Central function and visual field damage in glaucoma

82 eyes of 82 patients with different types of glaucoma were examined with various psychophysical tests assessing central and paracentral function, including foveal temporal contrast sensitivity function, FM 100-Hue test, and foveal and parafoveal blue-on-yellow-sensitivity. For all eyes visual field tests were performed with the Humphrey-Field-Analyzer, program 30-2. Global visual field indices were calculated as follows: Mean Sensitivity MS, Mean Deviation MD, and Corrected Pattern Standard Deviation CPSD. Linear regression analysis and multiple regression analysis correcting for a possible influence of age between the central and paracentral criteria and the global indices was performed. For the entire study population highly significant correlations are present between foveal and parafoveal blue-on-yellow-sensitivity and MS, MD and CPSD. Whereas in the Normal Tension Glaucoma subgroup (19/82 eyes) no significant correlations are found, the subgroup of 35/82 eyes with markedly elevated intraocular pressure (30mmHg) shows highly statistically significant correlations between the low- and high-frequency end of the foveal temporal contrast sensitivity function and foveal and parafoveal blue-on-yellow-sensitivity and the global field indices. The results of the present study support the idea that there are two different mechanisms of glaucomatous damage, one which is pressure-dependent and one which may be pressure-independent. The pressuredependent mechanism is responsible for deficits of central or paracentral function which are correlated to overall visual field damage.     

Long-term studies of visual field changes by means of computerized perimetry (Octopus 201) in eyes with glaucomatous field defects after normalization of the intra-ocular pressure

126 eyes with open-angle glaucoma and defects of the visual field were studied over five years (±1.3) by repeated perimetries with Octopus Perimeter, Program 31, after the IOP had been normalized from 26.49 mm Hg to 19 mm Hg.All patients had suffered visual field defects in the period with increased pressure preceeding our study and had many perimetric examinations before. The aim of the study was to check the behaviour of the visual field defects after pressure normalization.For evaluation of the visual fields, the upper most line of the test-points and the 6 test-points surrounding the blind spot were disregarded. The evaluation of each field and the comparison with preceding fields (no change, better, or worse) were done by the symmetry test of Bowker instead of the Delta Program, taking into account each of the 61 test-points with a significance level of 5%. In each patient the eye with the heavier field loss was evaluated.Results: 67% of all eyes had no change during the observation time, 12% became better, and 21% worse. Improvement of the visual fields occurred even in old age: 10% became better in the age-group over 70 years. The total loss decreased in the 15 eyes which improved by 269 dB. In eyes which deteriorated, the total loss increased by 282 dB.The good news of this study is that normalization of IOP can stop the further decay of the visualfield in 67% and an improvement of the field loos is possible even in old age of with heavy field loss.Finally, the case of a 14 years old boy is reported who had late developmental glaucoma and who improved from a total loos of 1200 dB in his only eye of 500 dB after his IOP was normalized.     

青光眼睫状体炎综合征视野损害的临床分析

目的:分析青光眼睫状体炎综合征(Posner Schlossman’s syndrome,PSS)的视野损害情况。方法:对42例PSS患者进行视野、眼压等项临床观察。结果:PSS患者的视野损害发生率为35%;双眼受累、年龄较大、病程较长、房角窄者的视野损害发生率较高。结论:双眼受累、年龄较大、病程较长、房角窄者的视野损害发生率较高。     

青光眼视野缺损分级方法

视野检查是现代青光眼诊断、治疗、疗效评价和随访的核心,根据视野缺损程度进行分级对评估青光眼病情至关重要,目前国际上视野分级方法多种多样,从动态视野计的缺损形态分级发展到定性分级、半定量和定量分级,各有特点和适用范围.尽管目前还缺乏一种得到公认的标准分级方法,但这些不同设计的视野评估方法为临床提供了多样化的选择,可以针对不同的用途对视野进行各种分级比较.如何选用合适、简单而又准确的分级系统去判断视野缺损程度,仍是一个棘手的问题.就评价视野缺损的各种分级方法进行综述,剖析不同方法的优缺点,为临床准确分析视野提供依据.     

青光眼500例的危险因素与中心阈值视野的损害

目的:探讨发生青光眼危险因素与中心阈值视野改变的关系。方法:500例(980眼)可疑青光眼按危险因素分组,分别采用日本Topcon SBP2020自动视野SDT340程序检测中心30°阈值视野。结果:混合组、异常杯盘比组、高眼压组和症状组中心视野损害率分别为70.0%,48.3%,47.5%和35.8%,混合组与其他3组比较差异非常显著(P<0.01);近视性屈光不正患者与远视性屈光不正阈值视野损害比较差异非常显著(P<0.01);各年龄段中心阈值视野损害比较无差异(P>0.05)。结论:近视性屈光不正患者比远视性屈光不正患者中心阈值视野损害多;眼压增高伴有视乳头改变是发生视野损害的主要危险因素。     

Age changes in the visual field using the Humphrey visual field analyser

Central and peripheral visual fields were measured for the right eyes of 45 normal subjects using the Humphrey Field Analyser. Subjects were divided into three groups according to age viz., 25 subjects of age 20 5 years, 10 subjects age 40 5 years and 10 subjects age 60 years. Computer averaging of the threshold measurements for each of the 144 points in the merged visual fields permitted comparisons of each age group. There was a slight overall decrease in sensitivity in the 40-year-old group and a greater decrease in the 60-year-old group. The mean rate of loss of sensitivity between 20 and 40 years was 0.101 dB per year and between 40 and 60 years was 0.172 dB per year.     

DDLS视乳头损伤分期法与青光眼视野损害的相关性研究

目的:研究 DDLS(disk damage likelihood scale)视乳头损伤分期法与开角型青光眼视野损害的相关性,探讨开角型青光眼的早期诊断方法.方法:利用Discam早期青光眼诊断仪彩色视乳头立体成像系统在Screen Vu立体观察镜下确定31例(58眼)开角型青光眼及29例(58眼)可疑青光眼患者视乳头的DDLS分期.所选患者均为中等大小视乳头(2.0～3.0mm).利用 Humphrey 自动电脑视野分析仪30-2程序对上述患者进行视野检测,研究DDLS分期与视野指数平均缺损(MD,mean defect)、视野模式标准差(PSD,pattern standard deviation)及视野损害分期(HPASS,Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson staging system)的相关性.结果:对116眼中等大小视乳头(2.0～3.0mm)开角型青光眼及可疑青光眼患者研究发现,青光眼组DDLS分期与MD(Pearson,r=-0.664,P＜0.000)、PSD(Pearson.r=0.554.P＜0.000)及HPASS(Spearman,r=0.603,P＜0.000)有相关性,相关系数具有统计学意义.可疑青光眼组DDLS分期与MD、PSD及HPASS分期无明显相关性.结论:DDLS视乳头损伤分期法与开角型青光眼视野损害的程度相关,DDLS视乳头损伤分期法有助于开角型青光眼的早期诊断.     

A clinical comparison of visual field testing with a new automated perimeter, the Humphrey Field Analyzer, and the Goldmann perimeter

Automated threshold static perimetry with the Humphrey field analyzer and kinetic and suprathreshold static perimetry with the Goldmann perimeter were performed on 171 eyes: 69 with glaucoma or ocular hypertension, 69 with "neurologic" disorders, and 33 normal. The two fields were similar or differed only slightly in 78% of eyes overall and in 88% when both fields appeared reliable. In general, defects were slightly more extensive using the Humphrey than the Goldmann perimeter. In 21% of the eyes with glaucoma or ocular hypertension, defects were found with the Humphrey perimeter that were not present with the Goldmann perimeter. Patient fixation was more difficult to maintain on the Humphrey than Goldmann perimeter. Poor fixation accounted for 9% of the automated fields being inadequate whereas only 2% of the manual fields were inadequate. The results indicate that the Humphrey Field Analyzer is capable of reliably detecting and quantitating visual field defects.     

胞磷胆碱钠对青光眼患者视野损害的疗效观察

目的：观察胞磷胆碱钠(citicoline)对青光眼性视野损害的疗效。

方法：选择有视野缺损,眼压控制在18mmHg以下的青光眼患者。符合入选标准者共29例48眼,男16例27眼,女13例21眼; 其中原发性开角型青光眼25眼,闭角型青光眼19眼,正常眼压性青光眼4眼。使用胞磷胆碱钠片,每次0.2g口服,每日3次连续用药3mo。观察用药前后视野的变化。分别于用药后1mo及3mo检测视野平均敏感度(MS)、平均缺损值(MD)和丢失方差(LV)等指标,并与用药前进行比较。

结果：用药1mo后48眼的平均视敏度值(MS)明显高于用药前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01); MD值明显低于用药前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。用药3mo后,患者视野MS值明显高于用药前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01); MD和LV值明显下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。

结论：胞磷胆碱钠对青光眼性视野损害有一定程度的保护作用。     

多媒体训练治疗与遮盖疗法治疗儿童弱视的对比研究

目的通过对多媒体训练治疗与遮盖疗法治疗儿童弱视临床效果的对比分析,评估多媒体训练治疗对儿童弱视的治疗效果。方法采用前瞻性研究随机将117例（208眼）弱视儿童分为多媒体训练治疗和遮盖方法两组进行治疗,随访6个月以上,观察两组的疗效。结果多媒体训练治疗组60例（108眼）,总有效率为90.7%,遮盖组57例（100眼）,总有效率为82.0%,两者相比无统计学差异。在6～12岁患儿总有效率两组相比统计学有差异（P〈0.05）。疗效与弱视程度显著相关,弱视程度越轻,疗效越好（P〈0.01）;遮盖组疗效与弱视的年龄相关,弱视年龄越轻,疗效越好（P〈0.05）,多媒体训练治疗组疗效与弱视的年龄无相关性（P〉0.05）。结论多媒体训练治疗系统治疗学龄儿童弱视优于传统的遮盖疗法,而且弱视治疗的效果和弱视程度及年龄密切相关,早发现和早治疗是提高疗效的关键。     

Screening for visual field abnormalities with automated perimetry

Recent studies indicate that automated perimetry can serve as an effective method of screening for visual field abnormalities associated with ophthalmologic and neurologic disorders. The techniques have been successfully applied to the private practitioner's office for screening of patients and to mass visual field screening of the general population. This paper describes the principles underlying automated perimetric screening, evaluates the capabilities and limitations of such techniques, and provides some general guidelines for using automated perimetric screening procedures.     

Mechanisms underlying the receptive field properties of neurons in cat visual cortex.

Several previous models of the circuitry of the cat's primary visual cortex are briefly described and various difficulties with them are pointed out. It is argued that the situation is more complicated than any of these models supposed, and that some of the anomalies in previous models can be overcome if additional factors are considered. A new model is proposed in which cells with strong hypercomplex properties are driven directly by geniculate cells with superimposed receptive fields, and other cortical cells are driven by geniculate cells with more scattered receptive fields. This model accounts for many of the response properties of cortical cells.     

Patterns of glaucomatous visual field defects in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study

This report aims to describe the frequency of different patterns of visual field loss in open-angle glaucoma (OAG). The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 persons (aged 49+) during 1992-1994. Humphrey supra-threshold visual fields were performed in 88.9%. Those classified as glaucoma suspects had 30-2 full-threshold fields (9.2%). Of OAG cases (n = 108) with field tests in both eyes (n = 97), unilateral defects were present in 49 (50.5%) and bilateral in 48 (49.5%). Advanced field loss was found in 16 (15.4%) subjects and in 22 (10.9%) eyes, with bilateral loss present in 6 (6.2%) cases. Of all eyes of OAG cases (n = 201), 49 (24.4%) had no defects, 52 (25.9%) upper, 61 (30.3%) lower, and 17 (8.5%) had combined upper and lower loss. Of the upper and lower cases (n = 113), the types of defects included nasal step (36), arcuate (26), nasal plus arcuate (26), and hemispherical defects (25). Of subjects with fields in at least one eye (n = 104), there was a similar proportion in the worse eye of upper defects (28.8%), lower (31.7%), and combined upper and lower (24.0%). Undiagnosed OAG was more frequent in unilateral (65.3%) than bilateral (34.7%) cases (P = 0.003). This study reports the pattern of typical glaucomatous field loss in an older Australian population.     

青光眼视盘损伤可能性估测法与视野缺损相关性研究

目的　研究视盘损伤可能性估测法(diskdamagelikelihoodscale ,DDLS)与原发性开角型青光眼(primaryopen an gleglaucoma,POAG)视野损害的相关性。设计　回顾性研究。研究对象　6 0例(10 7只眼)POAG患者。方法　POAG患者经静态视野检查,在裂隙灯显微镜下经 6 0D非球面凸透镜测量其视盘垂直径,按DDLS分期。采用HPA视野分期系统及以视野平均缺损值(meandefect,MD)作为视野分期标准。经Pearson及Spearman相关系数分析。主要指标　视盘垂直径,盘沿最窄处宽度/视盘垂直径比值,MD ,视神经损伤分期与视野分期。结果　DDLS与MD的dB值之间存在着非常显著的正相关(Pearsonr =0 6 33,P <0 0 0 1) ;与两种不同视野分期标准间亦存在非常显著的正相关,Spearmanr值分别为0 5 93和0 6 4 3(P <0 0 0 1)。在中等大小视盘组(视盘直径1 5～2 0mm)和大视盘组(视盘直径>2 0mm) ,DDLS分期与MD(dB值)存在非常显著的正相关:Pearsonr值为0 779和0 6 0 5 (P <0 0 0 1)。结论　DDLS与青光眼性视野缺损程度有非常显著的相关性。     

两种训练方式对斜视术后双眼单视功能恢复的疗效比较

目的：比较互联网的感视知觉训练系统与同视机训练对斜视术后双眼单视功能恢复的临床疗效。

方法：选取2016-01/10于我院行斜视手术后进行双眼单视功能训练的斜视患者100例,根据术后训练方法不同进行分组,试验组(50例)采用互联网的感视知觉训练系统进行治疗,对照组(50例)采用同视机训练进行治疗。分别于治疗后3、6、12mo进行眼位及视功能检查。

结果：治疗后12mo,试验组治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(88.0% vs 56.0%,P<0.05),且6～17岁试验组患者治疗总有效率显著高于对照组(88.6% vs 45.7%,P<0.05)。两组患者均未发生并发症及严重不良事件。

结论：互联网的感视知觉训练系统治疗斜视术后双眼单视功能丧失效果明显优于同视机训练,其疗效与斜视发病年龄具有一定的相关性。     

Asymmetries in visual acuity around the visual field

Human vision is heterogeneous around the visual field. At a fixed eccentricity, performance is better along the horizontal than the vertical meridian and along the lower than the upper vertical meridian. These asymmetric patterns, termed performance fields, have been found in numerous visual tasks, including those mediated by contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution. However, it is unknown whether spatial resolution asymmetries are confined to the cardinal meridians or whether and how far they extend into the upper and lower hemifields. Here, we measured visual acuity at isoeccentric peripheral locations (10 deg eccentricity), every 15° of polar angle. On each trial, observers judged the orientation (± 45°) of one of four equidistant, suprathreshold grating stimuli varying in spatial frequency (SF). On each block, we measured performance as a function of stimulus SF at 4 of 24 isoeccentric locations. We estimated the 75%-correct SF threshold, SF cutoff point (i.e., chance-level), and slope of the psychometric function for each location. We found higher SF estimates (i.e., better acuity) for the horizontal than the vertical meridian and for the lower than the upper vertical meridian. These asymmetries were most pronounced at the cardinal meridians and decreased gradually as the angular distance from the vertical meridian increased. This gradual change in acuity with polar angle reflected a shift of the psychometric function without changes in slope. The same pattern was found under binocular and monocular viewing conditions. These findings advance our understanding of visual processing around the visual field and help constrain models of visual perception.     

口服弥可保前后青光眼视野缺损的比较

目的比较青光眼患者口服弥可保前后视野变化,评估弥可保对青光眼患者视野改善的作用.方法首先,筛选有视野缺损、眼压控制在21mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg)以下的25例49眼原发性开角型青光眼和27例52眼原发性闭角型青光眼患者,口服弥可保6个月,每日3次,每次500μg.然后,分别于用药3、6个月用静态自动电脑Octpus101型视野计进行视野检查.检查在半暗室下进行,检查程序采用G2(青光眼)30度灰度阈值59个点,背景光4asb;分别测试平均缺陷(MD)、丢失方差(LV)、刺激丢失方差(sLV)、可靠性因素(RF)及瞳孔变化.最后,记录结果并与用药前相比较.结果67.3%患者视野的平均缺损用药后3、6个月有不同程度好转,6个月变化显著.用药前与用药后3个月比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05);与用药后6个月比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).用药后3、6个月比较也有显著性差异(P＜0.05).6个月视野缺损的平均改善率开角型青光眼组与闭角型青光眼组分别为51.65%、44.55%,2组间比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论长期服用弥可保,对于眼压控制平稳的原发性开角型和原发性闭角型青光眼所致的视野缺损有明显改善.     

如何面对视野检查的随访分析?

在进行视野随访分析时，首先应将两次以上结果相仿的视野作为基线视野。每次视野分析时应注意视野可靠性指数，并排除检测误差以及生理波动效应的影响。每次检查须保证受检条件一致。系列视野检查结果的平均缺损及模式标准差等指标可反映视野变化的整体方向，还要通过数值图和模式偏差数值图等来比较每一位点光敏感度的改变，同时应结合临床表现的改变来分析某些细微的视野（恶化或好转）。视野随访分析时应充分运用计算机自动视野计提供的统计分析软件。青光眼的视野变异性很大，通过视野随访调整治疗方案，以达到目标眼压，进一步稳定视野，稳定病情。（眼科，2007：16：9-11）     

驾照体检中使用Humphrey自定义程序评估单眼视力障碍人群的视野

目的：研究Humphrey视野计设置专用自定义检查程序在评估单眼视力障碍者视野检查中的作用。

方法：回顾性分析2016-07-01/2017-06-30因申请驾驶执照在我院眼科接受视野检查的单眼视力障碍受检者的资料,均采用Humphrey自定义功能设置覆盖了从颞侧90°到鼻部60°、水平中线上下30°区域的检查程序,并设置相应的可靠性检测试验(“1 EYE Screening”程序检查),综合分析受检者的视野范围和测试的可靠性。

结果：排除重复测量报告后,本研究纳入单眼视力障碍受检者618例,单眼视力障碍最常见的原因是眼外伤(49.7%)和弱视(29.3%),受检者中有497例(80.4%)通过了测试,121例未通过测试者中有85例(70.2%)是由于鼻视野受限(小于60°),12例是因为眼球震颤或配合欠佳导致固视丢失。与测试失败组相比,通过组受检者年龄更大,人均正确应答点数更多,人均测试时间更短(均P<0.05)。通过组中,等效球镜度<0.5D的受试者占比明显高于失败组中的(77.5% vs 62.8%, χ²=7.264,P=0.007)。

结论：Humphrey 自定义检查程序“1 EYE Screening”可用于判断单眼视力障碍的驾驶执照申请者视野是否达到150°。