THE ROLE OF FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF OSTEOSARCOMA

We retrospectively reviewed our experience with fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in the diagnosis and management of skeletal osteosarcoma. The bi-institutional study sample involved 30 consecutive aspirates from 29 patients (28 primary tumors, 1 pulmonary metastasis, 1 local recurrence). There were 17 children and 12 adults. Two aspirates were unsatisfactory for diagnosis. Of the adequate primary osteosarcoma cases analyzed by FNAB, 24 of 26 were diagnosed as osteosarcoma. All pediatric cases were correctly interpreted as osteosarcoma and treated appropriately. There were 2 incomplete diagnoses. A secondary osteosarcoma arising within an otherwise clinically, radiologically, and histologically typical giant cell tumor (malignant giant cell tumor) was not diagnosed preoperatively on FNAB due to nonrepresentative sampling. Chronologically, the first patient with osteosarcoma analyzed by FNAB was diagnosed simply as "spindle cell neoplasm." No complications resulted from the procedure. With adequate clinical and radiologic correlation, FNAB represents a technically, easily performed, cost-effective, and accurate procedure for establishing the diagnosis of skeletal osteosarcoma. Immediate interpretation of aspirated material allows for therapy planning and oncologic consultation at the initial clinic visit.     

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in pediatric oncology patients: a review of experience with 829 patients (899 biopsies)

The authors review their 20-year (1985-2004) experience with fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in 829 children (all but 1 younger than 18 years), from whom 899 samples were obtained. All patients presented with clinical data suggesting malignancy. The procedure followed standard methods (22- to 24-gauge needle; mean of six alcohol-fixed and/or air-dried, H&E- or Giemsa-like-stained smears/procedure; leftover clots processed as a biopsy). Interpretation of cytologic smears was performed taking into consideration the clinical, laboratory, and imaging data. Smears diagnosed as positive for malignant cells were reported in 510 samples (56.7%) (463 patients); 1.89% of the smears were found inadequate for diagnosis. Positive for malignancy cases included 467 primary tumors, 52% of which were localized to the abdomen. NMYC status was determined on neuroblastoma samples by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Overall sensitivity of the procedure was 98% (500/510 FNAB); specificity was 92.6% (463/500 FNAB); positive predictive value was 1 and negative predictive value was 0.99. All FNABs diagnosed as benign tumors or inflammatory lesions correlated with histology and/or clinical outcome. FNAB proved to be highly cost-effective, avoiding a surgical biopsy. The procedure was found to be extremely helpful when deciding on preoperative chemotherapy.     

Fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis and management of children and adolescents with Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor

PURPOSE: The utility of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in conjunction with immunocytochemistry in the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor, the Ewing family of tumors (EFT), is retrospectively described. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 10-year period 24 children and adolescents were diagnosed at Karolinska Hospital to have EFT of bone or soft tissue using FNAC. Criteria for diagnosis was based on cytomorphology combined with immunocytochemistry. The median age was 14.1 years (range 0.7-20.2). FNAC was performed within a median time of 1 day after referral. RESULTS: Forty aspiration procedures were performed, 24 at primary work up in 23 patients and 16 at suspected relapses in 10 patients. A primary cytologic diagnosis of EFT was obtained in 22 of 23 cases. In nine cases with primary disease there was no histologic confirmation. Two tumors were on FNAC diagnosed as neuroblastoma versus EFT, and EFT, respectively. Histopathology on resected tumor tissue from these patients showed EFT and small cell osteosarcoma, respectively. Suspected relapse was found to be positive at five and negative at 11 occasions. Immunocytochemistry was positive for CD45 (LCA) in 0/12, for desmin in 2/21, for MIC2 in 15/15, for NB84 in 1/3, for NFP in 7/7, for NSE in 12/18, for S-100 in 4/11 and for vimentin in 18/19. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that FNAC together with immunocytochemistry is a rapid, physically atraumatic and accurate method in diagnosing both primary EFT of bone and soft tissue as well as relapses.     

OSTEOBLASTOMA: A MIMIC OF OSTEOSARCOMA

Osteoblastoma, a bone - forming neoplasm without metastatic potential, can be mistaken histologically for various benign and malignant primary neoplasms of bone or mimic nonneoplastic conditions, including osteoid osteoma, giant cell tumor of bone, aneurysmal bone cyst, and chondroblastoma [1]. The most important diagnostic distinction is to distinguish osteoblastoma from osteosarcoma. Although both lesions usually have characteristic clinical, radiologic, and histologic findings, in certain cases the distinction between both can be difficult. This is complicated by lesions that morphologically and biologically appear to exist at the interface between the two. In this review, we describe the characteristics of osteoblastomas and review criteria that can prove helpful in the distinction among the various pathologic entities.     

INTRACRANIAL MANIFESTATION OF OSTEOSARCOMA

Involvement of the central nervous system in osteosarcoma is uncommond. These neoplasms are most often located at the metaphyses of tubular bones and rarely in flat bones of vertebra, ribs, pelvis, facial bones, or skull. Tumors of the latter bones may obviously spread into the cerebrum. Osteosarcomas primarily metastasize hematogenously to the lungs. Bone, lymph node, or brain metastases are mostly seen following or concomitantly with pulmonary metastatic disease. However, there are single cases of primary osteosarcoma of the brain parenchyma without bone association or tumor manifestation at other locations. Three illustrative cases highlight the diversity of the clinical presentation of cerebral osteosarcoma: a 22-year-old man with multiple brain metastases following late pulmonary relapse of an osteosarcoma of the tibia, a 31-year-old woman with an osteosarcoma of the left anterior cranial fossa arising from the skull base, and a 78-year-old man presenting with primary osteogenic sarcoma of theleft frontal cerebral hemisphere. According to the current literature, 10-15% of all osteosarcoma patients experiencing relapse may beat risk for central nervous system metastases. To the authors' best knowledge, there are 11 cases of primary intracerebral or meningeal osteogenic sarcoma, including this case report, without any skeletal attachment.     

INTEROBSERVER VARIABILITY AMONG EXPERT ORTHOPEDIC PATHOLOGISTS FOR DIAGNOSIS, HISTOLOGIC GRADE, AND DETERMINATION OF THE NECESSITY FOR CHEMOTHERAPY IN OSTEOSARCOMA

Eight expert orthopedic pathologists voluntarily reviewed the clinicoradiologic and histologic data from 12 selected cases coded as osteosarcoma over the past seven years (procured from a total of 40 cases) from the files of the University of North Carolina and Wake Forest University. The study sample was chosen to include a full spectrum of histologic grades and subtypes including conventional, low-grade central, chondroblastoma-like, osteoblastoma-like, small cell, telangiectatic, parosteal, and periosteal variants. Participants were asked to render a diagnosis, provide a histologic grade (if applicable), and offer an opinion as to whether the patient could benefit from chemotherapy. Uniform agreement regarding the diagnosis of osteosarcoma was observed in 7 cases (58 hr %), including the most common, conventional subtypes, and the telangiectatic, parosteal, and periosteal variants. Among the remaining 5 cases, the consensus majority ( ≥4) also was osteosarcoma. However, additional diagnoses ranged from osteoblastoma to high-grade osteosarcoma in two tumors, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma versus small cell osteosarcoma in one, fibrosarcoma and malignant fibrous histiocytoma versus fibroblastic osteosarcoma in another, and clear cell chondrosarcoma versus chondroblastoma versus chondroblastic osteosarcoma in a fifth. Among osteosarcoma diagnoses, histologic grading ranged from low- to high-grade osteosarcoma in 6 tumors (50 %). Regarding the necessity for chemotherapy, there was disagreement from at least one consultant in 7 cases (58 hr %). Evaluation of the intraclass correlation coefficient revealed modest agreement with respect to histologic grade and therapy but poor agreement for diagnosis, the latter reflecting the wide range of diagnoses in a minority of cases. Interobserver variability exists among expert orthopedic pathologists for determining the diagnosis, histologic grade, and necessity of chemotherapy in less common forms of osteosarcoma. A more objective histologic grading and scoring system for osteosarcoma should be established, followed by multi-institutional studies assessing the usefulness of the system as it relates to the necessity of chemotherapy and survival.     

Giant Cell Tumor in the Skull of a 9-year-old Child: Immunohistochemistry to Confirm a Diagnosis Rare for Age and Site

Giant cell tumor of the bone is usually located within the epiphysis of a long bone, the majority of the lesions occurring in the third and fourth decades of life. We report an unusual case of giant cell tumor (GCT) arising in the parietal skull bone of a 9-year-old girl. The tumor exhibited histologic findings typical for GCT, with conspicuous intravascular giant cells. Based on microscopic features, not only conditions like aneurysmal bone cyst or bone changes associated with hyperparathyroidism but also tumors such as chondroblastoma or osteosarcoma had to be considered. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong reactivity of the tumor giant cells and normal bone osteoclasts with CD68 but not Mac-387; tumor stromal cells were uniformly negative for both. The stromal cells exhibited two immunohistochemically distinct phenotypes. One, involving 50-80% of the tumor cells, exhibited negative lysozyme staining with positivity of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in about 30% of the nuclei. The other showed reactivity with lysozyme but negative PCNA staining. Immunohistochemistry thus helped to distinguish chondroblastoma and osteosarcoma, in which lysozyme positivity would reside in macrophages but not within stromal cells. Instead, chondroblastoma would exhibit protein S-100 positivity in the tumor cells. The biological behavior of GCT is difficult to predict based on morphology alone, although the malignant potential seems to rest in the stromal cells rather than the giant cells. Specifically, in reported cases, the intravascular occurrence of giant cells in GCT is not associated with an increased incidence of metastasis.     

儿童后肾腺瘤五例报告

目的 探讨儿童后肾腺瘤临床病例特点,提高对儿童后肾腺瘤的认识.方法 回顾性分析2008年5月至2016年1月收治的5例儿童后肾腺瘤的临床资料,并进行文献复习.5例患儿中,男4例,女1例;年龄小于2岁2例,8～10岁3例;肿瘤位于左侧2例,右侧3例.以腹部包块就诊1例,超声偶然发现4例.术前均行超声和增强CT,2例考虑肾母细胞瘤,2例考虑肾细胞癌,1例考虑肾囊肿合并出血.结果 肿瘤直径小于5 cm者4例.行保留肾单位的肿瘤剜除术3例,行瘤肾切除术2例.病理检查报告:后肾腺瘤4例,后肾腺瘤合并乳头状肾细胞癌1例.术后平均随访4年5个月,均无复发和转移.结论 后肾腺瘤罕见,临床表现及影像缺乏特异性,术前诊断困难,确诊依靠病理及免疫组织化学.后肾腺瘤为良性病变,手术完整切除为治疗原则.有合并恶性成分的病例报道,术后需长期随诊复查.     

Multicentric osteosarcoma presenting as retrobulbar mass: a diagnostic enigma

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor of children and adolescents. It often presents as a solitary lesion; multicentric osteosarcoma with synchronous lesions occurring at multiple skeletal sites is very rare. We report a 9-year-old boy with multicentric osteosarcoma who presented with a left retrobulbar non-sclerotic mass. The multiple lesions in bone were mostly non-sclerotic on radiological examination except for a single lesion in the left tibia. Biopsy of the retrobulbar mass showed an unclassifiable poorly differentiated malignant tumor. Marrow aspiration smears showed many large, often segregated, round cells that expressed NB84a. However, trephine biopsy showed the formation of tumoral osteoid by the malignant cells, finally permitting the definitive diagnosis of osteosarcoma to be made. A hypertetraploid clone with complex structural abnormalities was demonstrated by cytogenetic study.     

婴幼儿原发性心脏肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的:总结婴幼儿原发性心脏肿瘤的诊断和治疗经验。方法:回顾性分析2013年8月至2019年2月大连医科大学附属大连市儿童医院心脏中心收治的7例疑似原发性心脏肿瘤婴幼儿的诊治过程,患儿均行超声心动图等检查明确诊断,根据肿瘤的大小和位置选择治疗方案。出院后行随访观察。结果:7例患儿均经超声心动图诊断为原发性心脏肿瘤,其中2...     

Cytodiagnosis of yolk sac tumor

To analyze cytomorphologic features of yolk sac tumors of childhood. Four cases of pediatric yolk sac tumor (YST), diagnosed by Fine needle aspiration cytology were reviewed (1998–2002). Age of patients ranged from 11/2 to 5 years. Three cases presented clinically with an intra-abdominal mass while one case presented with a testicular mass. Fine needle aspirates had been obtained directly as well as under radiologic (USG/CT) guidance. Smears were stained with H & E and Papanicolaou stain. In all cases values of serum α-Fetoprotein and ΒhCG were available preoperatively. Histopathologic diagnosis was correlated with cytologie findings in all the cases. Cytologie examination showed richly cellular smears with a combination of morphological patterns. Characteristically, tumor cells were arranged in papillary groups, tight cell clusters and formed acinar structures. Cells showed enlarged, moderately pleomorphic, hyperchromatic nuclei and moderate amount of cytoplasm, some of which displayed cytoplasmic vacuolation, displacing the nuclei eccentrically. Preoperatively, serum α-fetoprotein level was raised in all cases. Histopathology confirmed the cytologie diagnosis. Yolk sac tumor is common among the germ cell tumors of pediatric age group which presents a spectrum of cytomorphologic features having important differences with other germ cell neoplasm,e.g. embryonal carcinoma. Clinicoradiologic features and tumor markers are additionally helpful for an accurate cytologie diagnosis.     

小儿实体肿瘤310例分析

目的 总结各种类型小儿实体肿瘤的诊治以及各年龄段的大致分布情况。方法 选择1996年1月-2006年1月,我院收治的310例小儿实体肿瘤患儿病例资料,对其年龄分布、诊断及治疗进行回顾性分析。结果 310例患儿中,良性肿瘤147例,占总病例数的47．4％;恶性肿瘤163例,占总病例数的52．6％。男：女=1．25：1。年龄在1岁以内126例,占总病例数的40．7％;1。3岁93例,占30％;7-14岁44例,占14.2％。根据肿瘤类型和病人的个体差异分别采取手术、化疗、放疗以及支持疗法等。治疗不同,疗效各异。结论 小儿恶性肿瘤除需采取积极的手术治疗外,尚需要化疗、放疗以及营养支持治疗等多种方法的紧密配合。     

GIANT CELL TUMOR OF TENDON SHEATH ARISING IN THE TOE

Giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath (nodular synovitis) is a benign soft tissue tumor, usually affecting older women, that most often occurs in the interphalangeal joints of the fingers. Occurrence is rare in children. We present a 12-year-old boy and a 6-year-old girl with giant cell tumors of tendon sheaths occurring in the toes. The tumor from the 12-year-old demonstrated the cytogenetic finding of t(1;2)(p13;q37), which previously has been associated with giant cell tumor of tendon sheath in adults. Giant cell tumors of the tendon sheath occurring in children have similar histological and cytogenetic features as adults, however, there may be a predilection for lower extremity involvement.     

Osteosarcoma of the trunk treated by multimodal therapy: Experience of the cooperative osteosarcoma study group (COSS)

The case histories of all patients with osteosarcoma of the trunk entered into the consecutive studies COSS 80 through COSS 86 of the Cooperative German/Austrian Osteosarcoma Study Group (COSS) were analyzed in order to evaluate their clinical characteristics and the impact of modern neoadjuvant therapy on prognosis. They were compared to those of all patients with extremity osteosarcoma treated according to the same protocols. While tumors of the trunk comprised only 32 (4.8%) of 665 primary classical osteosarcomas, secondary osteosarcomas were much more likely to be located in bones of the axial skeleton (6 of 18, 33%). Patients with primary osteosarcoma of the axial skeleton were older (mean: 20.8 vs. 15.2 years, P < 0.01) and were more likely to present with metastases at diagnosis (34% vs 12%, P < 0.001) than those with primary extremity osteosarcoma. In contrast to extremity tumors, local surgical treatment failure was very common in osteosarcomas of the trunk. Complete tumor removal was achieved in less than half of all evaluable cases. The prognosis of eight patients with localized primary axial osteosarcoma and effective surgical local control was not inferior to that of 483 equally evaluable patients with extremity tumors. In conclusion, while secondary systemic spread of axial osteosarcoma may be avoided in patients treated with multiagent chemotherapy, successful treatment is often barred by primary metastatic disease and inability to control the local tumor site. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Pediatric Core Needle Biopsy: Strengths and Limitations in Evaluation of Masses

Needle core biopsies (NCB) are widely used in adults but are less often used for the evaluation of pediatric tumors. To determine the diagnostic utility of NCB for pediatric tumors, we performed a retrospective analysis. Fifty NCB of masses from 1992 to 1998, subsequent pathologic specimens, and medical records were reviewed. All patients were less than 21 years of age. Of the NCB 78% (39/50) were diagnostic of a neoplasm, 8% (4/50) were nondiagnostic in cases where a tumor was subsequently diagnosed, and 14% (7/50) revealed inflammatory or reactive lesions, with no subsequent diagnosis of a neoplasm according to medical record review. In cases in which a neoplasm was present, NCB was diagnostic in 91% (39/43). For cases in which there was a previous diagnosis of a tumor, 100% (9/9) of NCB were diagnostic of a recurrence or metastasis. In cases of NCB for primary tumor diagnosis, 88% (30/34) were diagnostic. The most common problems encountered were related to specimen adequacy, such as insufficient tissue, crush artifact, and tumor necrosis. Tumor diagnoses were as follows: primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)/Ewing sarcoma (12), malignant lymphoma/Hodgkin's disease (8), rhabdomyosarcoma (4), germ cell tumor (3), Wilms' tumor (3), neuroblastoma (1), sarcoma, not otherwise specified (4), and other neoplasms (8). There were no complications of the procedure. NCB of pediatric tumors is an effective diagnostic tool and can be used to obtain diagnostic material quickly and safely. NCB was diagnostic in 90% of cases in this series. When NCB provide sufficient material for immunohistochemical, cytogenetic, flow cytometric, and other ancillary studies, the diagnostic efficacy is enhanced. The major limitations in this series were related to sampling problems and specimen adequacy for comprehensive pathologic evaluation. Received January 25, 2000; accepted March 17, 2000.     

Topical topic: value of fine needle aspiration biopsy in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: twenty-six years of experience in Slovenia

BACKGROUND: Chemotherapy (Cht) for rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) given before local treatment can prevent mutilating surgery and high-dose irradiation (RT). Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) can confirm the diagnosis and neoadjuvant treatment can start without delay. The purpose of our study was to assess the role of FNAB in the management of childhood RMS in Slovenia. PROCEDURE: A total of 78 children and young adults were included. FNAB provided the pre-treatment diagnosis in 37 and surgical biopsy in 41 patients. In 61 cases recurrent/metastatic disease was aspirated. Cytological diagnoses were compared to the original histological diagnoses. All case histories, cytological and histological material were reviewed and immunocytochemical staining performed when necessary. RESULTS: FNAB provided a correct diagnosis of malignancy in all 37 primary tumours, a specific diagnosis of RMS was given in 29 (78%). With the use of immunocytochemistry during the last 15 years, the accuracy has risen to 87%. FNAB provided the diagnosis of recurrence/metastasis in 57/61 cases. No complications of FNAB were noted. Review of histology reclassified five original diagnoses of RMS into one malignant rhabdoid tumour and four sarcomas NOS. In review of cytology we were able to sub classify 80% of RMS. CONCLUSIONS: FNAB is a safe method, which enables us to establish the pre-treatment diagnosis of RMS, and to some extent even its type, without delay. In our study, FNAB successfully replaced surgical biopsy in 87% of RMS patients during the last 15 years. Neoadjuvant Cht was started immediately, surgery was delayed and more conservative. Consequently, the risk for treatment sequelae was considerably reduced.     

Primary intracranial germ cell tumors in children: a report of eight cases and review of the literature

This study was conducted to evaluate the signs and symptoms on admission, diagnosis, localization, therapy, and survival of patients with primary intracranial germ cell tumors (PICGCT). Eight patients with surgically confirmed PICGCTs were treated and followed up at Hacettepe University's Department of Pediatric Oncology between 1974 and 1995. While one patient was admitted with a second recurrence of her disease, the others were admitted or referred primarily to our institution. In this period, 357 germ cell tumor and 684 primary intracranial malignant tumors were diagnosed and treated at our institution. Thus, PICGCTs comprised 1.1 percent of the primary intracranial malignant tumors and 2.2 percent of the germ cell tumors. There were four females and four males and the median age was eight years (13 months to 12 years). On admission, the most common symptoms were diabetes insipidus (3/8) and vomiting (3/8). One patient also and Down's syndrome. Locations of the tumors were suprasellar in three, in the third ventricle in two, and in the cerebral parenchyma, and pineal and hypothalamic regions in the remainder. There were germinomas, three malignant teratomas, and two mixed germ cell tumors. Only two patients could be treated with appropriate and adequate chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Three patients died: one in the postsurgical period, one after the third surgical approach and one 11 months after the diagnosis of progressive disease; three were lost to follow-up. The remaining two patients (with second recurrence and disseminated disease) are alive and without disease. Our experience with these patients demonstrated that appropriate and adequate chemotherapy is as effective a treatment as radiotherapy, even with recurrence of the disease.     

Fine needle aspiration biopsy: diagnostic utility in resource-limited settings

BACKGROUND: Little information is available on the value of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in routine paediatric practice in resource-limited settings. AIM: To provide an overview of all paediatric FNAB samples received at Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa over a 3-year period, including the determinants of sample adequacy and the diagnoses. METHODS: Samples were analysed from three locations: Tygerberg Hospital (TBH) where pathologists performed all the procedures, surrounding clinics where aspirates were mostly performed by doctors with no formal training in FNAB technique, and Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi where FNABs were performed by trained nurse aspirators. RESULTS: A total of 830 aspirates were reviewed: 464 (56%) from TBH, 264 (32%) from local clinics and 102 (12%) from Blantyre. The main diagnoses at TBH were mycobacterial infection (31%), normal/reactive tissue (27%) and malignancy (14%); malignancy dominated (74%) in the select group from Blantyre. Sample adequacy rates were similar between pathologists and nurse aspirators [399/464 vs 82/102, odds ratio (OR) 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-2.6]. Results were significantly better in the group who received formal training (TBH and Malawi) than in the clinics where clinicians had no formal training (481/566 vs 171/264, OR 3.1, 95% CI 2.2-4.4). CONCLUSIONS: FNAB provides a definitive tissue diagnosis in the majority of patients. Well-trained nurse aspirators perform as well as pathologists, indicating the feasibility of FNAB in resource-limited settings.     

Childhood mediastinal masses in infants and children

We reviewed all cases of primary pediatric mediastinal masses diagnosed and treated over a 24-year period. In this study, out of 187 primary mediastinal mass cases diagnosed between 1980 and 2004 in Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Cardiovascular Surgery Department, 37 pediatric primary mediastinal mass cases were retrospectively evaluated according to age, sex, symptoms, diagnostic procedure, anatomical location, surgical treatment, histopathological evaluation and postoperative adjuvant therapy. The patients ranged in age from 2 months to 15 years at the time of diagnosis, with a mean age of 8 years. There were 24 benign (64.8%) and 13 malignant (35.2%) tumors. The cases were lymphoma (27%), neurogenic tumors (21.6%), cystic lesions (18.9%), germ cell tumors (13.5%), thymic lesions (10.8%) and cardiac tumors (8.1%). Complete and partial resections of the tumor were the surgical procedures performed in 24 patients (64.8%) and 3 patients (8.1%), respectively. The three patients with a malignant tumor, in whom the entire mass could not be removed, received chemotherapy and radiation after surgery. In 10 patients with lymphoma, surgery was not a part of treatment and they received medical and radiation therapy after the establishment of the definitive diagnosis. All patients survived and were discharged from the hospital. Except for the cases with lyphoma, all patients are now free of recurrent disease. Compared to adults, children had more lymphomas and neurogenic tumors. Primary pediatric mediastinal malignancies are relatively common in infants and children. Lymphoma, neurogenic tumors and cystic lesions predominated. These differences between the age groups should also be considered when dealing with a mediastinal mass.     

脐带悬吊延期修补治疗巨型脐膨出

目的 探讨脐带悬吊延期修补腹壁缺损治疗巨型脐膨出的临床效果.方法 设计脐带悬吊囊膜、逐渐收紧囊膜还纳膨出内脏器官的方法治疗10例巨型脐膨出,对其治疗过程和临床效果作回顾性总结.结果10例开始悬吊的平均日龄1 d(1～2 d),悬吊平均时间21.7 d(15～37 d).10例均一次手术修补缺损,2例同时行Ladd术.术后2例出现腹壁切口疝,1例出现呼吸困难,行呼吸机辅助通气3d后好转.术后开始进食时间3 d(2～6 d),正常喂养进食平均时间7 d(5～10 d).结论脐带悬吊延期修补治疗巨型脐膨出具有治疗简单、经济、一次手术完成,同时具有Silo袋法及保守疗法的优点,临床效果较好.