Potential genetic markers predicting the outcome of brace treatment in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Purpose  

To investigate whether the predisposition genes previously reported to be associated with the occurrence or curve severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) play a role in the effectiveness of brace treatment.     

Evolution of the curve patterns during brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Summary of background data

The curve pattern of idiopathic scoliosis is important for making decisions concerning bracing. However, whether the curve pattern changes during brace treatment have not been fully documented. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes of curve pattern during brace treatment in skeletally immature patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).

Methods

From January 2002 to January 2011, AIS patients treated with a Boston or Milwaukee brace were recruited after meeting the following inclusion criteria: older than 10 years of age at initiation of bracing; having a Cobb angle of 25°–40°; with a Risser sign 0–2; being regularly followed until the weaning of brace or the necessity of surgical treatment; and without history of previous treatment. A total of 130 female and 11 male AIS patients were included. The mean age was 12.9 years at initiation of bracing, and the female patients were, on average, 2.7 months past menarche. The mean follow-up period was 2.6 years (range 1.0–5.5 years). The definitions of changes in curve patterns were divided into four categories as follows: (1) shift of the apex of the main curve; (2) change in the curve span of more than two vertebrae; (3) change in the main curve type with regard to the apex location; and (4) change of curve direction. The patients were divided into two groups. Group A was comprised of patients who had experienced one or more categories of curve pattern changes, and Group B was comprised of those who had not.

Results

Of these 39 patients, 14 had apex shifting, 2 underwent curve span changes, 22 experienced changes in the main curve type, and one female had both changes in the apex and curve span. At the initiation of bracing, patients in Group A demonstrated significantly lower menarchal status (P = 0.018) and lower Risser grade (P = 0.025) than those in Group B. The difference in the percentage of patients who underwent Boston bracing between the two groups was statistically significant (41.5 % for Group A vs. 24.0 % for Group B, P = 0.023).

Conclusion

Changes in curve pattern can occur during brace treatment. Patients with less skeletal maturity and those treated with a Boston brace are more susceptible to this phenomenon.     

支具治疗对女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者肺功能的影响

目的:观察支具治疗对女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)患者肺功能的影响。方法:2001年2月~2009年12月283例女性AIS患者在我院接受矫形手术治疗,术前检测患者用力肺活量(FVC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1),记录预计值、实测值及实测值占预计值百分比。根据术前是否曾接受支具治疗分为2组,支具治疗组80例(A组),未接受支具治疗组203例(B组)。分析2组患者术前肺功能参数的差异,同时对A组患者肺功能FVC及FEV1的实测值占预计值百分比(FVC%、FEV1%)与术时年龄、身高、主弯冠状面Cobb角、主侧凸累及节段数、主胸弯矢状面Cobb角、每日支具治疗时间、支具治疗总时长进行多元线性回归分析。结果:A、B组患者FVC预计值分别为3.23±0.40L和3.20±0.40L,FEV1预计值分别为2.76±0.40L和2.73±0.30L,A组与B组比较均无统计学差异(P>0.05);A、B组FVC实测值分别为2.58±0.60L和2.72±0.60L,FEV1实测值分别为2.34±0.50L和2.49±0.50L,A、B组FVC%分别为(80.3±16.5)%和(85.4±16.5)%、FEV1%分别为(85.6±18.4)%和(91.3±16.9)%,A组FEV1实测值、FVC%及FEV1%较B组均明显降低(P<0.05),其中主弯为胸弯患者(173例)明显(P<0.05),而主弯为胸腰弯/腰弯患者(110例)不明显(P>0.05)。A组患者中,胸段侧凸矢状面Cobb角与FVC%、FEV1%呈正相关(P<0.05),支具治疗总时长与FEV1%呈负相关(P<0.05);而术时年龄、身高、主弯冠状面Cobb角、主侧凸累及节段数、每日支具治疗时间(8~23h,平均18.7h)与FVC%及FEV1%均无显著相关性(P>0.05)。结论:支具治疗可使女性青少年特发性胸段脊柱侧凸患者肺功能FVC%及FEV1%下降,支具治疗总时长和胸段侧凸矢状面Cobb角可能是影响患者肺功能FVC%及FEV1%的相关因素。     

女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者停止支具治疗后的侧凸进展及其相关因素

目的 :分析发育成熟的女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患儿在停止支具治疗后长期随访中的侧凸进展情况,并探讨其相关因素。方法:回顾性分析于我院门诊就诊符合SRS(scoliosis research society)支具治疗标准的女性AIS患儿130例,初诊年龄11.8±1.4岁(10~14岁)。所有患儿均随访至支具治疗结束后至少2年,且至少具有佩戴支具后初次随访、停止支具治疗时、停止支具治疗后6个月、1年、2年及末次随访时的资料。在每次随访时的全脊柱正位X线片上测量主弯侧凸Cobb角,并评估侧凸进展超过5°的患儿及比例、侧凸进展度数和进展速率。末次随访时侧凸进展超过5°定义为侧凸进展,采用独立样本t检验比较侧凸进展组和非进展组患儿的初诊年龄、月经初潮年龄、初诊Cobb角、初始矫正率、停止支具治疗年龄。结果:与停止支具治疗时相比,停止支具治疗后6个月、1年、2年及末次随访时的侧凸进展超过5°的患儿分别为33例(25.4%)、42例(32.3%)、61例(46.9%)和63例(48.5%);侧凸进展度数分别为2.0°±4.4°、3.2°±5.0°、4.9°±5.5°和5.1°±6.9°;侧凸进展速率分别为0.33°±0.71°/月、0.20°±0.41°/月、0.14°±0.29°/月和0.01°±0.19°/月。停止支具治疗后侧凸非进展组和进展组患儿的初诊年龄、月经初潮年龄、初诊Cobb角、初始矫正率、停止支具治疗时年龄等无显著性差异(P0.05),而停止支具治疗时的Cobb角有统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:行支具治疗的AIS患儿停止支具治疗后仍有较高的侧凸进展风险,停止支具治疗后的6个月内为侧凸进展高风险和高速率期;停止支具治疗时的侧凸Cobb角越大发生侧凸进展的风险越高。     

Results of brace treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in boys compared with girls: a retrospective study of 102 patients treated with the Boston brace

The aim of the study was to compare the results of brace treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) in male patients with matched female patients and to assess the effectiveness of bracing of boys in AIS and to discuss the results with published data. Between 1987 and 1995, 51 consecutive male patients with AIS were treated with the Boston brace. The patients were advised to wear the brace 23 h/day. The medical records of all patients were reviewed. Cobb angles and Risser signs were measured before bracing, in brace, at brace discontinuation and at final follow-up. Everyone of 51 male patients was compared with a female patient who was treated by the same method and matched by Risser sign, curve pattern, curve magnitude and duration of treatment and follow-up time. Compliance with brace was noted at every visit. Fourteen boys had worn the brace only during nighttime or occasionally and were considered non-compliant. Only compliant patients with treatment period > 1 year and follow-up > 1 year after treatment were accepted for the analyses of effectiveness of brace treatment and its prognostic factors. Thirty-three boys met these inclusion criteria. Bracing was considered to have a failure if > 5° progression occurred or if surgery was performed. At the final follow-up study progression > 5° was found in 16/51 (31.4%) of male patients. Corresponding figures of female patients were 11/51 (21.6%), respectively. In compliant boys progression > 5° occurred in 6/33 boys compared with 9/33 girls. The association between risk of progression and correction% in brace was statistically significant. The overall results of brace treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in male patients were inferior compared with matched females. One reason for inferior overall results in boys was poor compliance with brace wear. However, brace treatment in AIS may be recommended with the same principles in both genders.     

色努支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的疗效及影响因素分析

目的 ：观察色努支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的疗效,探究影响疗效的相关因素。方法 ：2016年1月～2018年6月采用色努支具治疗的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者49例,其中女性46例,男性3例,治疗初始年龄12.6±1.3岁（10～15岁）,初始主弯Cobb角32.5°±6.9°（20°～45°）,初始Risser征2.2±1.6。收集患者的临床资料：年龄、每日佩戴时间等信息;影像学资料：初始、佩戴支具即刻和随访的系列脊柱全长X线片。通过佩戴支具即刻X线片计算初始支具矫正率。评估治疗后结果：Cobb角减少≥6°定义为“改善”,Cobb角变化5°以内定义为“稳定”,Cobb角增大≥6°定义为“进展”,前两者为治疗成功。观察初始支具矫正率在各组结果中的差异;分析畸形进展的患者相关因素：畸形严重程度（20°～29°,30°～39°及40°～45°三组）、Risser征（0～4）和侧凸类型（胸弯、胸腰弯/腰弯、双主弯三种类型）;并分析影响初始支具矫正率的可能因素。结果：49例患者平均治疗2.0±1.0年,所有患儿每天支具佩戴时间在18～20h以上,依从性良好。随访2.0±1.0年（1～5年）,末次...     

Health-related quality of life in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis after treatment: short-term effects after brace or surgical treatment

For treatment of teenagers with progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in an early stage, two options are generally considered: treatment with a brace or observation followed by surgery if necessary. Many doctors and patients prefer conservative treatment (i.e. brace treatment) to surgical treatment, because surgery of the spine is generally considered a drastic intervention. Because potential differences in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after treatment between braced and surgically treated patients are not well explored, this study aimed to determine whether short-term differences exist in HRQoL between adolescents treated with a brace or treated surgically. A cross-sectional analysis of HRQoL was made of 109 patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who, after completing treatment, filled out the Dutch SRS-22 Patient Questionnaire. All patients had been treated either with a brace or surgery, or with a brace followed by surgery. Patients treated surgically had significantly higher mean scores in the satisfaction with management domain than those treated with a brace. No other consistent differences in HRQoL were found between patients treated with a brace and patients treated surgically. Gender, curve type and curve size had no relevant effect on HRQoL. We conclude that short-term differences in HRQoL after treatment in adolescent patients with idiopathic scoliosis are negligible and cannot support preference of one treatment above the other. The NESCIO group: H.D. Been, MD, PhD, L.N.J.E.M. Coene, MD, PhD, H. Creemers, MD, A.J. de Gruijter, MD, PhD, A.A.J.M. Hazebroek-Kampschreur, MD, PhD, P. Klop, MD, H.J.A. Kruls, MD, PhD, P.J.M. van Loon, MD, L.C.F. Luttmer, MD, F. de Nies, MD, J.E.H. Pruijs, MD, PhD, L.W. van Rhijn, MD, PhD, M.P. Teeuwen, MD, P.A. Wiegersma, MD, PhD.     

女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者自我形象评估的相关影响因素分析

目的:探讨女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者自我形象评估的影响因素。方法:回顾性分析2010年9月～2011年3月在我院就诊的252例女性AIS患者,年龄12～18岁,平均14.5±1.8岁。均摄取患者站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片,并独立填写一份简体中文版SRS-22问卷。在站立位全脊柱正侧位X线片上测量Cobb角、顶椎旋转度、胸椎后凸角、腰椎前凸角、脊柱冠状面力线偏移及脊柱矢状面力线偏移等参数。采用相关分析研究各临床指标与自我形象评分的相关性。结果:患者平均Cobb角35.5°±12.8°;平均顶椎旋转度2.0°±0.7°;平均胸椎后凸角16.2°±9.0°;平均腰椎前凸角51.3°±9.8°;平均脊柱冠状面力线偏移1.2±0.7cm;平均脊柱矢状面力线偏移2.4±1.5cm;平均体重指数18.3±2.2;平均自我形象评分16.7±2.8分。胸弯和胸腰弯/腰弯的自我形象评分均与主弯Cobb角有相关性(r分别为-0.171,-0.225,P均<0.05);其中大角度胸弯组呈显著相关(r=-0.484,P=0.005)。而其他参数与患者自我形象评估均无明显相关性(P均>0.05)。结论:女性AIS患者的自我形象主要受主弯Cobb角的影响,其中大角度胸弯患者的自我形象受主弯Cobb角的影响最大。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者褪黑素信号传导通路的初步研究

目的:了解青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescentid iopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者褪黑素信号传导通路是否存在异常。方法:7例女性AIS患者,年龄13～17岁,平均14.7岁;最大Cobb角40°～80°,平均59.3°,行后路手术时取髂骨组织进行成骨细胞培养,并用碱性磷酸酶染色、骨钙素免疫荧光检测方法对培养细胞进行成骨细胞鉴定。取原代培养的成骨细胞,先采用福斯可林刺激成骨细胞内cAMP升高,然后用不同浓度褪黑素刺激细胞,检测细胞内cAMP水平。结果:碱性磷酸酶染色、骨钙素免疫荧光检测结果均证实所培养细胞表现为成骨细胞特性,所有AIS患者成骨细胞的cAMP的基础水平都很低,在给予福斯可林刺激以后cAMP的水平明显升高,此后再给予生理剂量的褪黑素后,cAMP的水平未见明显下降;给予药理剂量的褪黑素后同样没有观察到cAMP水平明显的下降。结论:AIS患者的褪黑素信号传导通路存在异常。     

色努支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸的疗效及弯型变化分析

【摘要】 目的：分析色努支具治疗青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）的临床疗效,探讨治疗过程中的弯型变化。方法：2016年10月～2021年11月采用色努支具治疗AIS患者75例,其中女性69例,男性6例,初始年龄11.9±1.0岁,初始主弯Cobb角29.8°±8.5°,初始Risser征≤2级。收集患者的临床及影像学资料,包括年龄、性别、初潮时间、每日佩戴时长、初次治疗前和末次随访时的脊柱全长X线片。所有患者随访至结束支具治疗后1年。使用主弯分型和改良Lenke分型（modified Lenke classification system,mLenke）统计患者弯型,分析不同弯型患者的支具疗效和弯型变化情况。结果：所有患者经过25.7±10.8个月的支具治疗,结束支具治疗时年龄14.2±1.2岁,主弯Cobb角27.6°±12.0°。其中63例患者侧凸控制,12例患者侧凸进展,23例患者接受手术治疗。主腰弯型患者支具成功率和侧凸控制率高于主胸弯患者（P=0.043,P=0.003）。各mLenke分型患者的支具治疗成功率及侧凸控制率存在差异（P<0.001,P=0.005）,其中,Ⅴ型患者支具成功率和侧凸控制率最高,Ⅳ型患者支具治疗成功率最低,Ⅱ型患者侧凸控制率最低。支具治疗前后,各主弯分型患者数量比例存在差异（P=0.019）,各mLenke分型患者数量比例无统计学差异（P=0.071）。各主弯分型（P<0.001）和各mLenke分型（P=0.020）的弯型变化率存在差异。两种弯型分类系统中,弯型变化患者和未变化患者的支具治疗成功率和侧凸控制率未见明显差异。结论：不同弯型AIS患者的色努支具疗效存在差异,以胸弯为主弯的患者相较于以腰弯为主弯的患者支具疗效较差;治疗过程中患者可能发生以主弯上移为趋势的弯型变化;不同弯型患者的弯型变化率和弯型转归不同,弯型变化也可发生于侧凸控制或矫正的患者中。     

Management decisions for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis significantly affect patient radiation exposure

Background contextAdolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) patients treated before the 1990s have a 1% to 2% increased lifetime risk of developing breast and thyroid cancer as a result of ionizing radiation from plain radiographs. Although present plain radiographic techniques have been able to reduce some of the radiation exposure, modern treatment algorithms for scoliosis often include computed tomography (CT) and intraoperative fluoroscopy. The exact magnitude of exposure to ionizing radiation in adolescents during modern scoliosis treatment is therefore unclear.PurposeTo determine the difference in radiation exposures in patients undergoing various forms of treatment for AIS.Study designRetrospective cohort.Patient samplePatients aged 9 to 18 years with a diagnosis of AIS, followed and/or treated with nonoperative or operative management for a minimum of 2 years.Outcome measuresNumber of radiographs and total radiation exposure calculated.MethodsThe charts and radiographs of patients managed for AIS at a single institution between September 2007 and January 2012 were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups: operative group, braced group, and observation group. Patient demographics, Cobb angles, and curve types were recorded. The number of radiographs per year that each patient received and the total radiation dose were recorded. The plain radiographic radiation exposure was then combined with the direct exposure recording from ancillary tests, such as fluoroscopy and CT, and a radiation exposure rate was calculated (mrad/y). A single-factor analysis of variance (α=0.01) with a Tukey honest significant difference post hoc analysis was used to test significance between groups.ResultsTwo hundred sixty-seven patients were evaluated: 86 operative, 80 brace, and 101 observation. All groups had similar demographics and curve type distribution. The mean initial Cobb angle at presentation was significantly different between the groups: operative (57°±11°), brace (24°±7.9°), and observation (18°±9.4°) (p<.01). There was a significant difference among the groups in terms of the mean number of radiographs received per year; operative group, 12.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 10.8–13.5; p<.001); braced group, 5.7 (95% CI: 5.2–6.2; p<.001), and observed group, 3.5 (95% CI: 3.160–3.864; p<.001). The operative group received 1,400 mrad per year (95% CI: 1,350–1,844; p<.001), braced group received 700 mrad per year (95% CI: 598–716; p<.001), and observed group received 400 mrad per year (95% CI: 363–444; p<.001). Importantly, 78% of radiation in the operative group was attributable to the operative fluoroscopy exposure.ConclusionsSignificant differences exist in the total radiation exposure in scoliosis patients with different treatment regimens, with operative patients receiving approximately 8 to 14 times more radiation than braced patients or those undergoing observation alone, respectively. Operative patients also receive more than twice the radiation per year than braced or observed patients. Almost 78% of the annual radiation exposure for operative patients occurs intraoperatively. Because children are notably more sensitive to the carcinogenic effects of ionizing radiation, judicious use of present imaging methods and a search for newer imaging methods with limited ionizing radiation should be undertaken.     

支具治疗后初始Cobb角进展速率对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者支具疗效的预测价值

目的 :比较行支具治疗的青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者的支具治疗后初始Cobb角进展速率(initial angle velocity,IAV)和初始矫正率与支具疗效的相关性,探讨IAV对AIS患者支具疗效的预测价值。方法:回顾性分析于我院门诊行正规支具治疗的女性AIS患者126例,其中胸主弯74例,胸腰弯52例。于患者每次随访拍摄的站立位全脊柱正位片上测量主弯的Cobb角和Risser征。另外记录患者每次随访时的实足年龄、月经状态及身高等资料。根据患者末次随访时Cobb角进展程度分为两组:进展组55例Cobb角进展≥6°;非进展组71例Cobb进展6°。IAV定义为患者支具治疗后第一次随访时的Cobb角进展速率,初始矫正率定义为支具治疗后第一次随访时的Cobb角矫正率。采用独立样本t检验比较两组之间的差异,逻辑回归分析不同支具疗效的预测因素。结果:本组所有患者平均初诊年龄12.4±1.6岁;月经年龄12.3±1.2岁;平均初诊身高154.4±9.7cm;初诊Risser征2.1±1.7;平均初诊Cobb角24.4°±6.1°。初诊至第一次随访平均时间间隔4.1±0.6个月;初诊至末次随访平均时间间隔35.9±13.7个月(24~60个月)。末次随访时平均Cobb角29.2°±8.4°。独立样本t检验示进展组和非进展组患者初诊年龄、月经年龄、初诊身高、初诊Risser征及初诊Cobb角均无显著差异(P0.05)。非进展组IAV显著小于进展组(-9.9°±13.8°/年VS 5.2°±12.5°/年,P0.001),而非进展组初始Cobb角矫正率显著大于进展组[(11.6±16.9)%VS(-5.3±16.4)%,P0.001]。逻辑回归分析示支具疗效与IAV(OR=8.451,P=0.004)呈显著相关,而与初始矫正率(OR=2.192,P=0.139)无显著相关。结论:支具治疗后初始Cobb角进展速率与AIS患者支具疗效呈显著相关,较高的支具治疗后初始Cobb角进展速率预示较差的支具治疗效果。     

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者心脏异常的发生率

目的:研究青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者心脏异常的发生率,探讨可能影响AIS患者心脏异常发生的相关因素.方法:2008年6月～2011年6月收治AIS患者719例,其中男113例,女606例,年龄10～18岁,平均15.1±2.2岁.术前均行心脏超声多普勒检查,统计AIS患者心脏异常的发生率.将心脏异常患者分为先天性心脏病及其他心脏异常2组,分别按性别(男组与女组)、弯型(胸弯组与腰弯/胸腰弯组)分组比较先天性心脏病发生率;分别按弯型(胸弯组与腰弯/胸腰弯组)、Cobb角(≤70°组与＞70°组)及胸椎后凸角(＜10°、10°～40°与＞40°组)分组比较其他心脏异常的发生率.利用二分类Logistic回归分析探讨AIS患者弯型(胸弯组与腰弯/胸腰弯组)、Cobb角(连续变量)及胸椎后凸角(连续变量)是否为其他心脏异常发生的显著相关因素.结果:AIS患者心脏异常发生率为6.68％(48/719),其中先天性心脏病发生率为4.59％(33/719),包括房间隔缺损2.50％(21/719)、室间隔缺损0.56％(4/719)、动脉导管未闭0.28％(2/719)、永存左上腔静脉0.28％(2/719)、法洛四联症0.14％(1/719)、二尖瓣狭窄0.14％(1/719)、单心房单心室0.14％(1/719)及房间隔膨出瘤0.14％(1/719);其他心脏异常的发生率为2.09％(15/719),其中二尖瓣脱垂1.11％(8/719)、肺动脉高压0.97％(7/719).48例存在心脏异常的AIS患者中,36例在入院前未获知存在心脏异常,其中3例(8.33％)入院后需先行心脏干预手术(2例行房间隔缺损修补术,1例行动脉导管未闭封堵术),二期行脊柱侧凸矫正手术:12例入院前已获知有心脏异常,其中10例为先天性心脏病,均在脊柱侧凸发现前已行心脏干预手术.AIS患者先天性心脏病的发生率,按性别、弯型分组组间比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05);二尖瓣脱垂、肺动脉高压的发生率,按弯型、Cobb角以及胸椎后凸角分组组间比较均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).二分类Logistic回归分析显示,二尖瓣脱垂及肺动脉高压的发生与弯型、Cobb角及胸椎后凸角无显著相关性(P＞0.05).结论:AIS患者有较高的心脏异常发生率,部分心脏异常可能严重影响脊柱手术安全性,需要在脊柱矫形术前先行心脏干预手术.AIS患者脊柱矫形术前应常规行心脏超声多普勒检查以评估心脏情况.     

右胸弯型女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者乳房发育的不对称性

目的:评估右胸弯型女性青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者乳房的不对称性及其与脊柱畸形指标和前胸壁畸形指标的相关性.方法:2010年6月～2011年6月在我院接受手术治疗的73例右胸弯型女性AIS患者,Lenke Ⅰ型63例,LenkeⅡ型10例,手术年龄11～21岁,平均14.82±2.69岁;主胸弯Cobb角40°～90°,平均52.08°±11.68°.术前均行全脊柱CT扫描,采用Image J软件进行三维重建,测量凹、凸侧乳房体积(breast volume,BV),同时在二维CT图片上测量乳房外倾角、乳房覆盖角、乳房下胸壁角、乳头至胸骨中线距离、乳房轴高及乳房纵高.乳房不对称性指数(breast asymmetry index,BAI)定义为(凹侧-凸侧)BV/[(凹侧+凸侧)BV]/2,BAI＞5％或＜-5％时定义为凹凸侧乳房不对称.脊柱畸形指标包括RAsag角和RAml角.采用配对t检验分析凹、凸侧乳房各指标的不对称程度,用Pearson相关分析研究BAI与脊柱畸形指标之间的相关性以及乳房指标和前胸壁指标之间的相关性.结果:凹侧BV、乳房外倾角、乳房轴高及乳房纵高分别为283.19±153.89ml、26.32°±9.68°、29.28 ±7.26mm、17.42±6.35cm,均显著大于凸侧的257.42±149.85ml、23.41°±8.24°、27.88±7.70mm、16.73±6,41cm (P＜0.05);凹侧乳房覆盖角及乳房下胸壁角分别为95.39°±8.42°、57.61°±8.49°,均显著小于凸侧的106.34°±9.57°、61.43°±6.73°(P＜0.05).凹、凸侧乳头至胸骨中线距离无显著性差异(P＞0.05).BAI平均值为11.4％,其凹侧BV大于凸侧的比率为80.8％,凹凸侧BV不对称的比率为78.1％.BAI达10％以上的分别为52.1％(凹侧＞凸侧)和4.1％(凹侧＜凸侧).BAI与Cobb角、RAsag角和RAml角之间均无显著相关性(r=0.049、-0.050、0.037,P＞0.05),而乳房下胸壁角与乳房外倾角及乳房覆盖角之间均呈显著相关性(r=-0.857,P＜0.001;r=0.411,P＜0.001).结论:大部分右胸弯型女性AIS患者存在凹侧乳房大、凸侧乳房小的不对称性特征.相对于凸侧乳房,凹侧乳房更外倾、更集中(轴高高且覆盖胸壁角度小).乳房下胸壁的倾斜角度对乳房的方向和覆盖范围有显著的影响,提示BV不对称及胸壁畸形共同参与乳房外观畸形的构成.     

Morphological study of rib regeneration following costectomy in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

This is a prospective observational study comparing cases with retrospective controls. The aim of the study is to compare rib regeneration with a scaffold placed intra-periosteally against no scaffold, after costectomy in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A prospective study was conducted at Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences on 16 consecutive patients (51 ribs) with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who underwent costectomy and application of gel foam in the rib bed as a scaffold. These patients were compared with a retrospective group of 15 patients (33 ribs) who did not have the scaffold. All prospective and retrospective patients were followed up for a minimum period of 6 months and were analyzed radiographically for rib regeneration and morphology. A classification system was devised to include all possible morphologies of regenerate. The resulting data, when analyzed showed that majority of ribs re-grew to normal morphology in 3–6 months in the trial group. In comparison the regeneration in the retrospective controls was slower and poorer in quality. Ribs treated by placement of gel foam scaffold in the bed regenerate to a near normal radiological profile within 6 months of costectomy compared to a slower regeneration in those without gel foam scaffold.     

M-CSF在青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者成骨细胞中的表达及意义

目的从成骨细胞（osteoblast,OB）水平探讨巨噬细胞集落因子（macrophage colony stimulating factor,MCSF）与青少年特发性脊柱侧凸（adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS）患者骨量降低的关系。方法AIS患者27例,其中男25例,女2例;年龄12～18岁,平均14.9岁;Cobb角40°～94°,平均57.3°。将所有AIS患者分为两组：A组14例,为骨量正常患者;B组13例,为骨量减低患者。正常对照组8例（定为C组）,年龄12～18岁,平均15.3岁。3组均采用双能X线吸收测量仪（dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry,DEXA）测量骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）,测量部位包括非优势侧股骨近端及腰椎。所有受试者术中取适量髂前上嵴的松质骨,运用植块法培养成骨细胞。培养至P3代后行表型鉴定,用RT-PCR检测AIS组和正常对照组中M-CSF mRNA的表达水平。结果B组中M-CSFmRNA的表达量均较A组（P〈0.05）和C组高（P〈0.05）,A组与C组M-CSFmRNA的表达量无显著统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论M-CSF在OB水平mRNA表达强度的异常可能与AIS骨量降低的分子机制相关。     

Spinal growth and progression of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Summary The spinal growth in scoliotic segments (T4-L4) of 110 girls with untreated idiopathic scoliosis was measured from two successive radiographs taken at a mean interval of 1.1 years. At the first visit the mean age of the patients was 14 years (range 11–16 years), the mean magnitude of the major curves 24° (range 9°–38°) and that of the minor curves 14° (range 2°–38°). Spinal growth was most rapid at the age of 11–12 years. The progression of the curves (major plus minor) correlated with the spinal growth (r=0.384). The greater the initial curves were, the stronger the correlation was between the spinal growth and the progression of the curves (r=0.046–0.639), and the correlation was more significant in thoracic scoliosis (r=0.560) than in thoracolumbar and lumbar scoliosis (r=0.152).     

The natural history of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

There have been great advances in the conservative and surgical treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in the last few decades. The challenge for the physician is the decision for the optimal time to institute therapy for the individual child. This makes an understanding of the natural history and risk factors for curve progression of significant importance. Reported rates of curve progression vary from 1.6% for skeletally mature children with a small curve magnitude to 68% for skeletally immature children with larger curve magnitudes. Although the patient''s age at presentation, the Risser sign, the patient''s menarchal status and the magnitude of the curve have been described as risk factors for curve progression, there is evidence that the absolute curve magnitude at presentation may be most predictive of progression in the long term. A curve magnitude of 25° at presentation may be predictive of a greater risk of curve progression. Advances in research may unlock novel predictive factors, which are based on the underlying pathogenesis of this disorder.     

The Duration of the correction loss after removing cheneau brace in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate the loss of truncal rotation over 54 hours after removing Chêneau brace.

青少年特发性胸椎侧凸胸廓成形术后肋骨自然再生的观察

目的:探讨青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(AIS)手术患者胸廓成形术后肋骨再生情况,比较男女性患者间肋骨再生差异。方法:1999年至2004年我院共行脊柱矫形内固定融合术及胸廓成形术治疗66例AIS患者,其中女性患者43例,平均年龄15.62岁,平均Cobb角58.86°;男性患者23例,平均年龄16.83岁,平均Cobb角60.87°。术后3个月、6个月、1年、2年摄全脊柱正侧位片复诊时应用Philips等提出的肋骨再生分级标准对患者肋骨再生情况进行评估。结果:术后3个月复诊60例患者,225根部分切除的肋骨中31.6%处于再生4级,52.9%处于5级;术后6个月复诊29例患者,107根部分切除的肋骨中79.4%处于再生5～6级;术后1年复诊32例患者,121根部分切除的肋骨中90.1%处于再生5～6级;术后1年内未见肋骨再生达到7级;术后2年复诊22例患者,79根部分切除的肋骨中98.7%处于再生5～7级,其中有4根肋骨(5.1%)达到7级。男女患者间肋骨再生分级未见明显差异。结论:AIS患者胸廓成形术后肋骨再生可分为2期,即肋骨形成期和塑形改建期,肋骨形成期在术后6个月基本完成,塑形改建期则持续时间较长;肋骨再生没有性别差异。