肌和肱二头肌短头深面,绒上科颈外进至结节间沟外侧缘分别分出升支和降支。升支上行分布于肱骨头和小结节部。降支有２条分别沿胸大肌止腱内、个侧紧贴骨膜下行,为内侧降支和外侧降支。外侧     

Distal variations of the neurovascular pedicle of the serratus anterior muscle as a flap

The serratus anterior muscle has recently been suggested as a versatile and reliable flap for reconstruction of complex craniofacial and neck lesions, extremity and sacroiliac region injuries, as well as intrathoracic and extrathoracic reconstruction procedures. The muscle has been used as a microvascular flap or a pedicled transfer and has been transferred in combination with other muscles, bones, and skin. We performed 15 dissections of adult axilla regions that were examined under ×3.5 loupe magnification to collect anatomic data regarding the neurovascular pedicle of the serratus anterior muscle. The serratus muscle and fascia were found to have a dual blood supply, with the upper part supplied by the lateral thoracic artery and the lower part by terminal branches of the thoracodorsal artery. The lateral thoracic artery was noted to supply the upper four slips but it extended into the lower serratus anterior muscle in two cases. Seven branching patterns were found in the lower serratus anterior muscle. In type I, the only branch of serrati proceeded over the long thoracic nerve. Type II had the only branch of serrati proceeding under the long thoracic nerve. In type III, double branches of serrati proceeded over the long thoracic nerve; while in type IV branches of serrati ran with a double branch under the long thoracic nerve. In type V, three serrati branches proceeded over the long thoracic nerve. Type VI serrati branches were branches of thoracodorsalis, which was hypoplastic, and the supply was maintained from the lateral thoracic artery. In type VII, one serrati branch ran over the long thoracic nerve. There was no connection between the branches of serrati and the branches of the lateral thoracic artery. The length of the long thoracic nerve, the number of motor axons and the vascular network in anatomic proximity to this nerve make it an expendable but powerful source of reconstructions of head, neck, chest wall and extremity defects. Results of this study provide an anatomic framework to improve current reconstructive or aesthetic procedures on the serratus anterior neurovascular structures.     

The osteo-muscular dorsal scapular (OMDS) flap. Anatomic basis of a new pedicled flap for mandibular reconstruction

The fibula free flap has become the dominant free flap for all mandible reconstructions, except in case of severe peripheral vascular disease. In these cases we propose to use the pedicled osteo-muscular dorsal scapular flap as an alternative technique. This flap is an original technique, it is pedicled on the dorsal scapular vessels with harvesting of the medial border of the scapula and the lateral part of the rhomboid muscles. We carried out an anatomic study of the scapular region on 33 subjects in order to describe the surgical landmarks of the dorsal scapular pedicle. We determined the feasibility of this technique using a ten fresh cadavers and performed this flap on three patients. In most cases (58%), the dorsal scapular artery passed very close to the superior angle of the scapula and ran lateral to the medial border of the scapula, in 42% of cases the artery divided into a lateral branch which stayed deep to the medial border of the scapula and a medial branch which ran deep to the rhomboid muscles. In all cases an anastomosis between the dorsal scapular artery and the descending branch of the transverse cervical artery was present. In this technique, after harvesting the medial border of the scapula and the lateral part of the rhomboid muscles, the flap has been transposed in the cervical region through a tunnel under the superior part of the trapezius. This technique has been used in three patients after lateral resection of the mandible. The functional results were good, allowing the preservation of the scapular elevation.