非心源性缺血性卒中近期再发危险因素分析

目的 探讨首发非心源性缺血性卒中且二级预防药物依从性好的患者近期再发的相关危险因素。      

非心源性缺血性卒中复发危险因素分析

目的 分析非心源性缺血性卒中患者1年复发的危险因素。 方法 连续入选1978例发病7 d内的非心源性缺血性卒中患者。收集患者的人口学信息、血管病危险 因素和发病时的主要症状及体征,评价患者的头颅磁共振成像结果,包括梗死灶的部位、数量、急 性梗死灶的分布特征及责任动脉、责任动脉有无严重狭窄、缺血性卒中的病因分型。随访患者1年内 有无缺血性卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）的复发,通过多元Cox回归分析缺 血性卒中患者复发的危险因素。 结果 95例(4.8%)患者1年内缺血性卒中或TIA复发。冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病病史、缺血性卒中病 史、缺血性卒中发病前3个月内反复TIA、责任脑动脉狭窄程度≥70%和后循环缺血性卒中是1年内复发 的危险因素。 结论 后循环梗死、有责任脑动脉严重狭窄及缺血性心脑血管病病史的非心源性缺血性卒中患者复 发的风险较高。     

急性非心源性缺血性脑卒中的病因分型与Essen卒中风险评分

目的Essen卒中风险评估（ESRS）体系可准确评估非心源性缺血性脑卒中（IS）复发的风险。而TOAST（Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment）分型则是目前应用最广泛的病因分型。本研究着眼于传统与改良的TOAST分型与ESRS的关系，从而间接了解非心源性IS的病因分型与复发风险的关系。方法①对连续纳入的非心源性IS患者行ESRS评估，将其分为低风险组（ESRS〈3分）和高风险组（ESRS≥3分）；②改良TOAST分型：动脉粥样硬化血栓形成（AT），小动脉病变（SAD），其他原因所致的缺血性脑卒中（SOD）及不明原因的缺血性脑卒中（SUD）。比较不同ESRS分值组之间TOAST分型的构成。结果纳入的316例非心源性IS患者中低风险组93例（29．4％），高风险组223例（70．6％），动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死患（以下简称AT）161例（50．9％），SAD68例（21．5％），SOD22例（7％），SUD65（20．6％）。不同ESRS分值组中不同病因分型的构成存在一定差异（P〈0．0001）。低风险组中AT较少（18／93VS161／316，P〈0．0001），SOD较多（18／93 vs 22／316，P=0．003），而高风险组中SOD相对少（4／225 vs 22／316，P=0．012）。高风险组中大动脉粥样硬化的比例并无明显高于低风险组的趋势（P〉0．05），小血管病变的比例也不明显低于低风险组（P〉0．05）。结论本研究提示①ESRS分值愈大则出现罕见病因IS的概率可能愈小，而尚不可认为出现动脉粥样硬化性IS的几率就愈大；②ESRS评分系统所包含的危险因素对于大小血管病变的影响可能是等同。     

儿童缺血性卒中的危险因素及临床特点分析

目的 回顾性分析儿童缺血性卒中的危险因素、临床特点、影像学特点及治疗现况。方法 对2002年1月至2011年6月在北京天坛医院儿科及神经内科就诊的81例缺血性卒中儿童的病历资料进行回顾性分析。结果 81例患者中,男60例,女21例。发病年龄7个月～18岁,平均年龄（6.99±5.60）岁,7个月～3岁（婴幼儿期）为发病高峰,为34例（41.9%）。病因中头部外伤（走路时摔倒或坠床）30例（37.04%）、感染13例（16.05%）、高同型半胱氨酸血症8例（9.88%）、血管炎6例（7.4%）、心脏病5例（6.17%）、动脉夹层5例（6.17%）、烟雾病4例（4.94%）、动脉瘤1例（1.23%）、神经纤维瘤病Ⅰ型1例（1.23%）,23例（28.4%）未找到明确病因。卒中发作时75例表现为肢体瘫痪（偏瘫69例、四肢瘫4例、交替瘫2例）,占92.6%;其次为中枢性面瘫46例（56.8%）;其他表现为感觉减退或麻木、头痛、癫痫等。神经影像学显示梗死部位位于基底节区60例（74.1%）、脑叶6例（7.4%）、小脑4例（5%）、多发病灶（基底节、脑叶及内囊）11例（13.5%）。结论 婴幼儿期是儿童缺血性卒中发病高峰。肢体瘫痪为最常见的临床表现。本研究头部外伤和感染是儿童卒中的主要病因。儿童卒中前循环受累较后循环多见,其中大脑中动脉供血区缺血梗死最常见。     

Skiing Associated Stroke: Causes,Treatment, and Outcome

Background

Previous studies have described ischemic stroke temporally related to specific triggers, but only 1 series collected patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) following downhill skiing and all caused by cervical artery dissections. Here we describe our series of AIS temporally associated to ski practice, focusing on the frequency, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and prognosis.

青年缺血性卒中的中国缺血性卒中亚型及危险因素分析

目的 分析青年缺血性卒中的病因分型以及危险因素,以期对青年缺血性卒中的防治有所帮助。 方法 回顾性分析2011年1～12月于我院脑病中心住院的共52例青年缺血性卒中患者（青年卒中组） 的临床资料,随机抽取同期住院的中老年缺血性卒中患者50例作为中老年卒中组,进行中国缺血性 卒中亚型（Chinese ischemic stroke subclassification,CISS）病因分型以及危险因素分析。 结果 ①青年卒中组男性46例（88.46%）,女性6例（11.54%）,与中老年卒中组差异存在显著 性（χ2=5.573,P =0.018）。②青年卒中组CISS分型分布依次为大动脉粥样硬化型（large artery atherosclerosis,LAA）46.15%,穿支动脉疾病型（penetrating artery disease,PAD）36.54%,病因不确定 型（undetermined etiology,UE）11.54%,心源性卒中型（cardiogenic stroke,CS）5.77%,无一例其他病因 型（other etiology,OE）。其分布与中老年卒中组差异无显著性。③青年卒中组患者危险因素暴露率依 次为吸烟、高血压、血脂异常、饮酒、糖尿病、卒中家族史;具有3个以上的危险因素者超过半数,该 数量与中老年卒中组相比差异存在显著性（χ2=7.186,P =0.007）,同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy） 水平较中老年卒中组增高（t =1.250,P =0.038）,叶酸水平较中老年卒中组下降（t =2.106,P =0.007）; 吸烟（χ2=7.993,P =0.005）、饮酒（χ2=17.005,P =0.000）的暴露率较中老年卒中组升高;LAA亚组 Hcy水平高于PAD亚组（t =2.046,P =0.004）。 结论 青年缺血性卒中患者在性别分布、危险因素、卒中病因分型方面具有一定特点,Hcy水平可能 与缺血性卒中的发生年龄以及病因分型有关。青年缺血性卒中患者危险因素较中老年患者多,控制并 减少危险因素,尤其是纠正高Hcy,对青年缺血性卒中的预防十分重要。     

MyRisk_Stroke Calculator: A Personalized Stroke Risk Assessment Tool for the General Population

Background and Purpose

There is a variety of stroke risk factors, and engaging individuals in reducing their own personal risk is hugely relevant and could be an optimal dissemination strategy. The aim of the present study was to estimate the stroke risk for specific combinations of health- and lifestyle-related factors, and to develop a personalized stroke-risk assessment tool for health professionals and the general population (called the MyRisk_Stroke Calculator).

Methods

This population-based, longitudinal study followed a historical cohort formed from the 1992 or 1998 Santé Québec Health Surveys with information for linkage to health administrative databases. Stroke risk factors were ascertained at the time of survey, and stroke was determined from hospitalizations and death records. Cox proportional hazards models were used, modeling time to stroke in relationship to all variables.

Results

A total of 358 strokes occurred among a cohort of 17805 persons (men=8181) who were followed for approximately 11 years (i.e., -200000 person-years). The following regression parameters were used to produce 10-year stroke-risk estimates and assign risk points: for age (1 point/year after age 20 years), male sex (3 points), low education (4 points), renal disease (8 points), diabetes (7 points), congestive heart failure (5 points), peripheral arterial disease (2 points), high blood pressure (2 points), ischemic heart disease (1 point), smoking (8 points), >7 alcoholic drinks per week (3 points), low physical activity (2 points), and indicators of anger (4 points), depression (4 points), and anxiety (3 points). According to MyRisk_Stroke Calculator, a person with <50, 75, and 90 risk points has a 10-year stroke risk of <3%, 28%, and >75%, respectively.

Conclusions

The MyRisk_Stroke Calculator is a simple method of disseminating information to the general population about their stroke risk.     

青年缺血性卒中病因分型特点及相关危险因素分析

目的探讨青年缺血性卒中患者的病因分型构成特点和相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析北京市海淀医院神经内科2010年1月~2014年6月连续登记的120例青年首发缺血性卒中患者,同时选取同期住院的中老年缺血性卒中患者136例作为对照,收集所有研究对象的临床资料,根据中国缺血性卒中亚型(China Ischemic Stroke Subclassification,CISS)明确所有研究对象的病因分型及其危险因素,比较两组患者的病因分型特点及相关危险因素特点。结果青年缺血性卒中组男性82例(68.3%),女性38例(31.7%);中老年组男性76例(55.9%),女性60例(44.1%)。两组性别相比差异具有显著性(χ2=4.183,P=0.041)。CISS分型青年组依次为大动脉粥样硬化(large artery atherosclerosis,LAA)25.8%,原因不明(stroke of other undetermined etiology,SUE)22.5%,穿支动脉闭塞(perforating branch artery occlusion,PAO)20.8%,心源性(cardioembolism,CE)19.2%,其他病因(stroke of other etiology,SOE)11.7%。中老年组依次为LAA 40.5%,PAO 33.8%,CE 21.3%,SOE 2.9%,SUE 1.5%。青年缺血性卒中和中老年缺血性卒中两组间病因分型除CE差异无显著性外,LAA、PAO、SOE、SUE两组比较均差异具有显著性(P0.05)。其中青年组SOE、SUE病因分型比例明显高于中老年组,差异有显著性(P0.05)。青年组排前5位的危险因素分别是吸烟48.3%,高血压44.2%,高脂血症40.8%,饮酒36.7%,卒中家族史23.3%。而中老年组分别是高血压57.4%,糖尿病47.1%,高脂血症43.4%,颈动脉粥样硬化37.5%,吸烟35.3%。两组间相关危险因素比较,青年组吸烟、饮酒、卒中家族史明显高于中老年组,两组比较差异有显著性(P0.05)。结论青年缺血性卒中病因分型构成特点和相关危险因素与中老年患者分布不同。早期明确病因分型和发现危险因素有利于青年缺血性卒中的防治。     

社区女性对卒中传统危险因素和自身卒中风险认知的调查研究

目的 调查重庆市渝中区社区女性居民对卒中传统危险因素及卒中发生风险的认识情况。 方法 于2011年1月至12月进行横断面调查,采用多阶段抽样方法在渝中区抽取1000户住户,每户确定 一位女性居民,由经统一培训的调查员以面对面的方式调查社区女性居民对卒中传统危险因素（吸 烟、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、心脏病、既往卒中病史）及自身卒中风险的认识情况。 结果 共68 2例调查对象完成了问卷调查。社区女性居民对卒中传统危险因素的知晓率为 53.8%～88.0%;卒中风险的认识水平仅为17.2%,文化程度、高血压、高脂血症、心脏病、既往卒中病史 与卒中风险的认识水平独立相关（P＜0.05）;自身存在的卒中危险因素数量越多,认识到存在卒中风险 的比例越高（P＜0.05）。 结论 社区女性居民对卒中风险的认识水平偏低,尤其是存在卒中危险因素的女性,其卒中风险认 识水平有待提高。     

Intracranial Artery Calcification: A Newly Identified Risk Factor of Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Calcification in cerebral arteries is understudied, although frequently observed on computed tomography of the brain (CT brain). We aimed to assess the incidence of intracranial artery calcification in ischemic stroke patients and to evaluate its correlation with ischemic stroke. METHODS: Our study included ischemic stroke patients and age-gender-matched nonischemic stroke patients referred for CT brain. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-five ischemic stroke patients and 182 controls were enrolled. The highest prevalence of calcification was seen in intracranial internal carotid artery (IICA) (80.4%), and less commonly in the vertebral artery (35.6%). There was a higher prevalence of intracranial artery calcification in ischemic stroke patients than controls (92.6% vs. 76.4%, P < .001). Hypertension (OR = 2.056, 95% CI: 1.129 approximately 3.745), diabetes (OR = 2.483, 95% CI: 1.233 approximately 5.001), smoking (OR = 2.844, 95% CI: 1.542 approximately 5.243), intracranial artery calcification (OR = 3.172, 95% CI: 1.252 approximately 8.036), hyperlipidemia (OR = 6.714, 95% CI: 3.302 approximately 13.650), and atrial fibrillation (OR = 7.941, 95% CI: 2.790 approximately 22.599) were found to be independently associated with ischemic stroke. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated a higher incidence of intracranial artery calcification in ischemic stroke patients. Besides traditional risk factors, intracranial artery calcification was found to be an independent risk factor of ischemic stroke.     

青年缺血性脑卒中改良TOAST分型危险性因素回归分析

目的探讨青年缺血性脑卒中改良TOAST分型危险性因素回归分析。方法将我院神经内科2015-01—2016-12收治的青年缺血性脑卒中患者84例为研究对象,采用改良TOAST分型明确各亚型,收集青年缺血性脑卒中患者的相关资料,采用logistic回归分析模式了解改良TOAST分型下各亚型的相关危险性因素。结果高Lp-PLA2[Exp(B)=4.116,95%CI:1.629-11.081(P0.001)]、ApoB[(Exp(B)=3.335,95%CI:1.289~9.607(P0.05)]、ApoA1[Exp(B)=3.383,95%CI:1.162~8.428(P0.001)]水平是青年脑梗死改良TOAST分型下AT的危险性因素;高ba-PWV[Exp(B)=4.100,95%CI:1.396~10.850]及心脏病[Exp(B)=5.371,95%CI:1.698~13.518]是青年脑梗死改良TOAST分型下CE的危险性因素,高Fpg[Exp(B)=4.039,95%CI:1.258~9.705]及高血压[Exp(B)=3.367,95%CI:1.182~8.501]是青年脑梗死改良TOAST分型下SAD的危险性因素(P0.05),未发现改良TOAST分型下的SOD、SUD的危险因子。结论 Lp-PLA2、ApoB、ApoA1、ba-PWV、心脏病Fpg及高血压可一定程度上协助青年缺血性脑卒中改良TOAST各亚型的辅助判断。     

缺血性卒中的遗传流行病学研究

【摘要】 卒中是严重危害人类健康的疾病之一,给社会和患者家庭带来了沉重的负担。其中缺血性 卒中占80%,是卒中的主要类型。双生子、同胞胎、家系的遗传和流行病学研究证明卒中具有明显的 遗传倾向。近年来基于候选基因研究和全基因组关联研究的卒中遗传流行病学发展迅猛,这些研究 主要集中在与卒中发病相关的危险基因的研究,包括脂质代谢、炎症反应、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固 酮系统、同型半胱氨酸代谢、一氧化氮合酶等基因,以及与心脏病发病相关的基因以及其他基因等多 方面,本文将从这些方面对卒中的遗传流行病学研究进行综述。     

Heterotopic Ossification After Stroke: Clinical Profile and Severity of Ossification

Background and purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate heterotopic ossification (HO) prevalence after stroke, describing clinical features and investigating predictors of HO and its severity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 7 rehabilitation centers (Sarah Network) from 2004 to 2013. Results: Among 17,794 stroke cases, 235 patients (1.3%) presented clinical and radiological evidence of HO. A log-binomial model with robust variance estimated the prevalence ratio of 1.3% in 10 years. A multinomial logistic regression was performed to investigate the predictors of HO and its severity. The presence of hemorrhagic stroke (prevalence ratio [PR]?=?4.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] PR?=?3.38; 6.68) and ischemic stroke with hemorrhagic transformation (PR?=?3.08; 95% CI PR?=?1.63; 5.81), male sex (PR?=?1.60; 95% CI PR?=?1.16; 2.22), spasticity (PR?=?13.78; 95% CI PR?=?8.59; 22.10), and cognitive impairment (PR?=?1.88; 95% CI PR?=?1.36; 2.60) were independently associated with HO. Patients with HO were younger (P < .0001) and presented a shorter time of disease (P?=?.013). Young adult patients were more likely to develop severe HO (odds ratio?=?2.80, 95% CI 1.09; 7.20) than were elderly patients. Severe HO was also related to heavy alcohol consumption (2.45; 1.03-5.84) and involved 2 or more joints (5.34; 1.85-15.36). There was an association with use of invasive ventilation (6.30; 2.13-18.63) at the acute stroke phase and patients were dependent on activities of daily living after stroke (3.90; 1.00-15.19). Conclusions: Despite the small prevalence of HO after stroke, this 10-year multicenter study was able to identify several associated factors related to the management and severity of stroke as well as the hemorrhagic subtype.