手掌侧单孔入路微创治疗腕管综合征的解剖学研究

目的：报道手掌侧单孔入路微创治疗腕管综合征的解剖入路及手术方法,为手掌侧入路微创治疗腕管综合征手术提供解剖学基础。方法选取16例新鲜成人上肢标本,解剖观测腕管及手掌的相关解剖结构。选取6例新鲜成人上肢标本进行模拟手术,镜视下切开屈肌支持带并进行神经外膜松解。结果手术入路点为拇指呈最大外展位,沿掌指关节尺侧取一平行线,与中、环指间的长轴线交叉点处向尺侧1cm处,操作层面为浅筋膜层与掌腱膜间的腔隙。结论手掌侧单孔入路微创治疗腕管综合征是安全可行的,在镜视下可彻底切开屈肌支持带并进行神经外膜松解,有利于术者进行操作及减轻术中损伤。     

掌长肌缺如伴发自尺动脉的正中动脉吻合成掌浅弓1例

掌长肌缺如和掌浅弓组成的形式变异分别均早有记载 ,但右侧掌长肌缺如伴发自尺动脉的正中动脉吻合成掌浅弓的变异少见 ,作者在解剖一例 10岁男童标本时遇见 1例 ,现报道如下。右侧掌长肌缺如 ,掌腱膜近端附着于桡侧腕屈肌腱尺侧缘上 (图 1) ,其远端和左侧掌长肌未见异常。右侧正中动脉 ,在距肱骨内、外上髁连线中点下方 3.5ｃｍ处发自尺动脉桡侧 ,外径 2ｍｍ(图 2 ) ,穿经指浅、深屈肌间下行 2ｃｍ(距肱骨内、外上髁连线中点下方 5 .5ｃｍ)处与正中神经伴行于桡侧腕屈肌与指浅屈肌之间的深面 ,然后经腕管入手掌 ,达掌腱膜深面 ,正中神经的指…     

正中神经返支卡压及易损伤部位的解剖学基础

目的：探讨腕管综合征术后大鱼际功能恢复不良的原因与返支易损伤部位。方法：对20侧成人新鲜上肢标本进行显微解剖，观测正中神经返支走行中存在的卡压因素以及易损伤部位。结果：(1)拇短屈肌浅头尺侧存在腱弓及腱纤维束结构，对正中神经返支形成卡压；(2)住屈肌支持带远侧返支与掌腱膜关系密切，在此部位掌腱膜可对返支形成卡压或术中易误伤返支；(3)走行中返支与拇长屈肌腱和示指屈肌腱存在交叉走行关系。结论：(1)返支走行中存在易卡压因素，治疗腕管综合征时应常规探查松解返支；(2)涉及拇长屈肌腱，示指屈肌腱和掌腱膜手术时，应注意防止损伤返支。     

尺动脉掌浅支高位分支1例

在局部解剖一老年女性尸体标本的腋窝时 ,见其肱动脉分支变异 ,追踪至前臂及手部以探明该分支走行 ,现报道如下 :左侧肱动脉在腋窝除正常的 6条分支外 ,尚有一条尺动脉掌浅支 (外径 2ｍｍ)从肱动脉主干、胸小肌下缘处发出 ,行于肱二头肌内侧、正中神经之前。这条动脉分支在上臂横向发出 3条小分支 (外径约 1ｍｍ)进入到肱二头肌肌腹。主干经肱二头肌内侧沟进入前臂 ,并沿尺侧下行 ,在前臂上 2 /3段行于浅筋膜内 ,下 1/3段行于尺侧腕屈肌和掌长肌深面 ,在腕部经此二肌肌腱间、伴尺神经入腕管 ,其终支形成掌浅弓。追踪肱动脉主干 ,见其在肘窝…     

行于前臂屈肌浅面的尺动脉一例

制作离体上肢标标本中,发现行于前臂屈肌浅面的尺动脉一例,报告如下:材料为一男性成人离体左上肢,发育正常。尺动脉在肘窝稍下,距背阔肌下缘19厘米处发自肱动脉,挠动脉也在此同时发出。尺动脉发出后,经旋前圆肌、挠侧腕屈肌、掌长肌、指浅屈肌的浅面,由外上向内下斜行,至前臂中下三分之一交界处,与行于尺侧腕屈肌和指浅屈肌间的尺神经接近,接近处距肱骨内上髁约18厘米。然后,两者伴行经腕横韧带浅面达手掌,参与形成掌浅弓。尺动脉的全     

腕部尺神经卡压的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为腕部尺神经卡压的诊断和治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：对20例新鲜成人上肢标本的腕部进行解剖，观测尺神经行径中可能存在的卡压因素。结果：尺神经在腕尺管内分成浅、深两支，浅支于小鱼际肌腱弓浅面出腕尺管；深支在小鱼际肌腱弓深面穿出腕尺管后，走行于小指对掌肌浅、深两头腱性起点和钩骨钩之间的间隙，小指对掌肌浅头腱性起点近侧缘锐利成腱弓样，存在率100％。腕尺管内尺神经和尺动脉之间存在3种交叉伴行关系：尺动脉发出的小鱼际肌营养血管和尺神经深支交叉占10％，尺动脉深支和尺神经浅支交叉占20％，尺动脉深支和尺神经深、浅支分别交叉占70％。结论：尺神经在腕部的行程分为腕尺管段和小鱼际肌段，小指对掌肌腱弓可以卡压尺神经深支，尺动脉和尺神经之间的多种交叉伴行关系是尺动脉卡压尺神经的基础。     

掌浅弓变异1例

掌浅弓的形态多变 ,作者在解剖一成年男性标本时 ,见其右侧掌浅弓形态特殊 ,报道如下。成年男性尸体 ,防腐固定后 ,经股动脉灌注红色乳胶。在其右上肢 ,桡动脉于近桡骨茎突处发出掌浅支后转至手背。掌浅支沿拇短屈肌内侧份浅面前行 ,发出分支与正中神经返支进入鱼际肌并供应支配之。本干继续行向远、尺侧 ,在掌腱膜深面、指屈肌腱及蚓状肌的浅面与尺动脉终支吻合而成特殊形态的掌浅弓。此掌浅弓之形式与现行教科书及相关专著所述类型有明显不同 (附图 )。 1.该动脉弓由桡动脉掌浅支与尺动脉终支吻合而成 ,有近侧、远侧两个弓 ,且弓的两端相…     

安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开治疗腕管综合征

目的　探讨在安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开治疗腕管综合征的临床疗效。 方法　自2015年6月~2018年6月,采用在安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开术,治疗腕管综合征105例,112侧,直视下正中神经外膜松解14侧。 结果　所有切口均一期愈合,手掌瘢痕轻微,无手术并发症。112 侧获得随访,时间6~24 个月, Kelly分级评定：优93侧,良15侧,一般4侧,优良率93.1 %。 结论　安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开是治疗腕管综合征理想的微创手术之一。术式简单、安全,能达到腕管减压,神经松解的治疗要求。     

腕管横断面的应用解剖

对５０例成人腕管的横断面进行观察并测量与腕管综合征诊断关系密切的几项指标，为超声、ＭＲ或ＣＴ等诊断ＣＴＳ提供正常的解解剖学依据；同时测量了腕管浅、深境界及正中神经在掌侧体表的投影，为临床治疗ＣＴＳ选择手术切口及注射部位提供参考。     

安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开治疗腕管综合征

目的　探讨在安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开治疗腕管综合征的临床疗效。 方法　自2015年6月~2018年6月,采用在安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开术,治疗腕管综合征105例,112侧,直视下正中神经外膜松解14侧。 结果　所有切口均一期愈合,手掌瘢痕轻微,无手术并发症。112 侧获得随访,时间6~24 个月, Kelly分级评定：优93侧,良15侧,一般4侧,优良率93.1 %。 结论　安全角引导小切口掌腱膜下腕横韧带切开是治疗腕管综合征理想的微创手术之一。术式简单、安全,能达到腕管减压,神经松解的治疗要求。     

A rare human variation a major branch of the ulnar artery found in the carpal tunnel

Abstract During a routine anatomic dissection of a 60-year-old female cadaver, a large branch of the ulnar artery in the carpal tunnel was found in the left forearm. This branch crossed the median nerve anteriorly. Guyon’s canal contained another branch of the ulnar artery and the ulnar nerve. There was no superficial palmar arch in the left hand. The right forearm was without any vascular anomalies. This anomaly has considerable consequences for surgeons considering endoscopic carpal release, because there is a significant risk of injury to the ulnar artery branch.     

Definition of a safe-zone in open carpal tunnel surgery: a cadaver study

Carpal tunnel decompression is one of the most common surgical procedures in hand surgery. Cutaneous innervation of the palm by median and ulnar nerves was evaluated to find a suitable incision preserving cutaneous nerves. A morphometric study was designed to define the safe-zone for mini-open carpal tunnel release. Sixteen fresh-frozen (8 right, 8 left) and 14 formalin-fixed (8 right, 6 left) cadaveric hands were dissected. Anatomy of the palmar cutaneous branch of the median and the ulnar nerve, motor branch of the median nerve, superficial palmar arch were evaluated relative to the surgical incision. We also identified the motor branch of the median nerve. Detailed measurements of the whole palmar region are reported in this study. The motor branch of the median nerve was extraligamentous as 60%, subligamentous as 34%, transligamentous as 6%. The palmar cutaneous branches of the median and the ulnar nerves in the palmar region were classified as Type A (34%), Type B (13%), Type C (13%), Type D (none), Type E (40%) according to forms of palmar cutaneous innervation originating from the ulnar and median nerves. Injury to the palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve (PCBMN) is the most common complication of the carpal tunnel surgery. Various techniques were described to decrease post-operative morbidity. Based on these anatomic findings mini incision between the superficial palmar arch and the most distal part of the PCBMN in the palmar region is the safe-zone for carpal tunnel surgery.     

A rare anatomical variation of the Berrettini anastomosis and third common palmar digital branch of the median nerve

Variations in the origin and distribution of Berrettini anastomosis between the digital branches of the ulnar and median nerves exist and are well described in the literature. During regular dissections by medical students, we encountered a rare variation in the left hand of an approximately 50-year-old male cadaver. Berrettini anastomosis connecting the third common palmar digital branch of the median nerve with the fourth common palmar and proper palmar digital branches of the ulnar nerve presented a plexiform nature. This communicating branch and the third common palmar digital branch of the median nerve were perforated by the superficial palmar arch. Further, the superficial palmar arch was incomplete, and it was solely formed by the superficial branch of the ulnar artery. The unusual relationship of Berrettini anastomosis with the superficial palmar arch is very rare, and knowledge about such a variation is important when performing carpal tunnel release, flexor tendon surgery, and Dupuytren’s fasciectomy and when dealing with arterial repairs and vascular graft applications in the hand.     

腕管综合征的解剖学基础

目的：为临床行腕管内正中神经松解术治疗腕管综合征提供解剖学资料。方法：用局部解剖法在50侧上肢标本上观察并测量腕管、腕横韧带、正中神经和腕管内容物等解剖参数。结果：腕管的左右径、腕横韧带的长度、正中神经距腕横韧带的垂直距离、腕管及内容物的横断面积以及面积比等均是近侧端大过远侧端，而腕管的前后径、正中神经的径线、腕横韧带的厚度等则为近侧端小于远侧端。结论：腕管是一个缺乏伸展性的骨-韧带管道，任何因素卡压正中神经均可导致腕管综合征。在对患者做正中神经松解治疗时，保守注射疗法一般应在掌长肌腱内侧讲针．手术治疗时府在腕横韧带远侧端切开。     

Anatomic variations of the median nerve in carpal tunnel release

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a well-known clinical entity. Release of the transverse carpal ligament is considered to be the treatment of choice. Both open and endoscopic release of the transverse carpal ligament in CTS has yielded satisfactory results. Although these procedures are very common in surgical practice, inadequate release and intraoperative damage to neural elements are very frustrating complication for both the patient and the surgeon. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate incidental intraoperative findings of variations of the standard median nerve anatomy. We obtained incidental intraoperative identification of median nerve variations in 110 consecutive patients operated with open release of the transverse carpal ligament in CTS. Using the Amadio classification, we found intraoperatively variations of median nerve at the wrist in 11 patients. In three patients, there was an aberrant sensory branch arising from the ulnar side of the median nerve and piercing the ulnar margin of the transverse carpal ligament. Neural variations arising from the ulnar aspect of the median nerve were common and could be a cause of iatrogenic injury during endoscopic or open release. Surgeons should be aware of anomalous branches, which should be recognized and separately decompressed if needed.     

Biometric study of the relationships between palmar neurovascular structures, the flexor retinaculum and the distal wrist crease

During surgical exposure of the carpal tunnel it is possible to injure the neurovascular structures closely related to the flexor retinaculum, such as the superficial palmar arch and the communicating branch between the ulnar and median nerves. Because of the importance of these structures and with the purpose of increasing knowledge of anatomical details concerning to their location, a biometric study was performed on the retinaculum and the communicating branch, and between the communicating branch and the distal wrist crease, as well as between the retinaculum and the superficial palmar arch. We dissected 56 hands from 28 Brazilian formalin‐preserved cadavers of both sexes (24 male) at the Federal University of São Paulo–Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil. The communicating branch was observed in 96.4% of cases and the superficial palmar arch in 78.6%. The communicating branch was found between the common palmar digital nerve of the 4th interosseous space (from the ulnar nerve) to the homonymous nerve of the 3rd interosseous space (from the median nerve). In males, the distance between the distal wrist crease and the site where the communicating branch originates from the ulnar component had an average of 33.9±5.5 mm on the right side and 30.2±8.2 mm on the left. The distance between the distal wrist crease and the junction of the communicating branch with the common palmar digital nerve of the 3rd interosseous space was 43.6±6.9 mm on the right and 40.2±6.2 mm on the left side. Conversely, in 14.8% of cases (1 female), the communicating branch was observed to emerge from the common palmar digital nerve of the 3rd interosseous space. The distance between the retinaculum and the superficial palmar arch in the axial line of the 4th metacarpal bone was on average 7.3±4.3 mm on the right and 8.3±3.5 mm on the left side. At the same level, the distance between the retinaculum and the communicating branch was 6.2±3.7 mm on the right side and 5.1±2.8 mm on the left. These results can be used as a reference during surgical procedures in the palmar region.     

Anatomic variations of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel

Two hundred seventy-five consecutive carpal tunnel releases were reviewed to identify anomalies of median nerve anatomy. High division of the median nerve was observed in nine cases; in two of these the nerve divided proximally and then rejoined distally as a “closed loop.” In 42 cases the motor branch passed through the flexor retinaculum. Multiple motor branches were present in 13 cases. The palmar cutaneous branch passed through the flexor retinaculum in seven cases. In three cases, the distal communicating sensory ramus between the medial and ulnar nerves arose proximal to the superficial arch. Median nerve anomalies within the region of the carpal tunnel are common. Knowledge of such anomalies is important to avoid iatrogenic injury.     

Persistent median artery: cadaveric study and review of the literature

The persistent median artery (PMA) may compress the median nerve (MN) and may be a significant supply of blood to the hand. Two cases of unilateral PMA (4%) were detected during the dissection of 50 upper limbs. The first case was a 75-year-old, right-handed male who suffered from chronic pain in both upper limbs, especially the left side. A dissection of his left upper limb revealed a PMA piercing both the MN and the medial branch of the anterior interosseous nerve. This artery coursed distally, deep to the transverse carpal ligament (TCL), forming a median-ulnar pattern for the superficial palmar arch (SPA). The PMA was superficial to two nerves at the distal edge of the TCL; the extraligamentous recurrent thenar (RT) branch of the MN and the third common digital nerve (TCDN). The second case was from the left side of an 80-year-old female found to have a high origin of the radial artery with trifurcation of the latter into PMA, common interosseous, and ulnar arteries. The PMA passed deep to the TCL forming a radial-median-ulnar pattern of SPA. Both the transligamentous RT branch of the MN and the TCDN passed deep to the PMA inside the carpal tunnel, before the abnormal crossing of the latter nerve ventral to the SPA on its way to the digits. The relationships of the PMA to various MN branches may have important implications regarding the diagnosis and treatment of MN compressive neuropathies.