清肝解毒胶囊的质量标准研究

目的建立清肝解毒胶囊的质量标准。方法对清肝解毒胶囊中的黄芪、大黄、赤芍和柴胡采用薄层色谱法定性鉴别;对清肝解毒胶囊中蒽醌类成分的含量采用高效液相色谱法测定,以大黄素、大黄酸和大黄酚进行总量计算。结果薄层鉴别项斑点清晰,分离度较好,阴性无干扰。大黄素峰面积在2.864~143.2μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7);大黄酸峰面积在3.544~177.2μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8,n=7);大黄酚峰面积在3.984~199.2μg·mL~(-1)范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7)。大黄酸的平均加样回收率达99.0%,RSD为1.42%;大黄素的平均加样回收率达99.5%,RSD为0.88%;大黄酚的平均加样回收率达101.9%,RSD为1.99%。结论该方法专属性强、稳定性好、重复性好、加样回收符合含量测定要求。     

芪参肝复胶囊的薄层色谱鉴别及含量测定

目的建立芪参肝复胶囊中薄层色谱鉴别和含量测定方法。方法采用TLC法对方中黄芪、苦参、青叶胆、三七等4味药材进行定性鉴别;用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法对方中虎杖的有效成分大黄素进行含量测定。结果本品定性鉴别薄层色谱特征明显,专属性强;HPLC定量测定大黄素表明,大黄素进样量在0.041～0.410μg范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为98.6%(n=6),RSD=0.53%。结论薄层色谱鉴别及高效液相色谱法测定含量简便、准确、重现性好,可用于芪参肝复胶囊的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定麻仁胶囊中大黄素及大黄酚的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定麻仁胶囊中大黄素、大黄酚的含量。方法：采用反相色谱柱;流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（85∶15）;检测波长为254 nm。结果：大黄素在0.007 552 5～0.188 812 5μg范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）;大黄酚在0.015 78～0.394 5μg范围内线性关系良好（r=1.000 0）。平均回收率大黄素为99.58%,RSD为0.74%（n=6）;大黄酚平均回收率为98.98%,RSD为1.83%（n=6）。结论：本方法灵敏、准确、重现性好,可作为麻仁胶囊的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定牛黄清火丸中大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的:建立牛黄清火丸的含量测定方法。方法:采用高效液相色谱法。色谱柱:SHIMADZU VP-ODS(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相:甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(80:20,V/V),流速:1.0ml·min~(-1),检测波长:254 n nm,柱温:30℃。结果:大黄素在10.04～50.20μg·ml~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 8);平均加样回收率为98.0%,RSD=1.5%(n=6);大黄酚在20.04～60.12μg·ml~(-1)范围内线性关系良好(r=1.0000);平均加样回收率为99.2%,RSD 1.1%(n=6)。结论:该方法简便易行,结果准确可靠,可适用于牛黄清火丸的质量控制。     

五味化痔胶囊快速薄层鉴别与定量测定研究

目的:建立简便、快捷的五味化痔胶囊质量控制方法。方法:用TLC法鉴别大黄、地龙与人工牛黄,用HPLC法测定了胶囊中总的与游离的大黄酚、大黄素。结果:薄层鉴别斑点清晰,阴性无干扰。方法学研究表明,大黄酚进样量在0.046 8～0.819μg,大黄素的进样量在0.019 92～0.996μg,分别与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。大黄酚的平均回收率为99.77%(n=9),RSD为1.92%;大黄素的平均回收率为99.57%(n=9),RSD为1.53%。结论:方法简便、快捷、实用,能保证五味化痔胶囊的有效性与安全性。     

肝炎康胶囊质量标准的建立

目的:研究肝炎康胶囊的质量标准。方法:分别采用薄层色谱法鉴别肝炎康胶囊中的虎杖、黄芪、太子参、半枝莲、白花蛇舌草、丹参、柴胡;用高效液相色谱法测定肝炎康中的大黄素含量。结果:薄层色谱法能明显从肝炎康胶囊中鉴别出虎杖、黄芪、太子参、半枝莲、白花蛇舌草、丹参、柴胡。测得肝炎康胶囊中所含大黄素的含量是2.05 mg·g-1,大黄素的含量在范围2.34~74.88μg·ml-1之间呈现良好的线性关系(r=0.999 4),平均回收率为100.5%,RSD为1.52%(n=9)。结论:肝炎康胶囊质量标准准确、可靠,可作为肝炎康胶囊的质量控制方法。     

益肾降浊颗粒质量标准研究

目的建立益肾降浊颗粒的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对处方中大黄、黄芪进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法对样品中大黄素和大黄酚进行含量测定。结果定性鉴别方法专属性强．阴性对照无干扰;大黄素在2．45～39．2μg·mL^-1浓度范围内．大黄酚在2．76～44．16μg·mL^-1浓度范围内,浓度与峰面积线性关系良好,大黄素的平均回收率为99．53％．RSD为0．78％;大黄酚平均回收率为97．28％,RSD为0．69％。结论该方法简便、准确可靠,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定通经甘露丸中大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚含量

目的建立测定通经甘露丸中大黄素、大黄酚及大黄酸含量的高效液相色谱法。方法采用DiamonsilC18色谱柱（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液（85：15）,流速1.0mL/min,检测波长254nm。结果大黄酸进样量在0.0924～0.2464μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9998,平均加样回收率为98.45%,RSD为0.82%（n=6）;大黄素进样量在0.0576～0.1536μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9999,平均加样回收率为98.76%,RSD为1.15%（n=6）;大黄酚进样量在0.1397～0.3725μg范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0.9998,平均加样回收率为99.03%,RSD为0.91%（n=6）。结论高效液相色谱法操作简便,结果准确,重现性好,适用于通经甘露丸中大黄酸、大黄素及大黄酚的含量测定。     

肾衰康胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立肾衰康胶囊的质量标准。方法采用TLC法对处方中大黄、黄芪、丹参、当归定性鉴别,并用HPLC法对制剂中的大黄进行含量测定。结果薄层色谱特征明显,阴性无干扰。大黄素在0.009 14～0.182 8μg,大黄酚在0.037 04～0.740 8μg范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为98.0%和96.0%,RSD分别为0.7%和1.6%(n=6)。结论该方法具有简便易行、重现性好,结果可靠、专属性强等特点,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

HPLC测定肾益康胶囊中大黄酚和大黄素的含量

目的:建立测定肾益康胶囊中大黄酚和大黄素含量的高效液相色谱法. 方法:色谱柱为SB-C18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸溶液(85:15),流速1.0mL/min,检测波长254nm,柱温30℃.结果:大黄酚在1.996~19.96μg(r=0.9995)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.20%,RSD为1.63%(n=6). 大黄素在4.18~41.8μg(r=0.9996)范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,平均回收率为98.25%,RSD为1.78%(n=6). 结论:该方法简便、快速、准确,可较好控制该制剂的质量.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.