中国登革热重要媒介白纹伊蚊的研究进展

登革热是经蚊虫叮咬人体传播的重要传染病,主要通过埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊传播,广泛流行于热带和亚热带地区。在我国白纹伊蚊属于大部分地区登革热的主要媒介。现就白纹伊蚊在我国的地理分布、生态习性及对登革热病毒易感性和传播方式进行综述。     

登革热防治的难点与误区及其对策

登革热是热带、亚热带地区常见的传染病。主要传播媒介为埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊。登革热通过带有登革热病毒的雌性伊蚊叮咬而传染给人类。当人被带病毒蚊虫叮咬后，病毒会从蚊虫唾液进入人体血液而感染。目前在世界范围内，东南亚等国家或地区近年来登革热正处于高发期。广东常年都有伊蚊孳生繁殖，登革热疫情发生与蚊媒密切相关。世界卫生组织推荐的防控策略，就是要突出以预防控制登革热媒介伊蚊为主的综合性措施。实践证明：     

登革热与口岸蚊虫防制

登革热是由登革热病毒引起,经伊蚊传播的一种急性传染病。登革热于1779年被发现,1869年由英国伦敦皇家内科学会命名。登革热行区分布在热带和亚热带100多个国家。登革热的主要传播媒介为埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊。建议在国境口岸从法规防制,教育防制,环境防制,生物防制,物理防制等多种角度对媒介蚊虫实施综合防制,以防止登革热的传播和流行,保障人民健康安全。     

登革热疫情蚊媒控制的策略与关键措施

登革热(俗称“断骨热”)是一种由登革热病毒(dengue virus)引起的急性发热传染病,由蚊虫传播给人类。病原体为登革热病毒(可分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型)。全球每年约5 000万登革热病例,常见于热带和亚热带地域。近年登革热渐趋活跃,影响全球各地,在东南亚登革热已成为部分国家地方性流行病,我国有输入病例或局部暴发疫情出现。登革热通过带有登革热病毒的雌性伊蚊叮咬而传染给人类。主要传播媒介为埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊。广东省登革热最主要媒介是白纹伊蚊(俗称“花斑蚊”),主要孳生于室内室外的各种积水容器,大多数栖息于孳生地周围的绿化带等阴暗…     

西双版纳州登革热暴发现场BGS-trap媒介蚊虫监测研究

目的 评价BG-Sentinel mosquito trap （BGS-trap）对登革热媒介成蚊的监测效果,为我国登革热暴发现场伊蚊成蚊监测、风险评估及预测预警提供基础数据.方法 在西双版纳州所辖景洪市、勐腊及勐海县,利用BGS-Trap进行伊蚊成蚊监测,捕获蚊种经形态学鉴定.利用描述流行病学方法对日捕获所有蚊虫进行分析.结果 景洪市5d研究期内,共布放20台BGS-trap,累计捕蚊240 h,捕获蚊虫26只,其中,埃及伊蚊雌性1只,白纹伊蚊8只（雌7只,雄1只）,致倦库蚊17只（雌16只,雄1只）.勐腊、勐海县各放置BGS-trap 3台,捕蚊时间各108 h,均未捕到埃及伊蚊及白纹伊蚊.勐腊县捕获三带喙库蚊2只（雌雄各1只）,勐海县捕获致倦库蚊2只（雌雄各1只）.结论 BGS-trap在此次云南省西双版纳州登革热暴发现场伊蚊成蚊监测中效果不理想,需在现场和实验室对该装置进行进一步媒介伊蚊成蚊监测效果评价工作.     

除虫脲对登革热媒介伊蚊拟除虫菊酯类抗性种群的作用效果研究

目的了解除虫脲对登革热媒介埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊的作用效果,为蚊虫抗药性治理和蚊媒控制提供依据。方法用WHO推荐的昆虫生长调节剂的抗药性测定方法,以采自景洪市登革热疫区的埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊及实验室敏感品系为研究对象,研究除虫脲对这2种伊蚊的作用效果及其特点;用SPSS 24.0软件进行概率回归分析,得到除虫脲对伊蚊敏感品系和抗性种群的半数抑制剂量(IE50),计算抗性倍数;通过观察不同浓度除虫脲作用下伊蚊的虫态构成及死亡情况,分析除虫脲对伊蚊的作用特点。结果景洪市埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊拟除虫菊酯类抗性种群对除虫脲的IE50及95%CI分别为0.002 33(0.001 98~0.003 12)和0.002 53(0.002 16~0.002 89)μg/ml,其抗性倍数分别为1.77和1.71倍,属于敏感水平,除虫脲与拟除虫菊酯类药物无交互抗性;使用除虫脲后,埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊的死亡高峰均在第4~6天,表明与常用的化学杀虫剂比较,除虫脲致死作用比较缓慢;不同浓度除虫脲对蚊虫作用效果不同,低浓度主要在成蚊阶段死亡,高浓度均出现蛹和/或幼虫死亡。结论景洪市埃及伊蚊和白纹伊蚊抗性种群对除虫脲均敏感,推荐使用剂量为0.006μg/ml,但其致死作用比较缓慢,适用于蚊虫的抗性治理和可持续控制。     

在马来西亚梹榔屿岛的小城镇和乡村中用诱卵器调查埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊的分布

引言:埃及伊蚊、白纹伊蚊在全世界的分布互相重叠。埃及伊蚊原生在非洲热带,由于人为关系而扩散到整个热带。白纹伊蚊原生在亚洲和东南亚(Stone 等,1959)。在东南亚这两种蚊是传播登革热和登革出血热的媒介。白纹伊蚊是亚洲热带地区在19世纪以来登革热流行     

中缅边境地区孟连和澜沧县登革热媒介蚊虫调查

目的了解中缅边境地区孟连和澜沧县登革热媒介种类、生态习性和登革热病毒自然感染状况,为登革热预防控制提供科学依据。方法在孟连和澜沧县选择3个自然村作为监测点,采用人工诱捕法白天诱捕成蚊,并在房屋内外积水容器捕捞幼虫,采用RTPCR方法对现场捕获的成蚊进行登革热病毒检测。结果 2010年6-10月在孟连和澜沧县监测点共捕获蚊虫6属8亚属22种3436只,其中白纹伊蚊为优势蚊种,占捕蚊总数的33.82%;未捕到埃及伊蚊。3个观察点白纹伊蚊平均房屋指数19.3,容器指数5.84,布雷图指数30.3,千人指数68.5;白纹伊蚊孳生环境类型以竹筒、土罐类和旧轮胎等临时积水容器为主,分别占阳性积水容器数的34.1%、27.5%和17.6%;白纹伊蚊成蚊平均密度为8.98只/人工小时;成蚊密度高峰出现在7-8月;对捕获的29批白纹伊蚊(1162只)进行RTPCR检测,未发现登革热病毒感染。结论白纹伊蚊密度较高且分布广泛,应加强当地登革热监测工作。     

伊蚊传播疾病及其防治

近年来随着登革热、黄热病和寨卡病毒病等疫情的相继出现,引发对伊蚊传播疾病疫情和防治的广泛关注。5 000多种虫媒病毒中超过一半是由蚊媒传播的,而伊蚊是蚊科中最大的一属,由其传播的蚊媒传染病种类最多。受全球气候变暖和交通便利化的影响,伊蚊传播疾病对人类健康构成威胁。伊蚊传播疾病存在自然疫源性,防控难度大。为加强我国伊蚊传播性疾病的防控工作,本文介绍了登革热、黄热病、寨卡病毒病、基孔肯雅热和裂谷热等5种伊蚊传播疾病的病原学和临床学特征、流行病学特征和伊蚊的分布情况与生态习性,分析了伊蚊传播性疾病疫情对我国的威胁,提出我国应对伊蚊传播性疾病的预防与控制措施。     

云南省景洪市蚊虫分布特点及与虫媒病毒的关系

的：掌握蚊虫分布特点及其在虫媒病毒传播中的作用。方法：捕获蚊虫，分离病毒。结果：１９８１、１９８２、１９８６和１９８８年在景洪市采获成年雌性蚊虫３１种２２８２３只。白天在野外竹林采获蚊虫１７种，优势蚊种为圆斑伊蚊、刺扰伊蚊和白纹伊蚊；夜间在农村畜圈及其周围采获蚊虫１９种，优势蚊种为棕头库蚊、三带喙库蚊、迷走按蚊。从采获的７种蚊虫体内分离到流行性乙型脑炎病毒１０株，基孔肯雅病毒３株，登革热病毒１株。其中从白纹伊蚊分离到３株病毒（２株基孔肯雅病毒、１株登革热病毒），从三带喙库蚊分离到５株病毒（４株流行性乙型脑炎病毒，１株基孔肯雅病毒）。结论：白纹伊蚊是当地基孔肯雅和登革热病毒的主要传播媒介，三带喙库蚊是流行性乙型脑炎病毒的主要传播媒介     

Dengue in children: critical points in management

Dengue fever (DF) is endemic and occasionally epidemic in many tropical and subtropical areas inhabited by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. Infection with Dengue may present with varied clinical manifestations. Significant morbidity and mortality can result if early recognition and monitoring of its severe forms (DHF and DSS) is not done and if appropriate medical intervention is delayed. This article reviews several critical points in the basic evaluation and management of dengue in the pediatric age group and present our current approach in the form of a therapeutic algorithm.     

Abiotic determinants to the spatial dynamics of dengue Fever in guangzhou

Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne disease that significantly endangers the well-being of people in most tropical Asia-Pacific areas. The transmission of DF is inherently a spatial process, requiring susceptible humans encountering infectious mosquito. The relationships between humans, mosquito and environment underpin the dynamics and patterns of the epidemic. In this article, the objective is to find out the key abiotic factors in the spatial dynamics of DF. An interdisciplinary study has been carried out by taking advantage of statistics, geographical information science, and remote sensing technologies. The case study is the DF outbreak in the Chinese city of Guangzhou throughout the year of 2002-the most serious DF outbreak in the recent decade. This study shows that the presence and abundance of DF cases can be associated with (a) socioeconomic factors relating to urbanization and (b) meteorological factors favoring mosquito survival.     

Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the Americas: a review of their interactions with the human population

This paper describes the significant changes in the relationship between Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and the human population in the Americas from the 1800s to present. First, the history of the arrival of the mosquito, the consequent epidemics of yellow fever and dengue, and the eventual implication of the mosquito as vector is described. Second, the Pan American Health Organization's Aedes aegypti Eradication Program is discussed and the potential threat to the Americas of development of the dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS) is emphasized. Third, the limited efforts of the United States to control its A. aegypti population, which has serious implications for the success of the control of the species in the rest of the Americas, are commented upon. It is shown, in conclusion, that politics and economics, in addition to the state of biomedical knowledge, have a significant impact on the relationship between the mosquito and human populations in the Western hemisphere.     

Human and environmental factors affecting Aedes aegypti distribution in an arid urban environment

Aedes aegypti has reappeared in urban communities in the southwestern U.S.A. in the 1990s after a 40-year absence. In 2003 and 2004, a systematic survey was conducted throughout metropolitan Tucson, AZ, to identify human and environmental factors associated with Ae. aegypti distribution within an arid urban area. Aedes aegypti presence and abundance were measured monthly using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention enhanced oviposition traps at sampling sites established in a grid at 3- to 4-km intervals across the city. Sampling occurred in the summer rainy season (July through September), the peak of mosquito activity in the region. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to determine relationships between mosquito density and factors that could influence mosquito distribution. House age was the only factor that showed a consistent significant association with Ae. aegypti abundance in both years: older houses had more mosquito eggs. This is the 1st study of Ae. aegypti distribution at a local level to identify house age as an explanatory factor independent of other human demographic factors. Further research into the reasons why mosquitoes were more abundant around older homes may help inform and refine future vector surveillance and control efforts in the event of a dengue outbreak in the region.     

Intrinsic features of Aedes aegypti genes affect transcriptional responsiveness of mosquito genes to dengue virus infection

Dengue virus infection causes significant morbidity and mortality in humans world-wide. The Aedes aegypti mosquito is the major vector that spreads dengue virus to humans. Interaction between dengue viruses and A. aegypti is a multi-factorial phenomena that is determined by both virus and mosquito genotypes. Although, studies have suggested significant association of mosquito vectorial capacity with population variation of dengue virus, specifications of the vector factors that may influence vector-virus compatibility are very limited in the literature. Recently, we have shown that a large number of genes are differentially expressed between MOYO-S (susceptible) and MOYO-R (refractory) A. aegypti strains upon infection with dengue virus (JAM-1409 genotype). In the current study, we show that specific intrinsic features of A. aegypti genes are significantly associated with 'responsiveness' of mosquito genes to dengue infection. Binomial logistic regression analysis further reveals differential marginal effects of these features on gene responsiveness of mosquitoes to the viral infection. Thus, our result shows that intrinsic features of genes significantly affect differential expression of A. aegypti genes to dengue infection. The information will benefit further investigations on evolution of genes among natural populations of A. aegypti conferring differential susceptibility to dengue virus.     

Aedes aegypti in Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam): susceptibility to dengue 2 virus and genetic differentiation

Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue viruses, responsible for a viral infection that has become a major public health concern in Asia. In Viet Nam, dengue haemorrhagic fever was first detected in the 1960s and is now a leading cause of death in childhood. We studied the variability in competence of Ae. aegypti as a vector for dengue 2 virus and genetic differentiation in this mosquito species. Twenty mosquito samples collected in 1998 in Ho Chi Minh City were subjected to oral infection and isoenzyme polymorphism analysis by starch gel electrophoresis. Ae. aegypti populations from the centre of Ho Chi Minh City were genetically differentiated and their infection rates differed from those of populations from the commuter belt. These results have implications for insecticidal control during dengue outbreaks.     

An inexpensive intervention for the control of larval Aedes aegypti assessed by an improved method of surveillance and analysis

A sampling method coupled with statistical calibration factors was developed to accurately assess the numbers of larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti in large water-storage containers of variable capacities and water levels. Aedes aegypti productivity in different types of breeding sites found in an urban study area in central Colombia was assessed and compared. In this study, water-storage tanks and drums were found to comprise 79% of the containers positive for larval Ae. aegypti, which contributed to 93 and 92% of the total production of populations of 4th-stage larvae and pupae, respectively. These main breeding sites of Ae. aegypti were found at an indoor to outdoor ratio of 2.4:1 and no correlation was found between temporal fluctuation of populations of larval Ae. aegypti and monthly rainfall. Netted lids that used inexpensive local materials were designed to prevent oviposition by Ae. aegypti. During a 6-month trial period, 56% of inspected containers had netted lids correctly in place. Of these, 78% had no mosquito larvae. Because only 37% of uncovered containers were free of mosquito larvae, a significant difference was demonstrated when these inexpensive mechanical barriers were used (chi2 = 138.7; P < 0.001). These netted lids and the improved methods described to assess the productivity of larval and pupal Ae. aegypti in this study are now being used in combination with other strategies to assess and control these populations of dengue virus vectors in the main port city on the Atlantic Coast of Colombia.     

Evaluation of the efficacy of lambda-cyhalothrin applied by three spray application methods for emergency control of Aedes aegypti in Costa Rica

An extended duration formulation of lambda-cyhalothrin (Icon CS) applied as either an ultra-low volume (ULV) or thermal fog spray from a new hand-held sprayer (Twin-Fog) or as a low-volume spray (LV) from a backpack mist blower against Aedes aegypti was evaluated in Costa Rica. Spray applications were made at the front door for 1 min or to each room for 15 sec for the ULV and LV, and thermal fog applications were made to houses in separate blocks for each treatment. The efficacy and duration of effectiveness of the spray was determined from sentinel caged mosquito mortality and mosquito collections from within houses using hand-held, battery-powered aspirators. Sentinel caged mosquito mortality in both open and sequestered locations was 97-100% for the ULV and thermal fog spray treatments, with control mortality less than 2%. Both ULV applications (front door and each room) provided 3 wk of significant control (P < 0.05) based on adult Ae. aegypti house collections.     

An updated checklist of the mosquitoes of New Jersey.

The last checklist of New Jersey mosquitoes was published in 1983 and contained 59 species from 10 genera. Since that time 4 additional species have been collected in New Jersey: Aedes thibaulti, Aedes infirmatus, Aedes aegypti, and Aedes albopictus. Aedes aegypti was not able to overwinter and is not part of New Jersey's mosquito fauna. As a result, the addition of 3 species brings the updated checklist of New Jersey mosquitoes to 62.