三脑室区肿瘤手术入路及经胼胝体-穹隆间人路的显微解剖

三脑室区肿瘤的手术入路根据病变部位有适用于前部病变的经额叶皮质入路、经胼胝体前部入路、经终板入路，主要适用于中部病变的脉络丛下入路、经脉络裂入路和脉络裂下经中央帆入路，主要适用于后部病变的枕部经小脑幕入路、幕下小脑上入路、经胼胝体后部入路及经侧脑室三角区入路。解剖和临床研究表明经胼胝体穹隆间入路到达三脑室最近、术后并发症少，掌握该入路路径中扣带回、胼周动脉、胼胝体、穹隆、前连合等重要神经结构的显微解剖学知识，有利于术前手术计划的制定和实施手术。     

侧脑室三角区肿瘤手术相关入路研究进展

目的 总结并归纳侧脑室三角区肿瘤手术相关入路的选择。方法 在PubMed、Springerlink、Sciencedirect、CNKI等数据库中以“侧脑室三角区肿瘤”及“手术入路”为关键词,搜索1997年1月—2015年1月国内外有关侧脑室三角区肿瘤的研究进展,进行总结归纳。结果 侧脑室三角区肿瘤的手术入路可以概括为直接入路和自然间隙入路,直接入路包括上顶枕叶皮质入路、经颞皮质入路、经顶颞入路及经枕入路等,自然间隙入路包括后纵裂经胼胝体入路、外侧裂远端入路、后纵裂经楔前叶入路、后纵裂对侧楔前叶入路及小脑上经小脑蒂侧副沟入路等,各种手术入路各有其优缺点及适应证。结论 侧脑室三角区肿瘤多为良性肿瘤,手术是其最佳治疗手段。应根据肿瘤生长特点选择安全、有效、个体化的手术入路。     

微创穿刺侧脑室引流及脑积液置换治疗高血压性丘脑出血临床观察

目的观察高血压性丘脑出血破入脑室患者的治疗方法、手术时机对预后的影响。方法40例患者全部进行常规内科治疗，其中随机抽取12例隔日行腰穿刺脑脊液（csf）置换术并鞘内注射地塞米松，直至CT显示脑室内积血消失，csf外观清亮，动力试验阴性；16例同时行微创穿刺侧脑室引流及间断腰穿csf置换术。结果内科加csf置换加脑室引流活疗死亡率为12．50％，6h以内治疗及预后观察死亡率为0。结论超旱期同时行微创穿刺侧脑室引流及间断腰穿csf置换术是治疗高血压性丘脑出血破入脑室的最佳方案。     

侧脑室肿瘤显微手术治疗的观察与护理

目的探讨显微手术切除侧脑室肿瘤的护理措施。方法对我院2002年1月~2005年12月显微手术治疗的侧脑室肿瘤46例进行了回顾性分析。结果术后并发中枢性高热8例,硬膜外血肿2例,硬膜下血肿3例,硬膜下积液1例,脑室感染2例。41例患者术后3个月随访按GOS预后评分结果:恢复良好32例,生活自理5例,重残1例,植物生存1例,死亡2例。结论护士掌握侧脑室肿瘤的相关知识,做好术前健康教育,术后并发症的观察与护理,保持脑室及腰穿引流管的有效引流和康复护理是手术成功,患者尽早康复的关键。     

经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除术并发症的防治

目的探讨单鼻孔经蝶入路显微手术治疗垂体瘤的并发症及其防治。方法对60例垂体瘤患者采用单鼻孔经蝶入路显微手术治疗,为预防及减少并发症的发生,术前选好适应证,术中精细操作,术后及时妥善处理并发症。结果60例垂体瘤手术均顺利,出血不多,并发症少,没有发生视力恶化、颈内动脉及其分支损伤、颅神经损伤、颅内感染、长期脑脊液漏等严重或永久性并发症。本组共发生各种类型的并发症15例,其中出现一过性尿崩症5例（8．3％）,短暂脑脊液漏2例（3．3％）,视觉障碍2例（3．3％）,垂体功能低下2例（3．3％）,低钠血症4例（6．6％）,经积极治疗后均在3～8天内恢复。结论单鼻孔经蝶入路显微镜下切除垂体瘤并发症的发生与手术操作有关,熟悉局部解剖及良好的手术技巧可降低并发症的发生。术后并发症经积极合理的治疗能获得痊愈。     

经颅与经蝶窦分期手术切除巨大垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨经颅入路与经蝶窭入路分期切除不同生长方式的巨大垂体腺瘤的手术方法及临床意义。方法 回顾性分析我科行经颅与经蝶窭分期手术的12例巨大垂体腺瘤患者的临床表现、影像学特点，根据肿瘤的不同形态及生长方式，结合手术入路和手术方式探讨其手术疗效。结果 本组病例根据生长方式的不同分为：①单纯向上呈葫芦形生长，经额下入路及经蝶窭入路手术者4例；②向鞍上及鞍旁生长，行经翼点入路及蝶窭入路手术者6例；③向三脑室及侧脑室生长，经侧脑室入路及经蝶窭入路手术者2例。二次手术间隔时间1～3月间不等，均采用显微手术治疗，其中肿瘤全切除8例，次全切除3例，大部切除1例，无死亡发生。结论 手术前应根据病史和影像学资料判断肿瘤的形态、生长方式、所累及的解剖腔隙和重要结构，选择合理的分期手术方法，才能取得较好的临床治疗效果。     

术前腰大池外引流对经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中脑脊液漏的防治作用

目的：探讨术前腰大池外引流对经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤患者术中脑脊液漏的防治作用。方法回顾性分析2012年1月—2013年11月郑州大学第一附属医院神经外科行经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术的194例患者的临床资料,其中54例患者术前行腰大池外引流（引流组),140例患者术前未行腰大池外引流（对照组)。两组患者性别、年龄、肿瘤类型、Wilson分级等一般资料差异均无统计学意义（P值均>0．05),具有可比性。对比2组术中脑脊液漏的发生情况。结果194例患者均顺利完成手术。引流组54例,除1例无脑脊液流出者,其余患者术中引流脑脊液40~80 mL;术中发生脑脊液漏3例（5．6%),常规给予修补鞍底+腰大池外引流,术后均未再发生脑脊液漏;术后发生脑脊液漏2例（3．7%),1例行腰大池外引流、1例予修补鞍底+腰大池外引流,均治愈。对照组140例,术中发生脑脊液漏54例（38．6%),常规给予修补鞍底+术后腰大池外引流治疗,49例痊愈,5例术后再次发生脑脊液漏;术后共发生脑脊液漏7例（5．0%),1例行腰大池持续外引流、6例再次手术行脑脊液漏修补+腰大池外引流,均痊愈。两组患者术中脑脊液漏发生率比较,引流组术中脑脊液漏发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（χ2=20．473,P<0．01)。结论术中鞍膈及蛛网膜的直接或间接损伤可能是经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤患者术中发生脑脊液漏的原因。经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术术前行腰大池外引流,术中腰大池外引流释放脑脊液可降低蛛网膜张力,减少鞍膈和蛛网膜的直接或间接损伤,进而降低术中脑脊液漏的发生率。     

经脉络裂人路治疗第三脑室病变的应用解剖

目的比较经胼胝体和经额中回两种途径达到脉络裂的优劣,为临床医师经脉络裂入路治疗第三脑室病变提供理论基础.方法10例成人头颅标本,在放大10倍手术显微镜下分别依照经胼胝体一侧脑室-脉络裂入路和经额中回-侧脑室-脉络裂入路进行解剖观察.结果脉络裂是位于丘脑和穹隆间的自然裂隙,经上述两种人路均可经侧脑室和脉络裂体部打开第三脑室顶部.胼胝体厚度为(7.2±0.8)mm,室间孔前后缘长度为(4.89±1.35)mm,室间孔前缘至静脉角的长度为(11.79±3.43)mm.结论经胼胝体-侧脑室-脉络裂人路优于经额中回-侧脑室-脉络裂入路,经胼胝体-侧脑室-脉络裂入路具有损伤小,术野清晰的优点,是处理第三脑室病变的一个理想选择.     

经纵裂胼胝体入路显微手术切除三脑室肿瘤及囊虫

目的：介绍一种切除三脑室肿瘤的手术入路。方法：显微镜下经纵裂胼胝体入路切除三脑室肿瘤及猪囊虫8例。结果：肿瘤全切除5例、大部切除2例，1例猪囊虫完整摘除。术后死亡1例。5例随访6个月未复发，2例失访。结论：该手术入路可以切除三脑室前、中、后部的肿瘤及猪囊虫，术野暴露清楚，不易造成穹窿、匠脯、大脑内静脉、丘纹静脉的损伤，减少了术后并发症的发生。     

12例大型听神经瘤显微神经外科手术治疗的体会

目的 探讨大型听神经瘤的显微手术治疗技巧与重要神经功能的保护,减少并发症,提高临床疗效.方法 12例大型听神经瘤(直径≥3cm)患者,采用枕下乙状窦后入路显微镜下切除肿瘤.结果 肿瘤全切11例,全切率91.3%,面神经解剖保留11例,功能保留7例.保留听神经2例.死亡0例.术后脑脊液漏2例,吞咽困难2例,术后再出血1例.结论 采用枕下乙状窦后入路显微镜下切除肿瘤可取得满意的肿瘤切除和神经保护的效果.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.