终末期肾脏病患者的铁剂治疗

终末期肾脏病贫血患者在使用重组人促红细胞生成素治疗时，适当补充的剂是治疗成功重要因素之一。口服铁剂经济，安全，但患者耐受性差及肠道吸收功能降低，限制了其疗效，深部肌肉注射与静脉注射铁剂比口服铁剂有效，但有引起过敏反应的可能。     

基因重组人工促红细胞生成素对血液透析患者贫血的疗效观察

贫血是慢性肾衰的严重并发症之一，而使用基因重组人工促红细胞生成素（ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ）可迅速纠正贫血。大多数患者ｒ－ＨｕＥＰＯ治疗起始量为１００Ｕ／ｋｇ，每周３次静脉或皮下注射，６周后Ｈｂ可升至１００ｇ／Ｌ，红细胞压积（Ｈｃｔ）升至０．３３～０．３５以上，改用维持量５０Ｕ／ｋｇ，每周３次。其中４例患者需要增大剂量为１５０Ｕ／ｋｇ，每周３次。疗效较差的原因与反复肺感染、营养摄入不足、铁的缺乏有关。所以治疗中应补充铁、叶酸、ＶｉｔＢ＿（１２），对存在感染应积极控制。随着血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）及Ｈｃｔ上升，２／３病人出现高血压可通过药物控制；透析中易发生透析器及管路凝血，应增加肝素用量；易发生高钾血症，应做到充分透析。     

左卡尼汀改善慢性肾衰竭血液透析患者贫血的疗效观察

贫血是慢性肾衰竭（尿毒症）患者的常见并发症,也是影响血液透析患者预后的主要因素之一。导致尿毒症贫血的主要因素是肾脏分泌促红细胞生成素（EPO）减少。此外,肉碱、铁、叶酸、维生素B12缺乏也参与维持性血液透析患者贫血的发生和发展。2008年11月～2009年10月,我们应用左卡尼汀联合重组人EPO治疗肾性贫血,临床疗效好且不良反应发生率低。现报告如下。     

静脉铁剂治疗慢性肾功能衰竭患者贫血的疗效观察

收集56例肾性贫血随机分为治疗组(静脉补铁组)与对照组(口服补铁组),分别观察各组治疗前后血红蛋白(HB)、红细胞压积(HCT)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、转铁蛋白饱和度(TSAT)变化.结果两组在治疗后上述指标较前均有升高,但治疗组升高幅度明显大于对照组.认为静脉补铁剂能有效提高铁的利用度,且安全性高,是肾性贫血理想的治疗手段.     

促红细胞生成素联合铁剂辅助治疗慢性充血性心力衰竭合并贫血临床观察

目的:观察在慢性充血性心力衰竭(CHF)合并贫血时,标准治疗基础上加用促红细胞生成素(EPO)联合铁剂的临床疗效。方法:40例CHF合并贫血的患者,随机分为治疗组(20例)和对照组(20例)。对照组给予CHF常规治疗,用血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂(ACEI)或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂(ARB)、洋地黄毒苷、利尿剂、美托洛尔等内科常规治疗,治疗组给予CHF的标准治疗基础上加用EPO及铁剂(EPO 2000IU/次,2～3次∕w,皮下注射至患者血红蛋白浓度在120 g/L稍高水平后,间断给药维持;同时予硫酸亚铁口服,3次∕d),观察并比较2组治疗3个月前后血红蛋白(Hb)、6min步行距离、心功能分级及左心室射血分数(LVEF)。结果:Hb、6min步行距离、心功能分级及LVEF较治疗前差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:EPO联合铁剂辅助治疗CHF合并贫血患者有效,能改善患者心功能指标,提高患者的生活质量。     

贫血治疗对改善慢性心力衰竭预后的价值

目的:探讨低剂量重组人促红细胞生成素(rhEPO)加铁剂治疗重症慢性充血性心力衰竭合并贫血的临床安全性以及对临床预后的影响。方法:入选慢性心力衰竭纽约心功能分级Ⅲ级以上、左心室射血分数(LVEF)<0.4且血红蛋白<100 g/L的患者共128例,随机分为贫血治疗组(n=66)和对照组(n=62)。随访12个月,记录2组无事件生存时间、主要终点事件(心衰恶化住院、心衰死亡)、次要终点事件(非心衰死亡、猝死、心肌梗死、不稳定性心绞痛、卒中、动脉栓塞、药物不良反应导致停药)。比较两组存活患者治疗前后的LVEF、左心室室壁应力(MWS)、左心室质量指数(LVMI)以及肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)和B型利钠肽(BNP)水平。结果:与对照组比较,治疗组无事件生存时间延长,但心衰死亡和心衰恶化住院率无显著性差异;非心衰心血管事件治疗组未增加。治疗组MWS和LVMI在治疗后显著降低,与对照组差异显著,而LVEF、BNP、TNF-α以及hsCRP水平两组无差异。结论:低剂量rhEPO加用铁剂治疗可安全用于重症充血性心力衰竭合并贫血患者,能延长生存时间和改善左心室功能,但不降低心衰病死率和心衰恶化入院率。     

慢性肾衰竭患者透析前行促红细胞生成素治疗不需经肠道外补充铁剂

关于慢性肾病贫血行促红细胞生成素治疗要达到的转铁蛋白饱和度(％)和铁蛋白的最佳目标以及铁剂补充的方式和剂量,目前的报告存有不足之处。作者假设慢性肾病患者行促红细胞生成素治疗时所需铁剂补充与终末期肾病患者不同而进行研究。方法 回顾性分析作者所在单位诊治的慢性肾病血液透析前行促红细胞生成素治疗的31例患者的资料。     

心-肾贫血综合征的研究进展

慢性肾功能不全的患者常有贫血、心力衰竭,贫血使心力衰竭加重,又使肾功能恶化,心力衰竭控制不好又使肾功能恶化、贫血加重,这三种状态构成心-肾贫血综合征.积极使用促红细胞生成素,纠正贫血,合理使用洋地黄制剂、降压药,适当使用碳酸氢盐透析、超滤纠正心力衰竭、肾衰竭,为临床处理心-肾贫血综合征提供了思路.     

红细胞生成素皮下和静脉注射对慢性血液透析患者贫血的疗效比较

应用基因重组人红细胞生成素（ｒＨｕＥＰＯ）治疗４０例慢性血液透析（ＣＨＤ）患者的贫血。在起始治疗阶段分为皮下注射和静脉注射两组，皮下注射的平均剂量为每周１７５Ｕｋｇ－１，静脉注射的平均剂量为每周２８２Ｕｋｇ－１。治疗前两组之间的血红蛋白（Ｈｂ）和血细胞比容（ＨＣｔ）值近似，治疗８周后两组病人的Ｈｂ和Ｈｃｔ都有显著上升，静脉注射组上升幅度更大，但两组之间差异无统计学意义。皮下注射的副作用仅为静脉注射的１６．７％，且程度较轻。结果提示，皮下注射ｒＨｕＥＰＯ治疗ＣＨＤ贫血与静脉注射同样有效，而且更加经济安全。     

促红细胞生成素治疗慢性肾衰贫血有关的补铁问题

促红细胞生成素治疗慢性肾衰贫血有关的补铁问题尹广龚德华关键词促红细胞生成素慢性肾衰血清铁中图法分类号Ｒ９７３促红细胞生成素（ｅｒｙｔｈｒｏｐｏｉｅｔｉｎ，ＥＰＯ）及铁都是正常红细胞生成过程中必不可少的要素。临床上在应用ＥＰＯ治疗慢性肾衰患者的贫血时，...     

Removal of doripenem during hemodialysis and the optimum dosing regimen for patients undergoing hemodialysis

The removal of doripenem by hemodialysis was studied in six hemodialysis patients. Following an intravenous drip infusion of 0.5 g of doripenem, plasma concentrations of the drug were measured. The decrease in drug concentrations in plasma was observed during various periods of non-hemodialysis, and hemodialysis accelerated the elimination of doripenem. For example, the calculated mean half-life during hemodialysis was significantly shorter than that during non-hemodialysis periods (P = 0.002). The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters indicated that the mean rate of decrease in plasma concentration due to hemodialysis alone was 56.12 ± 8.11%. Upon obtaining these results and several pharmacokinetic parameters, we attempted to optimize the dosing regimen of doripenem for hemodialysis patients. We recommend the use of 0.25 g of doripenem once a day in patients infected with viable bacteria, and in patients who are infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 0.5 g twice a day on the first day of administration, followed by 0.5 g once a day.     

促红细胞生成素与左旋卡尼汀对维持性血液透析患者营养状况的影响

目的　探讨促红细胞生成素 (EPO)与左旋卡尼汀对维持性血液透析 (MHD)患者营养状况的影响。方法　将 40例MHD患者随机分为A、B、C 3组 ,A组给以左旋卡尼汀 ,B组给以促红细胞生成素 ,C组以上两种药物合用 ,进行为期 3个月的随访 ,并监测人体学指标和血生化指标。结果　随访 3个月后 ,A组患者营养指标无明显变化 ,B组和C组患者营养指标有明显改善 (P <0 .0 1) ,C组与B组比较 ,营养状况改善更明显 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　联合使用促红细胞生成素与左旋卡尼汀后MHD患者营养状况较单独使用红细胞生成素改善更加明显     

Long-term effects of an oral iron chelator,deferasirox, in hemodialysis patients with iron overload

Abstract

Background/Purpose

Retention of excess iron from transfused blood in organs in patients with renal anemia may lead to various systemic complications. Iron chelating agents such as deferasirox (DFX) decrease such iron overload. This study assessed the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of DFX in hemodialysis (HD) patients with iron overload.

Methods

We retrospectively (February 2008 to June 2012) reviewed data for eight HD patients with end-stage renal disease who were prescribed DFX (15 mg/kg/day) for transfusion-induced iron overload. Baseline and post-treatment levels of hematocrit, ferritin, erythropoietin (EPO), transferrin saturation (TSAT), total and unsaturated iron-binding capacity (TIBC and UIBC, respectively), and blood transfusion volumes were measured. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by observing changes in ferritin and TSAT during the study period; monthly EPO doses and blood transfusions were also recorded. Safety was evaluated in the form of adverse events.

Results

DFX administration caused statistically significant reductions in TSAT (68.2–49.2%; P = 0.036) and ferritin (3133.1–1215.6 ng/ml; P = 0.017). Significant post-treatment increases in UIBC (63.3–196.6 µg/dl; P = 0.018) and TIBC (210.0–422.4 µg/dl; P = 0.012) were also observed. While there were no significant differences in hematocrit values or EPO requirements after treatment, significant reductions in average monthly transfusion volumes (P = 0.026) were recorded. DFX was generally well tolerated; common adverse effects included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

Conclusion

DFX significantly improved iron metabolism in HD patients with iron overload and had an acceptable frequency of adverse effects.     

Prevalence and spectrum of iron deficiency in heart failure patients in south Rajasthan

ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence and pattern of iron deficiency (ID) in heart failure (HF) patients with or without anemia.MethodsThis is a single-center observational study, conducted at a tertiary care hospital of south Rajasthan. Patients admitted to hospital with clinical diagnosis of HF based on validated clinical criteria were included in the study. ID was diagnosed based on complete Iron profile, including serum iron, serum ferritin, total iron binding capacity, and transferrin saturation (TSAT). Anemia was defined as hemoglobin (Hb) <13 g/dl for males and <12 g/dl for females, based on World Health Organization definition. Absolute ID was taken as serum ferritin < 100 μg/L and functional ID was defined as normal serum ferritin (100–300 μg/L) with low TSAT (<20%).ResultsA total of 150 patients of HF (68% males and 32% females) were studied. Most of the patients were of high-functional NYHA class (mean NYHA 2.89 ± 0.95). ID was present in 76% patients with 48.7% patients having absolute and 27.3% patients having functional ID. Females were having significantly higher prevalence of ID than males (91.6% vs 68.6%; p = 0.002). Nearly one-fourth of the patients were having ID but without anemia, signifying importance of workup of ID other than Hb.ConclusionOur study highlights the yet underestimated and neglected burden of ID in HF patients in India. This study suggests further large-scale studies to better characterize this easily treatable condition and considering routine testing in future Indian guidelines.     

Iron status and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in hemodialysis patients

We examined whether the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can affect the anemia and iron status of hemodialysis patients. We recruited patients from six dialysis centers who had undergone maintenance hemodialysis for at least four months. We examined the use of NSAIDs during the past three months based on their medical records and assigned the patients to three groups (group A, non-NSAID group; group B, aspirin group; and group C, non-aspirin NSAID group). Of the 446 patients, 95 (21.3%) were treated with aspirin and 103 (23.1%) were treated with non-aspirin NSAIDs. The serum iron level and transferrin saturation (TSAT) were significantly lower in group C patients than those in group A. However, the ratio of the patients who were administrated iron preparations during the past three months was significantly higher than that in the other two groups. The incidences of positive fecal occult blood tests did not differ substantially between the three groups. The ratios of the patients who were administrated recombinant human erythropoietin were the same between three groups. Using a multiple regression analysis, the administration of non-aspirin NSAIDs was identified as an independent factor for the decreased serum iron and the decreased TSAT levels. A multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the patients using non-aspirin NSAIDs had an increased the requirement for iron preparation therapy (OR 2.03, 95% CI, 1.28-3.22). The use of non-aspirin NSAIDs may therefore increase the risk of the iron deficiency in patients undergoing hemodialysis.     

维持性血液透析患者透析相关急性心律失常的分析

目的：分析维持性血液透析（hemodialysis, HD）患者透析相关急性心律失常的发生及治疗结果。方法：选择我院2012年6月～2013年6月维持性 HD患者83例,记录透析相关急性心律失常出现的类型,频率及时间,分析透析相关急性心律失常的危险因素,治疗结果。结果：83例 HD患者共透析8964例次,急性心律失常出现1046例次,发生率11.67％,按心律失常出现的频率,依次为室性期前收缩306例（29.3％）,窦性心动过速228例（21.8％）,房性期前收缩179例（17.1％）,心房纤颤138例（13.2％）,阵发性室上速81例（7.7％）,室性心动过速75例（7.2％）,窦性心动过缓39例（3.7％）;于透析1～2h心律失常发生率最高,并维持至4h;Logistic回归分析显示透析相关心律失常发生的危险因素是血钾紊乱、心脏疾患（OR 4.46～18.96,P 均＜0.05）;经采取综合处理措施后,终止心律失常的成功率为95.3％。结论：急性心律失常是透析的常见并发症,室性心动过速可达7.2％,心律失常于透析1-2 h达高峰,其危险因素为血钾紊乱和心脏疾患,适当的治疗可以有效防治心律失常。     

维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态相关因子的变化

目的研究在血液透析(HD)过程中维持性血液透析(MHD)患者微炎症状态相关因子的变化。方法选择20例进入MHD的慢性肾衰竭者作为HD组，20例体检者作为对照组。测定HD组患者8个时点(HD前、1／2小时、1小时、3小时、4．5—5小时结束时和HD后12小时、24小时、48小时)血浆C-反应蛋白(CRF。)浓度及3个时点(HD前、1／2小时、4．5—5小时结束时)TNF—α和IL-1β浓度，同时测定HD前血浆白蛋白和血脂浓度。对照组测定空腹血以上各指标血浆浓度。结果(1)HD组8个时点的CRP浓度均较对照组高，其在HD结束后12小时达高峰，HD结束后48小时恢复到HD前水平；(2)HD组3个时点的IL-1β、TNF—α浓度均比对照组高，但各时点间比较无统计学差异；(3)HD4．5—5小时的TNF—α与HD结束后12小时的CRP浓度呈正相关。HD组低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、白蛋白(ALB)与HD前CRP的浓度分别呈正相关和负相关。结论(1)MHD患者血浆CRP、IL-1β和TNF—α浓度升高，存在微炎症状态；(2)HD过程中CRP、TNF—α和IL-1β浓度均有升高趋势；(3)MHD患者LDL及ALB的改变可能与机体的微炎症状态有关。