股方肌神经髋关节支切断术的应用解剖

目的：为股方肌神经髋关节支切断术提供解剖学依据。方法：对５０侧成人股方肌神经的起始、走行、分支和分布进行了解剖观测。结果：９８％的股方肌神经发自梨状肌下缘以上，发出点到股方肌上缘的长度为６．１±０．７ｃｍ，在梨状肌下缘下方０．９ｃｍ至股方肌上缘间发出２～５支髋关节支，分布于髋关节的坐股囊韧带和关节囊的后下部。结论：在梨状肌下缘至股方肌上缘间切断股方肌神经发出的髋关节支，可解除髋关节后部及下部的疼痛     

肩胛上神经肩关节支的解剖学观测

在30侧成人尸体上肢标本上观测了肩胛上神经肩关节支的数目、起始、走行和分布,其中肩关节支数为2～4支;在上关节支中有66.6±8.6%穿过肩胛上孔,下关节支中有93.3±4.6%穿过肩胛下孔.根据结果探讨了引起肩周炎疼痛的原因与肩关节支受压有关.     

股神经和闭孔神经肌支转位的解剖学测量和神经纤维定量

目的　探索股神经肌支转位修复闭孔神经损伤与闭孔神经肌支修复股神经损伤的应用解剖。 方法　游标卡尺测量20具成人尸体股神经和闭孔神经肌支的长度;6具死亡3~10 h内尸体,其股神经和闭孔神经的肌支经Karnovsky-Roots法染色后,图像分析仪测量它们的横切面积和神经纤维数量。 结果　股神经肌支中股内侧肌长支最长,近端横断面积最大;闭孔神经肌支中股薄肌支最长,大收肌支近端横切面积最大。每条肌支内均以躯体运动纤维含量最高,股神经肌支中股内侧肌长支躯体运动纤维数量最多,而闭孔神经肌支中大收肌支最多,其次是股薄肌支。各肌支中γ-薄髓神经纤维的含量,股神经的肌支中以股内侧肌短支和股直肌支较高;而闭孔神经肌支中短收肌支含量最高。 结论　基于各肌支长度、近端横断面积和神经纤维数量的综合考虑,股神经和闭孔神经损伤修复中,股内侧肌长支和股薄肌支宜为供体神经;股内侧肌短支和股直肌支以及大收肌支宜为受体神经。     

桡神经浅支移位尺神经浅支术及其解剖学基础

颈 5 /6或颈 6/7和少部分颈 4/5颈椎损伤导致的四肢瘫 ,除手部运动功能障碍外 ,手掌小鱼际区和环、小指皮肤感觉丧失亦给病人带来极大不便。我们采用桡神经浅支桡侧支移位缝接尺神经浅支的方法重建手掌小鱼际区和环、小指的感觉功能 ,取得良好的效果。1　临床资料本组 6例 (男 4,女 2 ) ,平均年龄 2 7(1 9～ 40 )岁。颈 5 /6损伤 3例 ,颈 6/7损伤 2例 ,颈 4/5损伤 1例。伤后至手术时间平均 2 (1～ 5 )年。2　手术方法2 .1　术前详细检查手背桡侧和拇、示指间和中指桡侧的皮肤感觉 ,若此处的皮肤痛温觉、触觉均在Ｓ3级以上者 ,说明桡神经浅支…     

桡神经肱肌支的解剖学研究

目的：研究桡神经的肱肌支的形态特点。方法：对７２侧固定尸体的桡神经肱肌支进行解剖与测量，并分为三种不同的类型进行比较。结果：桡神经存在肱肌支出现率为５１．４％（３７侧）。肱肌支的出现以单侧多见，与性别、侧别无关。对肱肌支的起始点、入肌点、长度及横径测量结果，将其归分为：上升型、下降型和水平型三种类型。肌支的起始点在Ｈｕｅｔｅｒ＇ｓ线上３．０～９．６ｃｍ，入肌点在Ｈｕｅｔｅｒ＇ｓ线下０．２～线上９．５ｃｍ，肌支长度０．７～９．６ｃｍ，横径为０．４～２．０ｍｍ。结论：桡神经的肱肌支较普遍存在，行上臂、肘部手术时，应对其加以保护，尤其是在肌皮神经已有损伤者更应如此     

经口腔翼管神经切断术的解剖学基础及临床应用

在３３例成人干燥颅及５例湿性颅标本上，观察了翼管的位置，形态及毗邻关系，翼管位于翼突出侧板基部内，其长度为１４．２７±１．６７ｍｍ，管内径为２．００±０．４３ｍｍ，可分为前、中，后三段，中段为理想的手术钻探部位，其钻探角度为２２．９°～２３．５°，钻探深度为５．０～５．３ｍｍ，经１３例临床应用，效果满意。     

闭孔神经髋关节支的应用解剖

目的:为闭孔神经髋关节支切断术提供应用解剖学基础。方法:对50侧成人闭孔神经髋关节支的发出、走行、分支和分布进行解剖学观测,并结合临床应用进行了有关讨论。结果:闭孔神经髋关节支78％发自闭孔神经盆段,恒定起自主干的后外侧;起自闭膜管内段的占8％;起自闭膜管外段的占14％。起始处横径为1.5±0.1mm,以1～5支分布于髋关节的前内侧及深部。结论:闭孔神经髋关节支切断术,盆内入路优于盆外入路。     

正中神经与肌皮神经2支交通支1例

笔者在解剖 1具老年男性尸体时发现其右侧正中神经和肌皮神经之间有 2个交通支相连 ,现报道如下 :组成右侧臂丛的 5个神经根先形成上、中、下干 ,每干都分前、后股 ,其上、中干的后股在腋动脉的后方合并下行 2 .7ｃｍ后再与下干后股合并形成后束 ,其合并处横径 2 .1ｍｍ ,后束下行 1.8ｃｍ分出桡神经和腋神经。上、中干的前股合成外侧束 ,外侧束在胸小肌上缘后方胸肩峰动脉起始处的外侧发出正中神经外侧根 (横径0 .8ｍｍ)和肌皮神经 (横径 2 .3ｍｍ)。肌皮神经在腋动脉的外侧向外下行至 2 .5ｃｍ处胸小肌下缘后方发出 :①喙肱肌支 ,支配喙肱…     

正中神经返支卡压及易损伤部位的解剖学基础

目的：探讨腕管综合征术后大鱼际功能恢复不良的原因与返支易损伤部位。方法：对20侧成人新鲜上肢标本进行显微解剖，观测正中神经返支走行中存在的卡压因素以及易损伤部位。结果：(1)拇短屈肌浅头尺侧存在腱弓及腱纤维束结构，对正中神经返支形成卡压；(2)住屈肌支持带远侧返支与掌腱膜关系密切，在此部位掌腱膜可对返支形成卡压或术中易误伤返支；(3)走行中返支与拇长屈肌腱和示指屈肌腱存在交叉走行关系。结论：(1)返支走行中存在易卡压因素，治疗腕管综合征时应常规探查松解返支；(2)涉及拇长屈肌腱，示指屈肌腱和掌腱膜手术时，应注意防止损伤返支。     

肌皮神经终支合并正中神经分支替代桡神经浅支一例

前臂外侧皮神经替代桡神经浅支 ,根据中国人体质调查第 1集统计 2 16例中 ,此种变异有 6例 ,占 2 8%± 1 2 %。但肌皮神经终支合并正中神经在臂部的 1分支替代桡神经浅支却未见报道 ,在临床上对上肢肘部手术时 ,应考虑到此种变异的存在 ,尽量避免损伤此神经 ,现报道如下。在 1具男性成年尸解中发现 ,左侧臂丛各分支走行正常 ,右侧肌皮神经的各肌支走行正常 ,但肌皮神经的终支却分为内、外侧 2支前臂外侧皮神经 ,内侧支最宽径为 2 0ｍｍ ,外侧支最宽径为 2 4ｍｍ ,向外下方走行。正中神经在肱骨外上髁平面上方 5 5ｃｍ处发出一分支 ,最宽…     

Anatomical bases of tibial neurotomy for treatment of spastic foot

Spastic pes equines, possibly associated with varus posture or spastic claw of the toes, can require neurosurgical treatment. In these cases, a selective fascicular neurotomy can be proposed, which consists of a partial section of some motor collateral branches of the tibial nerve. In order to avoid sensory and trophic complications after surgery due to an excessive manipulation of the nerve, accurate anatomical data must be collected. Therefore, biometric, histological and ultrastructural studies were carried out. A total of 50 dorsal compartments of the leg were dissected. The distance between the emergence of each muscular branch of the tibial nerve and anatomical landmarks were measured. Complementary histological study was processed on three specimens with slices stained by Masson's trichromatic method. Eventually, electronic microscopy observation was processed on two other specimens. In 16 cases (32%), we found a common muscular branch for all the muscles of the dorsal leg compartment, which emerged from the nerve trunk near the tendinous arch of the soleus (67 +/- 29 mm from the femorotibial articular line). In the other cases, muscular branches of the nerve emerged from its ventral lateral aspect, with variable origins (inferior nerve for the soleus: 82 +/- 31 mm from the femorotibial articular line, nerve for flexor digitorum longus: 116 +/- 41 mm, nerve for tibialis posterior: 106 +/- 51 mm, with a second nerve in 9/50 cases, nerve for flexor hallucis longus: 129 +/- 48 mm, with a second nerve in 6 cases). Histological and ultrastructural analysis confirmed the presence of the motor nervous fibers in the ventral lateral part of the nerve trunk. These new anatomical findings allow a more precise dissection during operative procedure, in order to avoid sensory or trophic complications.     

膝关节关节软骨的三维构建

目的:构建膝关节关节软骨的三维模型,为开展膝关节数字医学研究进行模型构建的探索。方法:人体成年新鲜膝关节标本1例,行CT、MRI扫描,利用三维重建软件Mimics及逆向工程软件Geomagic对图像进行三维重建及图像配准,构建膝关节骨、关节软骨结构。结果:利用Mimics 10.01软件构建关节软骨的三维模型,并形成骨-关节软骨复合模型,导入Geomagic软件中与CT构建的骨三维模型相配准,再次导入CT影像中进行逐层微修饰,验证关节软骨分割效果。最终建立具有骨、关节软骨的三维膝关节模型。结论:三维图像重建技术与图像配准技术可将CT、MRI图像两者结合起来,发挥其各自优势,构建出形态较好的膝关节三维模型。     

臀上神经的应用解剖

为髋关节直接外侧入路确定臀上神经的体表投影和手术安全区 ,在 44侧的成人尸体标本上 ,解剖观测了与该入路关系紧密的臀上神经最下支分支的分布。结果手术入路的安全区为①在经大转子尖分别作与髂后上棘连线、髂嵴垂直连线、髂前上棘上方 3cm和髂前上棘连线 ,在这些连线上 ,最下支距大转子尖的距离分别为 5 5± 0 6、 4 8± 0 6、 4 3± 0 6、 6 4± 0 8cm ;②在经大转子外侧最凸点分别作与髂后上棘连线、髂嵴垂直连线、髂前上棘上方 6cm和 3cm的髂嵴连线 ,最下支距大转子外侧最凸点的距离分别为 1 0 0± 0 8、 9 0± 0 8、 7 5± 0 6、 8 9± 0 7cm。上述两组数值所在点作连线即分别为最下支神经的体表投影。结果表明 :投影以下至大转子尖或大转子外侧最凸点之间无明显血管神经分布 ,在此区内撑开臀中、小肌肌纤维显露髋臼均不会损伤臀上神经     

第四代Oxford单髁置换术对膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎患者的疗效评估及步态分析

目的探讨第四代Oxford单髁置换术对膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎患者的临床疗效及对患者步态恢复的影响。方法将2016年1月至2018年1月收治并符合标准的30例(30膝)膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎患者纳入研究并作为试验组,另外再纳入20例(20膝)膝关节正常的志愿者作为本研究的正常组。试验组患者接受第四代Oxford单髁置换术,正常组研究对象不做任何治疗干预,仅作为观测指标对照。本研究观测指标主要包括疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)、膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)、美国WOMAC骨关节炎指数评分、美国特种外科医院膝关节评分(HSS评分)和步态分析运动学参数。比较试验组在术前、术后6个月及术后12个月的观测指标的差异,并分别与正常组作比较。结果试验组患者术前、术后6个月及术后12个月3个时间段两两之间的VAS评分、HSS评分、WOMAC评分以及KSS评分比较,差异均具有统计学意义(0.05)。试验组患者术前、术后6个月及术后12个月的步态分析各运动学参数的差异均具有统计学意义(0.05)。其中除最大前位移和最大内位移在术后6个月及术后12个月两个时间段差异无统计学意义之外,其他步态分析各运动学参数在3个时间段两两之间差异均具有统计学意义(0.05);试验组患者在术后12个月与正常组步态分析各运动学参数相比,最大伸直角、最大内位移和最大外位移比较,差异无统计学意义(0.05),但其余各步态分析各运动学参数差异仍然存在统计学意义(0.05)。结论在选择适当的病例和严格掌握手术适应证的前提下,第四代Oxford单髁置换术对膝关节内侧间室骨关节炎患者的近、中期疗效满意,术后患者关节功能更接近生理状态。     

The effects of joint immobilization on articular cartilage of the knee in previously exercised rats

Studies have determined the effects of joint immobilization on the articular cartilage of sedentary animals, but we are not aware of any studies reporting the effects of joint immobilization in previously trained animals. The objective of the present study was to determine whether exercise could prevent degeneration of the articular cartilage that accompanies joint immobilization. We used light microscopy to study the thickness, cell density, nuclear size, and collagen density of articular cartilage of the femoral condyle of Wistar rats subjected to aerobic physical activity on an adapted treadmill five times per week. Four groups of Wistar rats were used: a control group (C), an immobilized group (I), an exercised group (E), and an exercised and then immobilized group (EI). The right knee joints from rats in groups I and EI were immobilized at 90 °C of flexion using a plastic cast for 8 weeks. Cartilage thickness decreased significantly in group I (mean, 120.14 ± 15.6 μm, P < 0.05), but not in group EI (mean, 174 ± 2.25), and increased significantly in group E (mean, 289.49 ± 9.15) compared with group C (mean, 239.20 ± 6.25). The same results were obtained for cell density, nuclear size, and collagen density (in all cases, P < 0.05). We concluded that exercise can prevent degenerative changes in femoral articular cartilage caused by immobilization of the knee joint.     

带线锚钉治疗膝关节内侧副韧带股骨髁止点断裂的临床观察

目的评价带线锚钉缝合治疗膝关节内侧副韧带股骨髁止点处断裂的临床疗效。方法自2010年6月~2014年12月采用缝合锚钉内固定治疗膝关节内侧副韧带股骨髁止点处断裂26例。结果本组均获随访10~18个月,平均12.9个月。术后6个月Lysholm膝关节功能评分(92.23±5.36)分;其中:优16例,良8例,可2例,优良率92.31%。结论应用带线锚钉内缝合固定重建膝关节膝关节内侧副韧带股骨髁止点断裂损伤小、操作简单,膝关节内侧固定可靠,即刻获得稳定后有利于膝关节早期功能锻炼、利于肢体功能恢复,相关并发症少,不需手术取出。     

膝关节后交叉韧带解剖研究及临床意义

目的:对后交叉韧带的解剖结构进行观察研究,为临床诊治提供解剖学基础。方法:对42例人膝关节标本PCL进行观察,测量其长度、宽度和厚度以及附着区的形态;应用显微外科技术对14具新鲜冷冻标本进行解剖;对PCL行组织学观察,掌握其微观结构。结果:PCL长(33.8±1.3)mm(31.0～37.0mm),两端粗大,最窄处位于中间。PCL是不可分割的完整韧带,由许多纤维组成并发生扭转,纤维束相互穿插融合。组织切片示PCL近端和远端纤维分布松散,中段紧密。结论:PCL是完整的韧带,各束之间有交叉纤维联结。     

Identification of a stem cell niche in the zone of Ranvier within the knee joint

A superficial lesion of the articular cartilage does not spontaneously self-repair and has been suggested to be partly due to lack of progenitor cells within the joint that can reach the site of injury. To study whether progenitor cells are present within the joint, 3-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were exposed to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 12 consecutive days and were then sacrificed 4, 6, 10, 14, 28 and 56 days after the first BrdU administration. Presence of BrdU and localization of progenitor markers were detected using immunohistochemistry. After 10 days of BrdU exposure, BrdU-positive cells, i.e. proliferating cells, were abundantly detected in the epiphyseal plate, the perichondrial groove of Ranvier, and in all zones of the articular cartilage. After a wash-out period, BrdU-positive cells were still present, i.e. those considered to be progenitor cells, in these regions of the knee except for the proliferative zone of the epiphyseal plate. Cells in the perichondrial groove of Ranvier were further positive for several markers associated with progenitor cells and stem cell niches, including Stro-1, Jagged1, and BMPr1a. Our results demonstrate that a small population of progenitor cells is present in the perichondrial groove of Ranvier as well as within the articular cartilage in the knee. The perichondrial groove of Ranvier also demonstrates the properties of a stem cell niche.