The effect of tourniquet use on hidden blood loss in total knee arthroplasty

The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of hidden blood loss and assess the effects of using a tourniquet on postoperative hidden loss in patients undergoing primary total knee arthroplasty. Eighty patients were randomised into two groups: one group underwent operation with a tourniquet and one without. Operating time, perioperative blood loss, hidden blood loss, free haemoglobin, swelling, ecchymosis, straight leg raising action and knee flexion were measured. There were significant differences in the hidden blood loss, free haemoglobin, postoperative swelling, extent of ecchymosis, straight leg raising and postoperative knee flexion in the early period after operation between the two groups. Our results indicate that knee arthroplasty operations with a tourniquet might promote postoperative hidden blood loss and hinder patients’ in early postoperative rehabilitation exercises.     

The use of pneumatic tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty: a meta-analysis

Background

Pneumatic tourniquet use in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is always a controversial issue. The aim of the present study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of its use in patients receiving primary unilateral TKA, and to explore the most safe and effective protocols.

Materials and methods

This review was based on cochrane methodology for conducting meta-analysis. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were eligible for this study. The participants were adults who had undergone primary unilateral TKA. The Review Manager Database (RevMan version 5.0, The Cochrane Collaboration 2008) was used to analyze the dates of the selected studies.

Results

Thirteen RCTs involving 859 patients were included in this analysis. The use of tourniquet could significantly reduce operation time (mean difference ?5.01 min, P = 0.003), intraoperative blood loss (mean difference ?201.85 ml, P < 0.00001) and total blood loss volumes (mean difference ?125.03 ml, P = 0.61). But postoperative (mean difference 45.99 ml, P = 0.68) were slightly increased in that situation. With respect to surgical complications, a tendency of increasing risk ratio was observed for tourniquet group.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that tourniquet application could reduce surgical time, intraoperative blood loss and total blood loss, but increases postoperative total blood loss. With respect to postoperative complications, DVT and surgical site infection rates are relatively augmented in the tourniquet group.     

全膝关节置换术中止血带的应用方式比较

目的探讨全膝关节置换术(TKA)中止血带的不同应用方式对患者围手术期失血量、术后并发症、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)以及膝关节功能恢复的影响。方法将211例TKA患者随机分为两组:A组105例,在切口关闭前释放止血带彻底止血;B组106例,在切口关闭弹力绷带加压包扎后释放止血带。比较两组围手术期总失血量、术后并发症、术后7 d及3个月的VAS、HSS评分以及实现膝关节90°屈曲的时间。结果总失血量:A组(945±368)ml,多于B组的(725±243)ml(P=0.032)。手术时间:A组(93.5±24.4)min,长于B组的(75.0±22.1)min(P0.001)。止血带时间:A组(64.2±18.6)min,短于B组的(75.0±22.1)min(P=0.004)。并发症:A组1例,B组5例(P=0.213)。术后7 d及3个月的VAS:A组分别为(3.9±1.2)分、(2.4±0.8)分,B组分别为(4.5±1.1)分、(2.2±0.9)分(P=0.026、P=0.835)。术后7 d及3个月的膝关节HSS评分:A组分别为(85.4±8.3)分、(90.5±8.7)分,B组分别为(78.5±7.6)、(89.2±6.8)分(P=0.015、P=0.815)。术后实现膝关节90°屈曲的时间:A组为(1.5±0.6)d,B组为(2.2±0.8)d(P=0.042)。结论 TKA中释放止血带会增加患者围手术期失血量,但可能会减少术后并发症的发生,减轻患者早期疼痛反应,有利于早期的功能康复。     

Effect of tourniquet use on blood loss in total knee arthroplasty

AIM: To reduce blood loss in total knee arthroplasty various physical measures including the use of a tourniquet are recommended. The question of an early tourniquet release is still unsettled. PATIENTS AND METHOD: To confirm our theory that blood loss and need of blood transfusions might be reduced while removing the tourniquet for meticulous hemostasis before wound closure we analysed 70 (41 male, 29 female) consecutive patients with total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis performed by a single surgeon in a prospective-randomized study between 1/1996 to 6/1998. In group I the tourniquet was released before, in group II after wound closure. RESULTS: We couldn't find any significant differences in the estimated blood loss, the decrease of hemoglobin and hematocrit level, and the transfusion need. In Group II we observed two cases of deep vein thrombosis. This difference was not significant. CONCLUSION: We conclude that tourniquet release for hemostasis is not an effective tool in reducing blood loss or transfusion need in total knee arthroplasty.     

充气止血带在膝关节置换术中的应用观察

目的探讨膝关节置换术中充气止血带的使用方法。方法回顾性研究我院自2005年1月至2008年12月,326例在我院行初次单侧膝关节置换手术患者的临床资料,根据术中止血带不同的使用方法,分为三组,A组126例,在假体安装完毕、骨水泥固化后放松止血带,术野充分止血后关闭切口;B组142例,在关闭切口,加压包扎后放松止血带;C组58例,未使用止血带。观察三组患者术中和术后失血、总失血量以及术后深静脉栓塞(DVT)并发症发生率。结果A组患者术中失血(242±120)ml和术后失血(214±156)ml,总失血量(467±232)ml,DVT发生率12.7%;B组患者术中失血(224±116)ml和术后失血(387±160)ml,总失血量(610±252)ml,DVT发生率26.8%;C组患者术中失血(463±246)ml和术后失血(184±112)ml,总失血量(654±303)ml,DVT发生率12.1%。结论膝关节置换术中使用充气止血带,在假体安装完毕、骨水泥固化后再放松止血带止血的方法能够减少围手术期失血,而且不增加DVT的发生率,是一种较好的止血带使用方法,对提高临床护理质量有重要意义。     

全膝关节置换术个性化止血带压力设置

[目的]探讨全膝关节置换术中,应用彩色多普勒超声技术个性化设定止血带充气压力对其临床疗效的影响。[方法]将2017年3月～2017年8月在全麻下行初次单侧全膝关节置换术的71例患者随机分为两组。个性化压力组36例,便携式彩超探头置于腘动脉处,当腘动脉血流峰图完全消失时的充气压力为个性化止血带压力值;固定压力组35例采用传统固定止血带压力值为270 mmHg。比较两组止血带压力值、止血带使用时间、围手术期失血量、切口及止血带部位VAS疼痛评分、止血带部位周径、膝关节功能(HSS)评分、切口和止血带并发症。[结果]个性化压力组止血带的压力值、术后引流量、隐性失血量、总失血量、术后第1、3 d切口及止血带部位VAS评分、术后止血带部位周径、止血带部位及切口部位并发症均显著低于固定压力组(P0.05);术后1周膝关节功能评分,个性化压力组显著高于固定压力组(P0.05)。而在术中失血量和止血带使用时间方面,两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]在全膝关节置换术中应用彩色多普勒超声仪设定个体化止血带的压力值,不仅可确保止血效果,而且可有效减少不良反应的发生率,从而提升使用止血带时的安全性,更有利于患者术后快速康复。     

The effect of a tourniquet on intraoperative patellofemoral tracking during total knee arthroplasty

A prospective investigation was performed on the effect of the tourniquet on intraoperative patellofemoral tracking during primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A total of 75 TKAs in 67 patients were performed by 1 surgeon in a consecutive series using the same technique. Using strict criteria, patellar tracking was assessed both before and after tourniquet release. Patients were placed into 1 of 3 groups: Group I were knees that tracked properly both before and after tourniquet release. Group II were knees that maltracked with the tourniquet inflated and subsequently corrected with the tourniquet released. Group III were knees that maltracked both before and after tourniquet release, therefore requiring a lateral release. Knees were categorized as group I, 34 of 75 (45.3%); group II, 36 of 75 (48.0%); and group III, 5 of 75 (6.7%). Using this criterion, lateral release was avoided in all group II knees. Tourniquet application alters intraoperative patellofemoral tracking during TKA. When contemplating lateral release, tourniquet deflation and reevaluation of patellofemoral tracking should be considered.     

全膝关节表面置换术中止血带不同使用方法的早期临床效果比较

[目的]研究全膝关节表面置换术中止血带不同使用方法对术后早期患者临床症状及患肢功能的影响.[方法]采用随机对照研究方法,对40例骨性关节炎患者行单侧全膝关节表面置换术,其中20例应用全程止血带技术,20例应用中途止血带技术,通过比较两组的出血量、术后临床症状及功能的KSS评分等对2种止血带使用方法的早期临床效果加以评价.[结果]虽然2种止血带技术总的手术出血量差别不显著,但是应用中途止血带技术组患者术后出血量(581±263.9 ml)少于全程止血带技术组(853±295.5 ml),中途止血带组术后伤口红肿天数(3±1.1 d)少于全程止血带组(8±1.3 d),早期KSS临床评分中途止血带组(55.1±4.9)高于全程止血带组(43.3±5.4);功能评分中途止血带组(45.0±4.4)高于全程止血带组(32.5±8.5).关节血肿发生率及下肢静脉血栓发生率差别不显著.[结论]全膝关节表面置换术中,应用中途止血带技术可以有效减少术后出血,明显改善术后早期临床症状及患肢功能.     

充气式止血带在全膝关节置换术中的应用研究

全膝关节置换术中使用充气式止血带能提供良好术野及骨水泥-骨结合界面.然而,使用止血带会增加术中、术后发生致命性血栓栓塞的风险,引起肌肉缺血-再灌注损伤而加重术后早期疼痛,并增加皮肤水疱形成及血管神经损伤的风险,不利于术后早期功能康复锻炼,还会影响术中对髌骨轨迹的判断,对降低术中、术后总失血量的作用也不明显.如何正确使用止血带仍值得探讨,止血带对全膝关节置换术的影响仍需深入研究.     

Silicone ring tourniquet or pneumatic cuff tourniquet for total knee arthroplasty

Purpose

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the potential advantages of a silicon ring tourniquet in comparison to the conventional pneumatic cuff tourniquet. The tested hypothesis was that the calculated blood loss will be decreased after use of the silicone ring tourniquet.

Methods

The study was monocentric and mixed retrospective and prospective evaluation of prospectively collected data. Inclusion criterion was implantation of a total knee arthroplasty. The retrospective control group involved 39 patients operated on with a pneumatic cuff tourniquet. The prospective study group involved 33 patients operated on with a silicone ring tourniquet. All patients were followed for three months. Primary criterion was the calculated blood loss (OSTHEO formula). Secondary criteria were pain on third post-op day, need for allogenic transfusion, haemoglobin drop, delay of discharge, and occurrence of complications.

Results

The mean calculated blood loss was 901 ml in the study group and 989 ml in the control group (NS). There was no significant difference in pain evaluation and haemoglobin drop between the two groups. There was a non significant decrease of allogeneic transfusion and length of stay in the study group. There was a significant decrease of complication rate in the study group, and especially for skin complications.

Conclusions

The tested hypothesis was not confirmed: there was no significant change in the calculated blood loss. No bias was identified in complication analysis. The decreased rate of skin complication might be a positive influence of the silicone ring tourniquet.

     

The effect of surgical approaches and tourniquet application on patellofemoral tracking in total knee arthroplasty

The purpose of this study was to assess the influences of surgical approaches and tourniquet application on the lateral retinacular tension (LRT). Single-setting bilateral total knee arthroplasty was performed in 10 patients, and the medial parapatellar and midvastus approaches were randomly performed on each knee using tourniquet application. The LRT was measured using the buckle transducer before and after each approach. Next, the tourniquet was deflated and the measurement was repeated. After the parapatellar approach, LRT was significantly decreased. Conversely, no significant change was seen after the midvastus approach with the tourniquet inflated. However, in the midvastus approach, LRT was significantly decreased after tourniquet deflation. We concluded that both the parapatellar and midvastus approaches influence patellar tracking and LRT.     

Antibiotic prophylaxis and tourniquet inflation in total knee arthroplasty

Twenty-four patients receiving total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were randomized into one of three groups based on tourniquet inflation one, two, or five minutes after administration 1 g cefazolin. Simultaneous serum, soft-tissue, and bone samples were obtained at regular intervals during surgery. All soft-tissue and bone samples were corrected for cefazolin content. The percentage of cefazolin penetration into soft tissue and bone was calculated using the area under the concentration time curve. Adequate cefazolin concentrations for soft tissue and bone were defined as greater than or equal to 4 x minimum inhibitory concentration90 (MIC90 = 1 microgram/ml) of cefazolin to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. Patients were similar in age, actual body weight, creatinine clearance, and length of tourniquet inflation. The median percentage of cefazolin penetration into soft tissue and bone for the five-, two-, and one-minute groups was 14.5% and 4.6%, 6.7% and 3.0%, and 5.9% and 4.6%, respectively; the percentage of penetration into soft tissue between the five- and one-minute groups was statistically significant. A higher percentage of patients achieved the desired cefazolin concentration (greater than or equal to 4 micrograms/g) if a five-minute interval was selected. The five-minute group achieved the highest mean ratios of concentration to MIC compared with the two- and one-minute groups, although the differences were not statistically significant. The standard 1 g of cefazolin with a five-minute interval between administration and tourniquet inflation resulted in adequate mean soft-tissue and bone concentrations for prophylaxis during TKA with a tourniquet time less than two hours. Additional doses are not warranted after tourniquet release.     

止血带在全膝关节置换术后近期作用评价

目的 探讨止血带在全膝关节置换术中的价值.方法 通过前瞻性随机对照研究,将60例拟行初次全膝关节置换的患者术前随机分为两组:一组用止血带(止血带组,n=30),一组不用止血带(非止血带组,n=30).以手术时间、围手术期失血量、术后吗啡用量、术后患肢肿胀及皮下淤血斑面积、患者膝关节活动作为评价指标,对两组进行比较.结果 两组手术时间无明显差异,止血带组术中出血量少于非止血带组,但两组围手术期总失血量无明显差异.术后吗啡用量、肢体肿胀、皮下淤斑面积、患肢直腿抬高及膝关节屈曲活动几项指标非止血带组优于止血带组,术后7d膝关节活动无显著差异.结论 应用止血带对全膝关节置换围手术期总失血量并无显著影响,但妨碍患者术后早期康复锻炼.     

止血带对初次全膝关节表面置换作用的Meta分析

目的：应用Meta分析系统总结评价止血带对初次全膝关表面节置换术（ TKA ）的作用。方法计算机检索Medline、Embase、Cochrane Library等数据库,纳入2000年1月至2013年4月间止血带与非止血带对TKA影响的临床随机对照研究。根据改良Jadad评分量表评价纳入研究质量,并采用RevMan 5.1软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入13篇临床随机对照研究,共计662位患者。其中止血带组325例,非止血带组337例。结果显示使用止血带减少TKA术中失血量232.4ml （WMD＝-232.43,95％CI：[-328.83,-156.03]）,但增加了总体并发症发生率（RR＝2.11,95％CI：[1.06,4.18]）,两者差异均有显著性。两组间术后显性失血量（WMD ＝-5.80,95％CI：[-176.25,164.64]）、总失血量（ WMD ＝67.36,95％CI：[-58.74,193.46]）及血栓事件发生率（RR＝3.50,95％CI：[0.75,16.44]）的差异无统计学意义。结论使用止血带可减少TKA术中失血量,但不能减少总失血量。止血带的使用增加了术后并发症的发生率。使用止血带与否不影响术后血栓事件发生率。     

The relationship of lateral release and tourniquet deflation in total knee arthroplasty

A total of 242 knees in 198 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty were reviewed to evaluate the effect of tourniquet deflation on lateral release rates, possible variables associated with the need for lateral release, and adequacy of intraoperative evaluation on final radiographs. The need for lateral release was determined using the "no-thumbs" and "full contact" rules and visual evaluation. Lateral release was performed after tourniquet deflation. A total of 171 (71%) knees needed a lateral release before tourniquet deflation. After tourniquet deflation, only 53 (22%) required lateral release, representing a 69% reduction. Obesity was the only other significant factor in lateral release requirement. Based on the observations of this study, it is recommended that the need for lateral release be evaluated after tourniquet deflation. A 69% reduction in lateral release supports the hypothesis that tourniquet pressure has an effect on patellar tracking. Lateral release appears to be effective in restoring normal patellar tilt, and obesity increases its need.     

止血带的不同使用方法在膝关节置换术中的研究

目的探讨全膝关节置换术中止血带不同的使用方法的作用。方法2009年9月至2011年6月,对45例骨关节炎患者行单侧膝关节置换手术,根据止血带不同的使用方法分为两组,A组24例,在安装假体前至安装假体后骨水泥硬松开止血带;B组21例,在手术开始至安装假体完毕,骨水泥硬化后松开止血带,术野止血后关闭伤口。观察两组病例的手术时间、术中和术后出血量、术后患肢肿胀情况和术后HSS评分。结果手术时间（t=3．0,P〈0．05）、术中（t=9．2,P〈0．05）和术后（t=13．5,P〈0．05）出血量均有统计学差异,但是总出血量（t=0．6,P〉0．05）间的差异无统计学意义,术后患肢肿胀情况（t=2．3,P〈0．05）两组间差异具有统计学意义。结论减少使用止血带时间可能利于患者早期恢复。     

The tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty. A prospective, randomised study

We assessed the influence of the use of a tourniquet in total knee arthroplasty in a prospective, randomised study. After satisfying exclusion criteria, we divided 77 patients into two groups, one to undergo surgery with a tourniquet and one without. Both groups were well matched. The mean change in knee flexion in the group that had surgery without a tourniquet was significantly better at one week (p = 0.03) than in the other group, but movement was similar at six weeks and at four months. There was no significant difference in the surgical time, postoperative pain, need for analgesia, the volume collected in the drains, postoperative swelling, and the incidence of wound complications or of deep-venous thrombosis. We conclude that the use of a tourniquet is safe and that current practice can be continued.     

止血带对全膝关节置换术中股骨远端旋转定位时髌骨轨迹的影响

Objective To explore, the influence of tourniquet application on patellar tracking with using the surgical transepieondylar axis as distal femur alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Methods From December 2002 to August 2008, 349 cases (526 knees) of primary TKA were performed. There were 124 males and 225 females with an average age of 68 years from 33 to 84 years. A total of 387 knees had varus deformity and 94 had valgus deformity. All of prosthesis were rotating platform with posterior cruciate ligament retaining provided by Gemini MK Ⅱ. All patients underwent anterior medial parapatellar approach. The surgical transepieondylar axis had been principally used as the distal femur alignment. Patellar tracking was checked with no thumb test. For maltracking ones, we prefered to use a single retinacular closing stitch at the superior medial arthrotomy and deflate tourniquets. Patellar tracking was checked again. Finally, later-al retinaeular releases (LRR) had been performed to obtain optimizing patellar tracking. Results Intraoper-atively, no thumb test were positive in 138 knees, including patellar subluxation (vaigus deformity) in 12 knees and patellar inclining (74 of valgns deformity and 52 of varus deformity) in 126 knees. After using a single retinacular closing stitch at the superior medial arthrotomy and deflating tourniquets, no thumb test were positive in 40 knees, including patellar subluxation (valgus deformity) in 8 knees and patellar inclining (29 of valgns deformity) in 32 knees. The total rate of LRR was 7.6% (40/526), the rate of LRR in valgus deformity was 39.4% (37/94) and that in yarns deformity and no deformity was 0.7% (3/432). Conclusion There was significant influence of tourniquet application on patellar tracking during the TKA. We were not falsely correcting patellar tracking problems with using a single retinaeular closing stitch at the superior me-dial arthrotomy anti deflating tourniquets intraoperatively and reducing the rate of LRR.