骨盆软骨肉瘤影像特征及其病理基础

目的 分析骨盆软骨肉瘤的影像表现及其病理基础,以提高诊断准确性.方法 回顾分析经手术病理证实的骨盆软骨肉瘤12例,术前分别经X线平片、XT平扫、MR SE T,WI、T2WI和增强T1WI,仔细复习影像学扫描结果并和手术病理作对照.结果 12例骨盆软骨肉瘤,普通型11例,去分化型1例.发病部位包括髂骨2例,髋臼3例,坐骨和耻骨6例,骶尾骨1例.肿瘤直径4.7～17.0 cm,<5.0 cm者1例,5.0～10.0 cm者6例,>10.0 cm者5例.病灶呈轻度膨胀性或溶骨性骨质破坏,11例边缘呈扇贝状分叶,1例境界不清.X线平片检查8例中,弓环状钙化1例,隐约钙化6例,无钙化1例,显著软组织肿块3例,骨膜增生1例.cT检查5例,肿瘤密度等于或低于肌肉密度,5例均可见轻度弓环状钙化和软组织肿块.MR检查7例,T1WI等低信号7例,T2WI显著高信号7例,其中6例T2WI高信号内可见弓环状低信号分隔,1例见低信号结节,7例见明显软组织肿块.增强T1WI 6例,所有小叶分隔呈进行性持续强化,小叶自身不强化.结论 MRI可直接显示骨盆软骨肉瘤的病理特征,优于CT和平片.CT对显示解剖学复杂的骨盆病灶及轻微钙化等有明显价值.     

软骨肉瘤的影像学诊断

目的:探讨软骨肉瘤的影像学诊断。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的32例软骨肉瘤的影像学特点。32例均行X线平片检查,其中25例行CT检查,MR检查14例。结果:32例平片发现病变内钙化28例。25例做CT者均见骨质破坏和钙化影,软组织肿块21例,骨膜反应2例。MR表现:肿瘤呈等长T1长T2为主的混杂信号,可见长T1短T2信号分隔,增强扫描示分隔强化和肿块周边部强化,钙化呈长T1短T2信号。结论:骨质破坏、钙化、软组织肿块、弓环状分隔等构成软骨肉瘤的主要影像学特点,对诊断和鉴别诊断具有重要价值。     

肾脏软骨肉瘤的影像学表现1例

该文报道1例肾脏软骨肉瘤患者的CT及MRI表现。男, 73岁, 因"血尿、腰痛不适1 d"就诊, CT示伴有钙化灶的软组织肿块, 增强扫描可见肿块分隔及边缘延迟强化;MRI示肿块呈小叶状改变, T1WI呈稍高信号, T2WI呈不均匀低信号, 扩散加权成像呈低信号, 增强扫描可见间隔及周围延期强化, 右肾静脉内见充盈缺损。术后病理诊断为肾脏软骨肉瘤。     

骨外间叶型软骨肉瘤的CT、MRI特点

目的 分析骨外间叶型软骨肉瘤(EMC)的CT、MRI表现特点.方法 回顾性分析手术病理证实的8例EMC的影像和病理资料.结果 8例中,下肢4例,前臂1例,躯干2例,右肺1例.CT检查7例,5例瘤体内见弓环状、颗粒状、团块状或不规则条纹状钙化,密集钙化3例,局灶钙化2例.瘤体内未钙化区域的密度低于邻近肌肉组织.MR检查5例,4例周围分布的EMC在T1WI均为等高信号;T2WI均为高低混杂信号,其中2例呈“胡椒面”样表现;1例为高信号包绕低信号.增强后可见弥漫性不均匀强化及钙化区强化.1例中央分布的EMC呈长T1、长T2的分叶状病灶,T2WI上可见低信号间隔,增强后呈结节样强化.结论 EMC的影像表现有一定特征性,结合钙化特点、钙化区强化及信号特征有助于正确诊断.     

原发性软骨肉瘤的CT表现与病理关系

目的探讨原发性软骨肉瘤的CT表现及其与病理的相关性。方法 17例经手术病理证实的软骨肉瘤患者均行CT平扫,其中12例又行CT增强扫描。对所有患者的CT表现了进行了回顾性分析并与病理相对照。结果 17例软骨肉瘤患者中,普通型13例,间质型2例,透明细胞型及去分化型各1例。发病部位包括股骨远端5例,股骨近端3例,髂骨4例,肩胛骨、肱骨远端、尺骨、腰椎、耻骨各1例。膨胀性骨质破坏和溶骨性骨质破坏分别见于5例和11例。肿瘤有扇贝状分叶边缘13例,瘤内钙化17例。肿瘤CT值等于或低于肌肉CT值,CT增强显示小叶分隔呈弓环状进行性持续强化,小叶自身不强化。结论扇贝状分叶边缘和弓环状进行性强化是各型软骨肉瘤共有的特征性CT表现,对诊断本病具有重要价值。     

CT、MRI联合应用对软骨肉瘤诊断与鉴别诊断的价值

目的 探讨CT、MRI联合应用对软骨肉瘤(CHS)诊断与鉴别诊断的价值.方法 回顾性分析19例经病理证实的软骨肉瘤CT、MRI资料.结果 CT表现为骨质破坏15例,软组织肿块14例,所有病例均可见不同形态、数量钙化,2例为周边与分隔强化,3例为不均匀强化.MRI表现为T1WI低或等信号,T2WI呈高信号,信号不均匀,增强有周边及分隔强化呈不规则花环状与蜂窝状9例、不均匀斑驳状强化2例及明显强化2例.抑脂T2WI能清晰显示病变边界、范围,冠状位/矢状位可突出肿瘤分叶状轮廓与"花菜状"整体观.结论 CT、MRI均为诊断与鉴别诊断CHS的重要影像检查方法.两者联合,优势互补,可减少误诊.     

CT与MRI在颅底软骨肉瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的分析颅底软骨肉瘤的CT和MRI影像征象,探讨两种检查方法在颅底软骨肉瘤诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析经病理组织学证实的8例软骨肉瘤的CT、MRI影像学特点。本组中8例均行CT平扫及增强扫描检查,6例行MRI平扫及增强扫描。结果病灶均位于颅底中线旁的硬膜外,其中鞍旁4例、颈静脉孔区2例、前颅窝底及后颅窝底各1例。病变呈分叶状7例,呈类圆形1例。周围骨质呈溶骨性破坏6例,膨胀性破坏1例,侵蚀性破坏1例。CT平扫密度不均匀,瘤内可见形态不一钙化,多呈稀疏散在分布（6例）,大部分钙化灶边缘较模糊;增强扫描轻度至中度不均匀强化。MR信号不均匀,平扫T1WI呈不均匀低信号,T2wI呈高低混杂信号,增强扫描4例表现为周边及内部分隔中度强化,呈花环状或蜂窝状强化改变（病理类型为高分化型软骨肉瘤Ⅰ～Ⅱ级）,2例呈不均匀斑片状明显强化（高分化型Ⅲ级及间叶性软骨肉瘤）。结论颅底软骨肉瘤好发于颅底中线旁,CT可以清晰显示瘤内特征性的钙化及周围骨质破坏征象,MRI增强扫描强化特点有助于判断肿瘤恶性程度,两者结合有利于该病的诊断。     

颅内软骨肉瘤的CT及MRI表现

目的　探讨颅内软骨肉瘤的CT、MRI特征。方法　对经手术病理证实的 3例颅内软骨肉瘤的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果　 3例CT平扫显示不规则分叶状肿块 ,瘤周水肿不明显 ,2例伴有瘤内钙化及局部颅骨侵蚀。MRI显示肿瘤在T1WI为低、等信号 ,T2 WI为高信号 ;MRI增强时T2 WI中央低信号部分不强化 ,周边强化明显。结论　颅内软骨肉瘤好发于颅底软骨联合处 ,常伴瘤内钙化和局部颅骨侵蚀 ,但须依靠病理及免疫组化染色确诊与鉴别诊断     

CT and MRI diagnosis of skull base chondrosarcoma extensively involving parapharyngeal space

目的:探讨CT、MRI对累及咽旁间隙的颅底软骨肉瘤的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析6例经病理证实的累及咽旁间隙的颅底软骨肉瘤患者的CT、MRI资料,其中3例为黏液样软骨肉瘤.结果:6例均广泛累及咽旁间隙,侵犯颈静脉孔5例、岩尖3例、寰椎旁3例.主要CT表现为软组织肿块伴不规则骨质破坏,肿块呈分叶状4例,类圆形2例,伴不同程度点状、斑片状及周边弧形钙化;4例CT增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化.MRI T1 WI示肿块呈低或稍低信号,T2 WI上呈多房分叶状明显高信号,内有低信号分隔,其中3例黏液样软骨肉瘤信号较均匀,其余信号不均匀,有片状等或稍高信号灶.增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化,伴周边及间隔强化.结论:颅底软骨肉瘤可广泛累及咽旁间隙,易造成误诊;CT可显示钙化及骨质破坏,MRI上肿块信号特点及强化方式有一定特点,两种检查方法联合应用可减少误诊.     

钙化上皮瘤的影像表现及病理基础

【摘要】目的：分析钙化上皮瘤的CT及MRI表现,并探讨其病理基础。方法：回顾性分析17例经手术病理证实的钙化上皮瘤患者影像学资料并复习相关文献,其中8例行CT平扫及增强扫描,6例行MR平扫及增强检查,2例仅行CT平扫,1例先行X线片,后行MR平扫加增强检查。结果：10例CT共13个病灶。8个病灶见钙化,其中5个病灶完全钙化。2个病灶见坏死。10个病灶边界清清楚,3个瘤周见絮状稍高密度影。8例CT增强扫描共11个病灶,其中3个轻度强化,5个不均匀中度强化,3个病灶完全钙化无强化。6例MR均为单发,2例T1WI呈等信号,T2WI呈外周高中央低信号,DWI呈环状高信号,增强呈“环靶征”。2例T1WI呈等或稍高信号,T2WI呈高信号,内见微囊状更高信号,灶周可见斑片状高信号,增强不均匀强化。2例T1WI呈稍低信号,T2WI均呈稍高信号,增强不均匀强化。1例X线片呈高密度,T1WI呈低信号,T1WI压脂呈不均匀稍高信号,T2WI压脂呈高低混杂信号,增强扫描不均匀强化,以中央强化较为明显。结论：钙化上皮瘤的影像表现有一定特征,当病灶位于皮下,边界清楚,CT见广泛泥沙样或致密的局灶性钙化,MR上见微囊状改变,增强扫描轻至中度强化,尤其呈“环靶征”表现时,应考虑到PM的诊断。     

毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤的影像表现及其与病理的关系

目的:分析毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤影像学表现与病理的关系,以提高诊断准确性.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤9例,术前分别经X线平片、CT平扫、MR SE T1WI、T2WI和T1WI增强扫描,仔细复习影像征象并和手术病理作对照.结果:9例毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤中,位于股骨5例,胫骨3例和髂骨1例.位于长管状骨者,5例位于干骺端,2例位于骨干,1例接近骨端.肿瘤直径6.3～11.8 cm.所有肿瘤均为溶骨性骨质破坏,破坏区呈椭圆形5例,不规则地图形4例.病灶呈囊状9例,7例病灶境界不清,7例病变见骨膜增生,伴软组织肿块8例,所有病例软组织肿块境界清楚.5例行CT检查,病灶密度低于肌肉或与肌肉相仿,CT显示骨膜增生及软组织肿块较平片清楚,增强扫描软组织明显强化.4例行MR检查,T1WI为混杂信号3例,低信号1例;T2WI为低、等和高信号混杂4例.T2WI 4例均可见明显囊状改变和液-液平面,均可见软组织成分,软组织构成囊壁和分隔,部分呈不规则肿块结节,T2WI软组织信号高于肌肉.结论:毛细血管扩张型骨肉瘤好发于长管状骨干骺端,呈卵圆形或地图样溶骨性破坏,容易呈多囊状坏死,但肿瘤内常见软组织成分,常伴骨膜增生和骨外软组织肿块,CT增强扫描和MR有助于显示病灶的软组织成分.     

Managing Incidental Findings on Thoracic CT: Lung Findings. A White Paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee

The ACR Incidental Findings Committee presents recommendations for managing incidentally detected lung findings on thoracic CT. The Chest Subcommittee is composed of thoracic radiologists who endorsed and developed the provided guidance. These recommendations represent a combination of current published evidence and expert opinion and were finalized by informal iterative consensus. The recommendations address commonly encountered incidental findings in the lungs and are not intended to be a comprehensive review of all pulmonary incidental findings. The goal is to improve the quality of care by providing guidance on management of incidentally detected thoracic findings.     

淋巴管瘤的影像学表现

目的:探讨淋巴管瘤的影像学表现及其与病理的相关性.方法:经手术病理证实的淋巴管瘤26例,男15例,女11例,年龄1个月～68岁,平均19.4岁.7例行CT检查纳入研究,其中6例有平扫加增强扫描;1例行MRI检查;24例行超声检查.结果:CT上病灶均为囊性病变,密度均匀,边界较清楚,壁薄.2例病灶呈单房,5例病灶内可见分隔并形成多房,增强扫描囊壁及部分分隔强化,囊内未见强化.MRI上病变在T1WI上为低信号,T2WI上呈高信号,病变信号不均匀,边界欠清楚,其内见分隔.超声声像图上病灶均为囊实性低回声或无回声肿块影,其中10例病变回声不均质,14例探及条形分隔反射,其中3例分隔为蜂窝状、网状,3例边界不清;彩色多普勒血流成像探及囊内及分隔内血流7例.手术病理显示病变全部为囊性,可看到扩张的淋巴管,有些病灶内可见血管,并见一些纤维组织及脂肪组织成分.结论:淋巴管瘤有较为典型的影像学表现:囊性,薄壁肿块,密度较均匀,边界较清楚;病理与影像一致性好.     

耳硬化症CT表现

目的探讨耳硬化症的高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现及其应用价值。资料与方法回顾性分析2000年11月至2004年9月经手术证实的耳硬化症24例,均行水平位及冠状位HRCT扫描,层厚、层间距1mm,窗位700HU,窗宽4000HU。结果左耳13例,右耳12例CT显示前庭窗前方低密度影;左耳7例,右耳7例耳蜗周围可见低密度影;6例镫骨底板增厚,其中左侧3例,右侧3例;5例镫骨底板塌陷,左侧2例,右侧3例;4例前庭窗扩大,左侧2例,右侧2例;6例前庭窗狭窄,左侧2例,右侧4例。结论耳硬化症好发于年轻女性,病变累及耳囊各部,前庭窗前方近鼓岬处为好发部位,活动期表现为密度减低影,前庭窗状似“扩大”,底板“塌陷”,成熟期表现为前庭窗变窄,甚至封闭;耳蜗周围尤其环绕底转常可发现异常病灶,“斑点”状或“弧线”样,典型表现为“双环征”。CT可以清晰地显示病变范围及其程度,对明确诊断及随诊有很大帮助。     

Ambiguous Findings on Radiographs

Findings with uncertain clinical significance are frequently encountered on radiographs. A structure or opacity visible on radiographs could be due to several causes ranging from artifact or external structure to malignancy or a life-threatening process. The approach that a radiologist chooses to address ambiguous findings can have a significant impact on a patient's health. In this article we discuss the causes and impact of ambiguous findings on radiographs. We also discuss the various strategies radiologists can adopt to maximize clinical value and, when needed, reach a definite diagnosis.     

节细胞神经瘤的CT表现

目的　探讨节细胞神经瘤的特征性CT表现。材料与方法　对 11例经病理证实的节细胞神经瘤的CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果　 8例位于右侧肾上腺 ,3例位于腹膜后 ,3例中 1例同时合并双侧肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤。肿瘤最大直径 3～ 6cm ,平均4.4cm。呈椭圆形者 9例 ,2例呈圆形。肿瘤边界均清晰 ,无周围组织和血管侵犯征象。平扫呈均匀低密度 ,平均 2 7.8± 4.7HU ,内有点状钙化者 3例 ( 2 7% )。增强扫描有轻度强化 ,平均 3 6.3± 9.4HU。结论　节细胞神经瘤有一些特征性CT表现 ,但确诊仍依赖组织学检查。     

良性成骨细胞瘤的影像学表现

目的 分析良性成骨细胞瘤的影像学表现.方法 收集经手术病理证实的5例发生于脊椎外的良性成骨细胞瘤,其中男4例,女1例,年龄20～50岁,平均28岁.5例均摄有病变部位正侧位平片,3例有CT检查,1例有MR检查.结果 5例中,发生于跟骨者2例,距骨者1例,腓骨者1例,髌骨者1例.X线表现:2例呈局灶性骨质破坏,边界清晰;1例呈膨胀性改变,边缘有硬化,其内密度不均;1例略呈囊状膨胀性骨质破坏;1例病变呈溶骨性破坏,边界欠清.CT检查:2例病变呈均匀低密度,其内无钙化及骨化,无硬化边,增强扫描病变有中度强化,其中1例伴有病理性骨折;1例呈外生囊状膨胀性生长,有花边样硬化边,其内可见点、片状高密度影.MRI检查:病变主体位于骨皮质内,边界清晰,T1WI呈均匀低信号,T2WI呈等低信号,增强扫描明显强化.结论 脊椎以外成骨细胞瘤影像无明显特征性,容易误诊,CT对其影像学细节征象的显示有较大优势.     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征的X线表现(附26例报告)

目的分析急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的X线及CT表现. 资料与方法 26例ARDS均行X线检查,其中18例有2～6次胸部X线检查,2例同时行CT扫描. 结果初次检查,正常7例,肺纹理增多8例,毛玻璃样表现11例,胸腔积液6例.复查显示随着检查时间不同,上述肺内表现逐渐演变,数周后可以转归为网格状肺纹理. 结论胸部X线片对于ARDS的诊断有很重要的价值,可用于ARDS的诊断及治疗后随访.     

Imaging Findings in Auto-Atticotomy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:An acquired attic cholesteatoma may spontaneously drain externally into the external auditory canal, leaving a cavity in the attic with the shape of the original cholesteatoma but now filled with air, a phenomenon referred to as “nature''s atticotomy” or auto-atticotomy. We describe and quantify the CT appearance of the auto-atticotomy cavity as it pertains to the appearance of the scutum and the lateral attic wall.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Twenty-one patients with erosion of the scutum and loss of the lower attic wall on MDCT were identified during a 5-year span. Images were assessed for measureable widening of the space between the ossicles and the lower lateral attic wall in the axial and coronal planes. Three measurements of the lateral attic were made on the axial images. Findings were compared with the same measurements in 20 control subjects.RESULTS:The 21 patients had a characteristic blunting of the scutum with loss of the lower lateral attic wall and widening of the lateral attic, consistent with an auto-atticotomy. There was a statistically significant (P < .001) widening of the lateral attic dimensions in the axial plane in the patients with auto-atticotomy.CONCLUSIONS:Spontaneously evacuated cholesteatoma may mimic a surgical atticotomy on MDCT. Scutal erosion and attic enlargement with a smoothly contoured bony remodeling of the lower lateral attic wall in a patient with no history of surgery suggest that a cholesteatoma was previously present and spontaneously drained.

An atticotomy is a surgical approach through the external auditory canal to the attic of the middle ear, whereby the scutum and the lower lateral wall of the attic are surgically removed for access. An auto-atticotomy (also called “nature''s atticotomy”) refers to an enlarged lateral attic with absence of the scutum and lower lateral wall of the attic in a patient without a history of surgery.^1–3 This entity results from a deep retraction pocket or a cholesteatoma that has eroded the bone and then spontaneously drained into the external auditory canal. The wall of the original cholesteatoma remains, and so the air-filled defect is lined by keratinizing squamous epithelium. The appearance of an atticotomy and an auto-atticotomy is similar on CT. The purpose of this article was to describe the findings of auto-atticotomy on multidetector CT of the temporal bone.