青年人膀胱肿瘤临床病理特点及预后

目的:探讨青年人膀胱肿瘤的临床、病理特点及预后.方法:50例≤40岁青年人膀胱肿瘤患者,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术39例,膀胱部分切除术治疗9例,膀胱全切+回肠代膀胱术1例,行膀胱全切术+原位新膀胱1例.结果:手术后随访半年~11年8个月,中位随访2年9个月.低度恶性倾向尿路上皮乳头状瘤复发2例;非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌复发5例,低级别乳头状尿路上皮癌复发率为19%(3/16),进展2例;肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌复发1例.结论:青年人膀胱肿瘤良性肿瘤者比例相对较高.在青年人尿路上皮癌绝大部分为非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌,而非肌层浸润性青年人低级别乳头状尿路复发率低于其他年龄段尿路低级别上皮癌.     

青年人膀胱肿瘤临床病理特点及预后

目的:探讨青年人膀胱肿瘤的临床、病理特点及预后.方法:50例≤40岁青年人膀胱肿瘤患者,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术39例,膀胱部分切除术治疗9例,膀胱全切+回肠代膀胱术1例,行膀胱全切术+原位新膀胱1例.结果:手术后随访半年~11年8个月,中位随访2年9个月.低度恶性倾向尿路上皮乳头状瘤复发2例;非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌复发5例,低级别乳头状尿路上皮癌复发率为19%(3/16),进展2例;肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌复发1例.结论:青年人膀胱肿瘤良性肿瘤者比例相对较高.在青年人尿路上皮癌绝大部分为非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌,而非肌层浸润性青年人低级别乳头状尿路复发率低于其他年龄段尿路低级别上皮癌.     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌

目的 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌的疗效.方法 本组复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌63例,肿瘤单发36例,多发27例.肿瘤直径0.2～3.0 cm,术前均经膀胱镜检查,活检病理检查确诊为低级别尿路上皮癌.所有患者均行TURBT,术后常规卡介苗或化疗药物膀胱灌注,定期复查膀胱镜.结果 63例均顺利完成手术,无严重手术并发症.术后61例获得随访,随访时间8～62个月,平均36个月,38例长期稳定,未见复发;23例复发,复发率37.7%(23/61).其中17例再次行TURBT,手术后9例病情稳定,8例术后再次复发,再行TURBT 1～4次(其中5例临床分期增至T2,鉴于患者高龄或全身情况较差,仍采用TURBT治疗);6例术后复发,因临床分期增加至T2～T3,行开放手术,其中2例行膀胱部分切除术,4例行根治性膀胱切除术.随访期间死亡2例.结论 对于复发性非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌,TURBT安全性高,并发症少,疗效确切.对于进展为T2期的老年体弱膀胱癌患者,多次TURBT可改善生活质量,延缓患者生命,可有选择性地应用.     

非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌320例的复发及进展

目的探讨不同部位非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌复发及进展的因素。方法回顾性分析我院及大连医科大学附属二院自2014年3月-2019年8月收治的320例非肌层浸润性膀胱癌行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)患者的临床资料。肿瘤按解剖位置分为前壁﹑侧壁﹑后壁﹑顶壁﹑三角区﹑颈部,按病理分期为Ta﹑T1。分析不同部位肿瘤的复发及累积进展率。明确肿瘤位置与预后之间的相关性。结果患者平均随访28.5(17.1~48.5)月,总复发率35.00%﹑累积进展率7.81%(25/320)。与其他部位相比,膀胱三角区﹑颈部肿瘤复发率分别为45.00%﹑41.30%,累积进展率分别为15.00%及13.04%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论膀胱三角区及颈部非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌容易出现复发及进展,需要积极的临床干预。     

T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌复发与进展影响因素分析

目的探讨影响T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌复发与进展的因素,为临床治疗提供循证医学依据。方法回顾性分析1997年至2009年我科治疗的62例行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)+膀胱灌注治疗的T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌患者,对这些患者进行随访并对生存预后进行分析。生存函数运用Kaplan-Meier法,单因素和多因素分析运用Cox回归,并采用Log-rank法行显著性检验。结果中位随访期40个月(6～140个月),41例(66.0%)复发,2、5年无复发生存率分别为43.4%、35.1%。14例(23.0%)出现进展,2、5年无进展生存率分别为86.4%、83.5%。将与复发相关的危险因素纳入Cox回归多因素生存分析后提示肿瘤复发的危险因素为肿瘤数目(RR=2.250)、肿瘤大小(RR=1.039)、既往复发情况(RR=2.162),P均<0.05;与进展相关的危险因素纳入Cox回归多因素生存分析,提示肿瘤进展的危险因素为肿瘤数目(RR=3.695)。结论肿瘤数目是T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌复发最大的影响因素,其次为既往复发情况和肿瘤大小,肿瘤数目是肿瘤进展的相关因素;T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌需结合肿瘤数目、肿瘤大小、既往复发情况综合考虑治疗方案。     

非浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌不同病理分级方法的临床应用价值比较

目的 比较非浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌WHO 2004年和1973年病理分级方法的临床应用价值.方法 采用WHO 2004和1973 2种病理分级方法对160例非浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者进行病理分级,随访患者复发和进展情况,比较分析2种分级系统临床应用差异. 结果 160例患者按1973分级方法:乳头状瘤5例,尿路上皮癌G_1 52例、G_2 83例、G_3 20例;按2004分级法:乳头状瘤7例,低度恶性潜能尿路上皮乳头状瘤(PUNLMP)31例、低分级尿路上皮乳头状癌(LGPUC)99例、高分级尿路上皮乳头状癌(HGPUC)23例.1973分级法各级别间复发与进展情况差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);2004分级法各级别间复发差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),进展情况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中PUNLMP与HGPUC差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).2004分级法HGPUC级别进展率(30.4%)明显高于1973分级法G_3级别进展率(15.0%). 结论 WHO 2004分级法中HGPUC级别衍含更多的高度恶性尿路上皮细胞癌,较1973分级法G_3级别更容易发生进展,临床上对HGPUC级别患者应采用更严密的治疗和随访措施.     

膀胱灌注化疗用于膀胱低度恶性潜能乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤术后辅助治疗的临床研究

目的探讨经尿道肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBt)术后辅以膀胱内灌注化疗在膀胱低度恶性潜能的乳头状尿路上皮肿瘤(bladder papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential,PUNLMP)的治疗效果。方法选取浙江省嘉兴市第一医院泌尿外科于2012年1月至2016年1月期间收治的且符合纳入标准的25例PUNLMP患者,按治疗方案不同分为单行TURBt组(A组)和TURBt术后辅以膀胱内灌注化疗组(B组),比较在两种不同治疗方案下,PUNLMP患者术后肿瘤复发的统计学差异。结果 A组8例PUNLMP患者中有3例术后复发,B组17例患者中1例术后复发,所有复发患者均再次行"TURBt术后辅以膀胱灌注化疗"方案治疗,随访期间,除A组中1例复发病例于二次TURBt术后第11个月再次复发,且病理被证实为低级别乳头状癌外,其余复发病例在二次术后随访期间无再次复发,肿瘤分级无进展。两组PUNLMP患者术后复发概率的差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经TURBt治疗后出现复发的PUNLMP患者,存在进展为低级别乳头状癌的可能性。TURBt术后辅以膀胱内灌注化疗能够降低PUNLMP患者术后复发,改善PUNLMP患者的预后。     

丝裂霉素膀胱灌注热化疗治疗T1G3膀胱尿路上皮癌的疗效分析

目的:探讨丝裂霉素膀胱灌注热化疗治疗T_1G_3膀胱尿路上皮癌的疗效及安全性。方法:76例原发性或复发性T_1G_3膀胱尿路上皮癌患者,均行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术,40例患者术后接受单独丝裂霉素进行膀胱灌注治疗,36例患者接受术后予丝裂霉素进行膀胱灌注热化疗。随访时间24个月。分析两种治疗方法的无复发生存期和无进展生存期。结果:在76例患者中,单纯膀胱灌注化疗组肿瘤复发率及进展率分别为35%及22.5%,膀胱灌注热化疗组复发率及进展率分别为13.9%和5.6%。两组比较差异有统计学意义。(P=0.034及P=0.036)。Kaplan-Meier分析显示两种治疗方法无复发生存率及无进展生存率差异有统计学意义(P=0.027及P=0.047)。结论:T_1G_3膀胱尿路上皮癌TURBT术后予MMC膀胱灌注热化疗治疗是安全,有效的。能有效降低T_1G_3膀胱尿路上皮癌术后复发和肿瘤进展风险。     

TURBT联合膀胱内BCG灌注治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌疗效分析

目的 探讨选择性经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗经选择的肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者保留有功能性膀胱的可行性.方法 回顾性分析大连医科大学附属第二医院2006年至2011年间323例行TURBT治疗的膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的临床资料,选择术前影像学检查无明显膀胱外浸润,肿瘤单发,直径5 cm以下,局限于膀胱顶壁、底壁及侧壁,距输尿管口1 cm以上,不伴有原位癌,肿瘤创缘及基底部活检为阴性的T2期患者为研究对象,接受选择性TURBT伴膀胱内灌注BCG的保膀胱治疗.术后膀胱镜密切随访5~10年,运用统计学分析生存率、疾病特异生存率和无复发生存率评价疗效.结果 入组31例患者,5年总体生存率、疾病特异生存率和无复发生存率分别为87%、93%和58%.复发15例,浅表性复发6例,8例接受延迟膀胱癌根治术.23例保留有功能性膀胱,死亡6例.结论 选择性TURBT治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌在少部分经严格选择的患者中是合理可行的,术后患者应终生接受膀胱镜严密随访.     

非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌预后的多因素Cox回归分析

目的:探讨影响非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌(non-muscle invasive bladder cancer,NMIBC)预后的主要相关因素及其临床意义。方法:采用回顾性分析的方法,分析川北医学院附属医院2008年1月~2011年6月间收治的174例非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的临床病例资料。患者的临床病理特征(单因素)对肿瘤复发和进展风险的影响采用Kaplan-Meier法和log-rank检验评估。选择单因素分析有意义的变量分别对肿瘤复发、疾病进展进行Cox比例风险回归模型的多因素生存分析。结果:单因素分析表明患者年龄、肿瘤个数、肿瘤分期、分级、肿瘤生长部位、术后是否即刻灌注及既往复发情况七项因素与肿瘤复发显著相关(P0.05);肿瘤直径、肿瘤分期、分级、术后是否即刻灌注及既往复发情况五项因素与疾病进展相关(P0.05)。将上述各因素分别纳入Cox风险模型中得出各因素对肿瘤复发的相对危险度分别为:肿瘤分期(RR=2.041,P=0.046)、肿瘤分级(RR=1.548,P=0.037)、术后是否即刻灌注(RR=2.335,P=0.005)、既往复发情况(RR=1.484,P=0.048);各因素对疾病进展的相对危险度分别为:肿瘤分级(RR=3.019,P=0.006)、肿瘤直径(RR=5.062,P=0.005)、既往复发情况(RR=2.345,P=0.012)。结论:与非肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌术后复发密切相关的因素包括肿瘤分期、分级、术后是否即刻灌注及既往复发情况,而膀胱肿瘤的直径、分级及既往复发情况对患者肿瘤的进展影响最大。     

Noninvasive papillary urothelial neoplasia (NIPUN): Renaming cancer

Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUNLMP) terminology remains controversial given its reported recurrence rate, its low interobserver diagnostic reproducibility, and its morphologic and molecular genetic overlap with low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma. By contrast, referring to any noninvasive tumor as a “carcinoma” is also controversial. PUNLMP and low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinomas cannot be reliably distinguished from one another even by experienced pathologists. As both tumors are treated in an identical manner and have similar rates of recurrence and progression, attempting to make this distinction is unnecessary and of little clinical value. These tumor types should therefore be combined into a single category for grading purposes. We propose that all tumors currently classified as either PUNLMP or low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial carcinoma be termed low-grade noninvasive papillary urothelial neoplasms (NIPUN). This could improve interobserver reproducibility without sacrificing the prognostic utility of histologic grading. PUNLMP terminology should be discontinued and the term “carcinoma” should be reserved only for tumors showing histologic evidence of invasion.     

Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential: evolving terminology and concepts

PURPOSE: The most controversial aspect of the new WHO 2004/ISUP classification system is the creation of the PUNLMP diagnostic category. We discuss PUNLMP tumors and the WHO 2004/ISUP classification system with an emphasis on tumor morphology and heterogeneity, recurrence and progression rates, tumor genetics, interobserver variability and the usefulness of biomarkers and molecular diagnostic techniques for grading bladder tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search using PubMed was performed. All relevant literature concerning PUNLMP and the WHO 2004/ISUP grading system for urothelial neoplasms was reviewed. RESULTS: The new WHO 2004/ISUP classification reflects work in progress. Low malignant potential terminology may not reflect the true biological behavior of these tumors. Additionally, interobserver variability in making a diagnosis of PUNLMP is high despite detailed histological criteria. Urine cytopathology in the context of the WHO 2004/ISUP classification does not appear to effectively discriminate PUNLMP from low grade carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: For practical purposes patients with PUNLMP should be treated similarly to patients with low grade, noninvasive urothelial carcinoma. It is our hope that recent advances in the molecular grading of these tumors may eventually supplant traditional morphological classification, allowing a more precise and objective assessment of the biological potential of these tumors.     

Bladder cancer with skin metastasis: a case report

Bladder carcinoma with skin metastasis is extremely rare. We herein report a case of a bladder tumor with skin metastasis. A 68-year-old man was referred to our hospital with macroscopic hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a trigone papillary tumor. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) was performed and the pathological diagnosis was transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), pT1, G3. Thereafter, he received several courses of TURBT, intravesical chemotherapy (pirarubicin, bacillus Calmette-Guerin and mitomycin C) and intra-arterial chemotherapy because of recurrence. Thirteen years later, he underwent total cystoprostatectomy with neobladder formation. Histological examination revealed muscle-invasive bladder cancer with a staging of T3bNOM0. Two years and three months later, multiple firm nodules with eruptions appeared on the skin in several regions; they were resected and the histological findings revealed TCC. This indicated metastatic spread from the primary bladder TCC. He received only supportive treatment during this period due to renal dysfunction. He died four months after the manifestation of the skin metastasis due to multiple metastases.     

膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤的诊治及预后（附6例报告）

目的：探讨膀胱内翻性乳头瘤（IPB）的临床诊断、诊治方法及预后。方法：回顾性分析6例IPB的临床资料。均采用经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（TURBT）治疗,术后予膀胱灌注化疗预防复发。结果：患者术后生存良好,5例获得随访3个月-8年,未见肿瘤复发或恶变。结论：IPB是一种少见的尿路上皮肿瘤,预后良好。诊断依赖于膀胱镜检及术后病理检查,TURBT是其有效的治疗方法,术后予膀胱灌注化疗是利于预防复发。     

二次电切治疗单发广基型T1G3期膀胱尿路上皮癌临床分析

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤二次电切术（二次电切）治疗单发广基型T1G3期膀胱尿路上皮癌的临床疗效。方法分析我院收集并随机分组的46例T1G3期膀胱尿路上皮癌患者资料。其中21例作为实验组于首次电切后4～6周行二次电切,明确有无肿瘤残留及确切的临床分期。与未接受二次电切患者（对照组）进行复发率、疾病进展率及无复发生存率的比较。结果两组患者性别、年龄、随访时间、肿瘤体积等的差异均无统计学意义（均为P〉0．05）．21例行二次电切的患者中,术后病理证实有肿瘤残余8例（38．1％）,3例（14．3％）临床分期升高。术后平均随访时间（34±6．2）个月,对照组1年、3年、总复发率分别是：54．55％（12／17）、88．89％（16／18）、68％（17／25）;疾病进展率：70．59％（12／17）;实验组1年、3年、总复发率分别是：15．79％（3／19）、42．86％（6／14）、38．10％（8／21）;疾病进展率：37．5％（3／8）。二组相比,1年、3年、总复发率（Х^2=6．60,P〈O．05;P〈0．01;Х^2=4．11,P〈0．05）;疾病进展率（P=0．026）、无复发生存率（Х^2=7．28,P〈0．05）比较,差异均有统计学意义。结论二次电切可以降低T1G3期膀胱尿路上皮癌肿瘤残留率,并可以减少肿瘤的复发率、疾病进展率及改善无复发生存率。     

A collision cancer between urothelial carcinoma and malignant lymphoma of the urinary bladder: a case report

A man in his 70's visited the Department of Internal Medicine due to lumbago that had first appeared two months previously. Abdominal computed tomography showed a low-density area in the liver and swelling of lymph nodes surrounding the abdominal aorta. Four months later, he was hospitalized on an emergency basis in a urology ward in order to control bladder tamponade. Cystoscopy revealed massive blood clots and a papillary tumor at the left wall of the urinary bladder. He underwent transurethral resection of a bladder tumor, and the pathological diagnosis was a collision tumor between urothelial carcinoma (G2, pTa) and malignant lymphoma (B cell type). He underwent a liver biopsy soon thereafter, and the pathological diagnosis was malignant lymphoma (as for the one found in the urinary bladder). Bladder tamponade was repeated, which was relieved after one course of chemotherapy for malignant lymphoma. He underwent six courses of chemotherapy (THP-CO), and he was well without recurrence of either malignant lymphoma or urothelial carcinoma with 3 years' follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the 14th reported case of a collision tumor in the urinary tract.     

大面积（直径≥3 cm）膀胱肿瘤患者TURBT术后膀胱复发的危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的 探讨大面积（直径≥3 cm）膀胱肿瘤患者经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术（transurethral resection of the bladder tumors，TURBT）后复发的危险因素。方法 回顾性统计2008年1月到2014年9月在本科就诊的107例大面积膀胱癌患者,其中男性75例，女性32例，平均年龄67.8岁（22～90岁），行TURBT及膀胱灌注化疗，定期门诊复诊随访。根据随访期间是否复发将上述患者分为复发组和未复发组，比较两组患者在年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟史、肿瘤数量（单发或多发）、肿瘤形态（是否有蒂）、肿瘤分期和分级及是否维持膀胱灌注化疗等指标的差异，并利用单因素和多因素logistic回归统计学方法，探索大面积膀胱肿瘤TURBT术后膀胱复发的独立危险因素。结果 所有患者均成功随访。其中75例出现膀胱癌复发，32例未复发。两组患者在年龄、性别组成、BMI、吸烟史、肿瘤分期和分级及是否膀胱灌注上的差异无统计学意义。而复发组中多发、宽基底肿瘤的患者数量比例显著高于未复发组（50.7%和25.0%, 93.3% 和25.0%，P<0.05）,多因素logistic回顾分析结果显示：肿瘤多发（95%CI：1.32～9.39,P=0.012）、宽基底（95%CI：1.50～19.84，P=0.010）是大面积膀胱肿瘤TURBT术后膀胱复发的独立危险因素。结论 与单发和有蒂肿瘤相比，多发、宽基底的大面积膀胱肿瘤TURBT术后膀胱复发的风险更高。因此，对于临床上具备上述特征的患者，有必要采取更加积极的治疗策略。     

Diferencias clínico-patológicas entre neoplasia vesical de bajo potencial maligno y carcinoma de bajo grado

ObjectiveTo determine if the morphologic subgrouping of grade I bladder tumors between papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential and low grade papillary carcinoma is of clinical and survival valueMaterial and methodsAll 257 consecutive patients diagnosed of superficial bladder cancer between 1990 and 1995 in HU Reina Sofía of Cordoba were reviewed and further reclassified according to WHO/ISUP consensus classification of urothelial neoplasms of the bladder. Of the tumors 12 were urothelial papilloma, 51 were papillary neoplasm of low malignant potential, 43 were low grade papillary carcinoma Ta, 65 were low grade papillary carcinoma T1 and 37 were high grade papillary carcinoma. Eleven patients were reevaluated as T2 tumors and 38 (14.8%) were lost of control. All patients were reviewed with a follow-up at least of 5 years. We compare the results between groups with Fisher test and the risk factors for recurrence and progression are analized by multivariate analysis (Odds ratio). The survival function was calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates and compared with the log-rank testResultsThere are no differences between groups respect the age or sex distribution. The differences in the multiplicity are not significatives and only the mean size is higher in papillary low grade carcinoma. About the risk factors for recurrence and progression of the disease, only is significative the tumor size. Rarely, the use of chemotherapy seems to play a role in the recurrence. There are no differences in recurrence and progression between the groups, although the percentages are always higher in the papillary low grade carcinoma groupConclusionsThere are enough clinical differences between the two groups and we consider them as distinct pathologic entities. Only the higher tumoral size is prognostic factor in each group. We think that the use of chemotherapy must be avoided in this low grade bladder tumors     

WHO2004膀胱非浸润乳头状泌尿上皮肿瘤病理分级和预后的关系

目的：研究WHO2004膀胱非浸润乳头状泌尿上皮肿瘤病理分级和预后的关系。方法：回顾性分析了2003-2007年收治的229例病理检查证实为膀胱非浸润乳头状泌尿上皮肿瘤的病例资料,其中乳头状瘤39例,低恶潜能乳头状泌尿七皮肿瘤（PUNLMP）62例,乳头状泌尿上皮低级别癌（LGPUC）72例,乳头状泌尿上皮高级别癌（HGPUC）56例。结果：乳头状瘤、PUNLMP、LGPUC和HGPUC的复发率及进展率分别为5％（2／39）、18％（11／62）、33％（24／72）、50％（28／56）和0（0／39）、0（0／62）、10％（7／72）和20％（11／56）,肿瘤的复发率和进展率在各病理分缄之间差辑有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：WHO2004的病理分级能较好反映膀胱非浸润乳头状泌尿上皮肿瘤的侦后情况。