小剂量舒芬太尼在口腔颌面外科术后病人自控静脉镇痛的临床研究

目的:探讨小剂量舒芬太尼用于口腔颌面外科术后镇痛的效能和安全性。方法:择期全麻下或强化麻醉下颌面外科手术病人60例,随机分为两组,芬太尼组(A组)30例,舒芬太尼组(B组)30例。术前及术中麻醉药物按常规给予,术后行自控静脉镇痛(PC IA。术后持续监测SpO,E C G,N B P,进行V A S评分、R am say评分,观察有无)2恶心、呕吐等副反应。结果:B组镇痛效果满意且优于A组(P<0.05);呼吸影响两组病例均未出现SpO低于95%;2恶心呕吐副反应发生率两组相似。结论:小剂量舒芬太尼可适用于口腔颌面外科手术后病人PC IA,并在安全、镇痛和降低恶心呕吐等副反应方面具有一定的优势。     

舒芬太尼用于术后静脉自控镇痛的临床观察

目的:探讨舒芬太尼和芬太尼用于术后镇痛的效果观察。方法:选择全麻下术后行静脉自控镇痛患者100例,随机分为两组,芬太尼组(A组)50例,舒芬太尼组(B组)50例。麻醉诱导:采用力月西0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼4~6μg/kg、维库溴铵0.15 mg/kg、力蒙新1~2 mg/kg。麻醉维持:1%~2%异氟醚维持麻醉,静脉泵注力蒙新4~6 mg/(kg.h),间断静注维库溴铵,术中监测SpO2、ECG、NBP,术后给予PCIA,镇痛泵配方:A组芬太尼1.0 mg 欧贝8 mg加生理盐水至100 ml;B组采用舒芬太尼100μg 欧贝8 mg加生理盐水至100 ml,背景剂量2 ml/h,单位PCIA量0.5 ml/次,锁定时间15 min。术后48 h持续监测SpO2、ECG、NBP,进行VAS评分、Ramsay评分,观察有无恶心呕吐副反应。结果:B组镇痛效果满意并优于A组(P<0.05),且恶心呕吐副反应明显低于A组。对吸影响两组病例均未出现SpO2低于95%。结论:两组患者的性别、年龄、体重无显著性差异。舒芬太尼用于术后患者自控镇痛(PCIA)与芬太尼相比,具有镇痛效果确切,使用安全的优点,且舒芬太尼发生恶心呕吐副反应的明显少于芬太尼,因此,舒芬太尼PCIA有利于患者术后恢复,是一种较理想的静脉镇痛方法。     

舒芬太尼术后静脉自控镇痛效果的临床观察

【目的】探讨舒芬太尼在术后静脉自控镇痛的疗效、不良反应及最佳剂量。【方法】将本院180例全麻下行腹部手术的患者随机分为A、B、C组,将舒芬太尼由镇痛泵行静脉自控镇痛,剂量分别为1μg/kg、2μg/kg、3μg/kg,对三组患者术后4、12、48h的视觉模拟评分(VAS)、镇静评分和不良反应进行比较。【结果】B、C组术后各时点VAS评分显著低于A组(P<0.05),B、C组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);C组镇静评分显著高于A、B组(P<0.05),A、B组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);术后C组恶心呕吐不良反应发生高于A、B组。【结论】舒芬太尼用于术后静脉自控镇痛,具有镇痛效果确切,镇静作用适度,血流动力学稳定,简单、安全、副反应少等优点,最佳剂量为2μg/kg。     

0.15%罗哌卡因用于上腹部手术后自控硬膜外镇痛的临床研究

目的:探讨上腹部手术后自控硬膜外镇痛单用0.15%罗哌卡因的可行性。方法:60例A SAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期在硬膜外麻醉复合全麻下行上腹部手术的病人随机均分为两组,分别为0.15%罗哌卡因(R)组,0.15%罗哌卡因+1μg/m L芬太尼(R F)组。术毕前半小时接入镇痛泵行术后自控硬膜外镇痛,观察术后3、6、12、24h V A S评分,辅助镇痛用药量及恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒等副作用。结果:两组间各时段V A S评分、辅助镇痛用药量及副作用发生率差异无显著性。结论:单用0.15%罗哌卡因在上腹部术后硬膜外镇痛是可行的。     

右美托咪定辅舒芬太尼用于全麻病人的术后镇痛

目的评价右美托咪定联合舒芬太尼用于全麻病人术后镇痛镇痛效果及安全性。方法择期行腹部手术术后自愿行病人自控式镇痛的病人40例,随机分成两组,Ⅰ组为对照组,给予生理盐水＋舒芬太尼＋止吐药静脉自控镇痛泵;Ⅱ组为实验组,给予右美托咪定＋舒芬太尼＋止吐药静脉自控镇痛泵。观察两组患者术后48h内的血压（BP）、心率（HR）、脉搏氧饱和度（SpO2）、呼吸频率（RR）的变化情况、术后镇痛、镇静评分以及镇痛并发症的情况。结果血流动力学实验组较对照组更为平稳;术后2-8h内镇痛VAS评分比较,实验组明显优于对照组,镇静分级无差异;术后恶心、呕吐的发生率的比较,对照组明显多于实验组。结论对于全麻下行腹部手术的病人,右美托咪定辅助舒芬太尼用于术后镇痛与单纯应用舒芬太尼术后镇痛相比,患者术后的心血管稳定性较好,对术后镇痛的满意度高;且不良反应恶心呕吐明显减少,且在适当的药物剂量下呼吸抑制的发生率低。     

B超引导下腹横肌膜表面神经阻滞（TAPBlock）在妇科开腹手术术后镇痛的应用

目的研究超声引导下腹横肌膜表面神经阻滞（TAPBlock）在开腹手术术后镇痛的作用。方法在全麻下行妇科择期开腹手术患者40例,要求术后镇痛,随机双盲法分为两组,A组在全麻下行手术,术后静脉镇痛配方为芬太尼10μg／ml,氟哌利多2．5mg／100ml,持续流量4ml／h,B组在全麻后手术开始前在B超引导下0．188％罗哌卡因行双侧腹横肌膜表面神经阻滞（TAPBlock）,同时加用静脉术后镇痛,镇痛配方为芬太尼5μg/ml,氟哌利多1．25mg／100ml,持续流量4ml／h。观察两组的术后镇痛效果和不良反应。结果B组镇痛效果优于A组,且恶心呕吐,呼吸抑制,嗜睡,皮肤搔痒等不良反应远低于A组。结论妇科开腹手术术后静脉镇痛加用TAPBlock,是值得推广的一种新技术。     

阿扎司琼用于预防静吸复合全身麻醉联合曲马多术后镇痛恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的观察阿扎司琼用于预防静吸复合全身麻醉联合曲马多术后镇痛恶心呕吐的情况。方法选择94例ASAⅠ级的择期全麻手术病例，随机将病人分为实验组（A组）64例，对照组（B组）30例，实验组（A组）于麻醉诱导前15～20min（即手术开始之前25～30min）静注阿扎司琼10mg，对照组不用，麻醉诱导、维持及曲马多术后镇痛均相同，观察术后24h时恶心呕吐的发生情况。结果A组发生恶心呕吐率为14．1％，B组为73．3％。两组进行χ^2检验有显著的差异有统计学意义，比较A、B两组的恶心呕吐发生的程度，A组明显轻于B组。结论静吸复合全身麻醉，麻醉诱导前15～20min（即手术开始之前25～30min）静注阿扎司琼10mg，可以有效地降低静吸复合全身麻醉联合曲马多术后镇痛恶心呕吐的发生率，且明显地降低恶心呕吐的程度。     

肋间神经冷冻和硬膜外自控镇痛在肺癌根治术术后镇痛中的比较

目的:比较肋间神经冷冻和硬膜外自控镇痛在肺癌根治术术后镇痛中的效果和副作用。方法:将60例择期后外侧切口开胸的肺癌根治术患者分为A﹑B两组。A组为肋间神经冷冻止痛组(n=30),使用北京KOOLAND医疗设备有限公司生产的JT-I型冷冻手术治疗机,在关胸前对切口所在肋间及上、下各两个肋间和留置胸腔引流管所在肋间的肋间神经进行冷冻。B组为连续硬膜外自控镇痛组(n=30),采用日本wells公司生产的电子泵,用吗啡加氟哌利多行连续硬膜外自控镇痛。两组患者均采用视觉模拟评分法(visualanaloguescale,VAS)评定术后疼痛程度。观察两组患者手术后第1﹑2﹑3﹑4﹑5﹑8天的VAS评分,对患者术后两种镇痛方法的整体满意度进行评级,并记录患者术后8d内恶心、呕吐,呼吸抑制,瘙痒,尿潴留,肠麻痹等术后镇痛并发症的发生率。结果:A组手术后止痛效果好于B组,术后两种镇痛方法的整体满意度A组好于B组,手术后镇痛副反应A组少于B组。结论:在肺癌根治术术后镇痛中,肋间神经冷冻优于硬膜外自控镇痛。     

不同浓度甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合芬太尼硬膜外术后镇痛的观察

目的：比较不同浓度甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合芬太尼术后硬膜外镇痛的效果，为临床用药提供依据。方法：选择90例患者，随机分为3组，每组30例，A组甲磺酸罗哌卡因浓度为0．20％，B组0．237％，C组0．284％，均加入2μg／mL芬太尼，首次剂量5mL，设定持续输注背景剂量2ml，自控镇痛量每次0．5mL，锁定时间15min。监测术后4、8、12、24、48h不同时间的疼痛评分（VAS）、HR、SpO2、MAP、总体满意度评分、恶心等不良反应和下肢运动阻滞情况。结果：三组VAS评分、HR、SpO2、MAP、镇痛总体满意度评分、恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒相比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；下肢运动阻滞程度A组及B组和C组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；C组低血压、尿潴留的发生和A组及B组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论：0．20％～0．237％甲磺酸罗哌卡因复合芬太尼（2μg／mL）术后硬膜外镇痛效果确切，副作用发生率低，适合临床应用。     

24h错峰使用多瑞吉治疗癌性疼痛

目的比较24h错峰使用芬太尼透皮贴剂(多瑞吉)和常规使用多瑞吉治疗癌性疼痛的镇痛效果及不良反应。方法选取我科2009年1月至2011年7月48例癌性疼痛患者,住院期间均仅行镇痛治疗,经静脉吗啡滴定后,随机分为两组(n=24),A组使用等效剂量多瑞吉,B组先使用等效剂量一半的多瑞吉,24h后使用另一半,每贴多瑞吉更换周期均为72h,以视觉模拟评分(VAS)评定治疗效果。结果分别于治疗前、使用多瑞吉后3d、7d、14d记录两组患者VAS评分,结果发现两组患者在多瑞吉治疗后3d、7d、14dVAS评分均逐渐降低。但在使用多瑞吉后3d,B组VAS评分明显低于A组(P<0.01),用多瑞吉后7d、14d,两组VAS评分无统计学差异(P>0.05)。B组患者在使用多瑞吉7d内恶心、呕吐及头晕不良反应发生率较A组低。结论多瑞吉24h错峰使用可有效控制癌性疼痛,改善患者的生活质量,与常规使用多瑞吉相比其不良反应较少。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.