Parasitology survey and seroepidemiology of amoebiasis in South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia.

A parasitology surevy was conducted among inhabitants of 7 villages in 3 regencies in South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. A total of 2,169 stool specimens, 2,756 blood smears and 1,027 serum specimens were obtained, representing samples from approximately 10%, 12% and 5% of the population, respectively. One to 8 different intestinal parasitic infections were detected in 97% of the people. Those parasites most frequently found were Trichuris trichiura (83%), Ascaris lumbricoides (79%), and hookworm (65%), followed by Entamoeba coli (37%), Endolimaxnana (12%), Entamoeba histolytica (12%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (11%), Giardia lamblia (5%), Entamoeba hartmanni (2%), Chilomastix mesnili (2%). Other parasites found were Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Capillaria sp., Echinostoma sp., Hymenolepis diminuta, and Trichomonas hominis. Giardia lamblia was found more often in younger people and Entamoeba coli, Iodamoeba bütschlii and hookworm in the older age group. Ascaris lumbricoides occurred more frequently in females, and hookworm in males. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum were found in the blood smears of 4.4% of the people, mostly in the younger age groups. Seroepidemiological studies on amoebiasis were done by use of the indirect hemagglutination test with antigens prepared from the HK9 strain of Entamoeba histolytica maintained in axenic cultures. The frequency distribution of the reciprocal antibody titers showed a bimodal distribution with 34% of the population demonstrating positive reactions at titers of 1:128 or greater.     

Parasitological survey in Gorontalo North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in the municipality of Gorontalo on the Minahasa peninsula of North Sulawesi. A total of 156 stool specimens were obtained from 83 males and 73 females. Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, unidentified dicrocoeliid-like ova and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common intestinal parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Endolimax nana, Giardia lamblia, Enterobius vermicularis and Chilomastix mesnili. Brugia malayi microfilaremiar were detected in 6% and Plasmodium falciparum in less than 1% of the population sampled.     

Intestinal and blood parasites of man in Bireuen and Takengon, Aceh Province, Sumatra, Indonesia.

A survey for blood and intestinal parasites was carried out in Aceh Province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. A total of 348 stool specimens were obtained from 167 males and 181 females ranging in age from 6 months to 70 years. Over 98% of the population sampled were found infected with at least one intestinal parasite. Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, hookworm and Entamoeba coli, in that order, were the most common parasites detected. Other intestinal parasites found less frequently were Entamoeba histolytica, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Entamoeba hartmanni, Endolimax nana and Giardia lamblia, Brugia malayi microfilaraemias were detected in 2% of those examined and only in the coastal villages of Cot Ketapang and Rusip Dayah. No malaria was found.     

Human parasitoses of the Malili area, South Sulawesi (Celebes) province, Indonesia.

A biomedical survey was conducted in 9 villages in the Malili area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Blood specimens were examined for malaria and microfilariae; stool specimens were examined for intestinal parasites. Malaria parasitemias were rare; Plasmodium falciparum was detected in 10 and P. vivax in 11 of 985 blood smears. Malayan filariasis was endemic to all villages surveyed. The overall prevalence of detectable microfilaremias was 15%, varying from 34% in Kawata to 1% in Nuha. Microfilarial densities, expressed as MfD50 averaged 8.0 and varied from 1.1 in Timampu to 16.0 in Karabbe. Intestinal parasites were common. Although Schistosoma japonicum was not found, 97% of the examined had one or more intestinal parasites as follows: Ascaris lumbricoides (74%), Trichuris trichiura (65%), hookworm (62%), Entamoeba coli (38%), Endolimax nana (10%), Entamoeba histolytica (6%), Iodamoeba bütschlii (4%), Entamoeba hartmanni (3%), Giardia lamblia (2%) Chilomastix mesnili (1%) and Enterobius vermicularis (1%). Strongyloides stercoralis larvae and Hymenolepis nana eggs were detected once each and heterophyid-like eggs were detected twice.     

A cross-sectional study of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Nan Province,Northern Thailand

A cross-sectional study of the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections at eight schools in Bo Klau district and four schools in Chalerm Prakiet district, Nan Province, in January and February, 2001. A total of 1,010 fecal samples were examined using the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Results revealed that the rate of helminthic infection was 60.0%, while protozoa accounted for 36.2% of infections; mixed infections were common, resulting in a total prevalence of both parasites of 68.1%. Helminthic parasites, listed by frequency of infections, were Ascaris lumbricoides (21.7%), hookworm (18.5%), Trichuris trichiura (16.3%), Opisthorchis viverrini (1.7%), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.9%) and Enterobius vermicularis (0.9%). The protozoal infections were Entamoeba coli (25.8%), Giardia lamblia (5.3%), Endolimax nana (2.5%), Entamoeba histolytica (1.4%), Blastocystis hominis (0.8%), Chilomastix mesnili (0.3%) and Iodamoeba bütschlii (0.1%). This study emphasizes the need for improved environmental hygiene ie clean water supplies and enhanced sanitation, in affected communities. Health promotion, by means of a school-based educational approach is recommended; regular check-ups should be implemented, and a continuos program of treatment should be considered.     

Prevalence and clinical importance of Entamoeba histolytica in two high-risk groups: travelers returning from the tropics and male homosexuals

This study was undertaken to learn the prevalence of amebiasis and to assess the clinical importance of Entamoeba histolytica in two high-risk groups: 2700 travelers returning from the tropics and 320 male homosexuals. Some 16.3% of the homosexual men and 4.0% of the travelers had E. histolytica infections. Only five travelers showed a pathogenic zymodeme of E. histolytica, which correlated closely with invasive amebiasis with positive amebic serology and clinical symptoms with diarrhea. The homosexual group had neither a pathogenic isoenzyme pattern nor positive amebic serology. Currently, travelers to the tropics have a risk of 0.3% (1:340) of acquiring invasive amebiasis; 92.5% of all E. histolytica infections in travelers remain asymptomatic and are confirmed by serology and zymodeme status. No homosexual presented with invasive amebiasis.     

Gastrointestinal parasitic infection in healthy Jamaican carriers of HTLV-I.

A subsample (1.6%; n = 13,260) of a healthy Jamaican population of food-handlers, studied by Murphy et al. (1991), who were serologically positive (n = 99) or negative (n = 113) for HTLV-I was investigated for intestinal parasitic infection using coprological methods. Helminth infection included Ascaris lumbricoides (2.8%), Trichuris trichiura (7.1%) and hookworms (6.1%). Entamoeba coli was found in 21.8% of samples, while E. hartmanni, Giardia lamblia, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba bütschlii and Chilomastix mesnili each occurred in less than 10% of responders. T. trichiura displayed a higher prevalence (10.6 vs 3%) (chi 2 = 4.623; P = 0.03) in the HTLV-I negative group. G. lamblia was detected more frequently among HTLV-I carriers compared to controls (9.1 and 3.5%, respectively), but the association was not statistically significant (chi 2 = 2.825; P = 0.09). Infection with intestinal parasites is likely to occur independent of HTLV-I status: however, possible HTLV-I-induced immunosuppression may lead to higher intensity infections of certain organisms thus facilitating easier detection using parasitological methods. The immunomodulatory potential of HTLV-I infection in the aetiology of non-malignant diseases requires further investigation.     

Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in a community of Pitanga City, Paraná State, Brazil

The objective was to estimate the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis, to evaluate the effectiveness of different techniques for its diagnosis as well as to estimate the prevalence of other intestinal parasites in the community of Campo Verde, a district of Pitanga. The work was carried out from August to October 2004. Samples of feces from children and adults were collected and submitted to the techniques of direct wet mount, flotation in zinc sulphate solution, tube sedimentation, sedimentation in formalin-ether and staining by Kinyoun and iron hematoxylin methods. From 181 studied individuals, 128 (70.7%) showed protozoa and/or helminths in stool samples. The most prevalent species were Endolimax nana (33.7%); B. hominis (26.5%); Giardia lamblia (18.2%); Entamoeba coli (17.1%); Ascaris lumbricoides (16.6%); Iodamoeba bütschlii (9.4%); and ancylostomatidae (7.7%). B. hominis was only identified by the techniques of direct wet mount, sedimentation in formalin-ether and staining by iron hematoxylin, though the latter was less sensitive than the other methods. The high frequency of B. hominis demonstrated by this study indicates the need to include laboratory techniques that enable identification of the parasite on a routine basis.     

河南省豫南山地丘陵片区人群肠道寄生虫调查报告

在豫南山地丘陵片区潢川、淮滨、罗山和桐柏４个县进行人群肠道寄生虫分布调查。共检查８８８２人，查见肠道寄生虫感染者６０６５例，其感染率为６８．３％。共查见寄生虫１９种，其中原虫７种、线虫７种、吸虫３种和绦虫２种。各种寄生虫感染率分别为溶组织内阿米巴１％、结肠内阿米巴２．７％、哈氏内阿米巴５．２％、微小内蜒阿米巴７．２％、布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．５％、贾第虫４．３％、人芽囊原虫１．４％、蛔虫３４．５％、鞭虫３１．６％、钩虫２８．６％、蛲虫４．８％、美洲钩虫１．７％、十二指肠钩虫１８．５％、粪类圆线虫０．０７％、结节线虫０．０１％、华支睾吸虫０．４％、姜片虫０．０１％、肝片吸虫０．０１％、带绦虫０．０２％和微小膜壳绦虫０．４％。     

Amoebiasis in homosexual men.

The clinical, histopathological, and serological features of 35 homosexual men with infection with Entamoeba histolytica were studied and compared with a group of 35 non-infected homosexual men. Each isolate was of Zymodeme type I. Although there was no significant difference in the numbers of infected and non-infected men with gastrointestinal symptoms (48.6% and 28.6% respectively), the mean duration of symptoms was greater in with amoebiasis (p less than 0.05). The histology of the rectal mucosa was abnormal in 17 (63.0%) of the 27 men with amoebic infection only and in two (7.4%) of the 27 control subjects (p less than 0.001). Serum antibodies reactive with E. histolytica were not shown in any patient.     

Intestinal and blood parasites in the North Lore District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia.

Over 1,000 stool specimens from residents of the Napu and Besoa Valleys, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia were examined. Schistosoma japonicum was detected in 31% of Napu Valley residents while in only 2% of the Besoa Valley residents. Hookworm infections were the most frequently encountered helminth parasitisms in both valleys. Other helminth parasites encountered were: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis, Physaloptera sp., Diphyllobothrium sp., echinostome and heterophyid trematodes. Intestinal protozoa endemic to the area were: Entamoeba histolytica, E. coli, E. hartmanni, Iodamoebe bütschlii, Giardia lamblia, Chilomastix mesnili and Trichomonas hominis. Plasmodium falciparum was responsible for malaria parasitaemias in 5% of 1353 specimens examined and Brugia malayi microfilaraemias were detected in 10% of 972 specimens examined.     

Use of a monoclonal antibody in an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica in fecal specimens

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the detection of Entamoeba histolytica in human feces, using both a monoclonal antibody and rabbit antisera. It detected from less than 1 to 57 trophozoites of 6 E. histolytica strains. Stool specimens were positive by ELISA in 18 of 22 (82%) patients with E. histolytica and in 3 of 186 (2%) of patients without demonstrable E. histolytica in their stools. The latter included one from a child living near an asymptomatic cyst carrier and another from a traveler with giardiasis who had recently taken antibiotics. One hundred eight of 183 microscopy-and ELISA-negative specimens contained other parasites including Giardia (49 specimens), Endolimax nana (24), Entamoeba coli (21), Iodamoeba butschlii (2), and Entamoeba hartmanni (1). This ELISA for E. histolytica is a simple, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool.     

天津市人体寄生虫分布调查

１９８７－１９９０年，天津市按照全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则的方法，对市辖５个县进行了抽样调查，共查见寄生虫１３种，其中原虫６种，蠕虫７种。总感染率为３８．６％。各种寄生虫感染分别为：蛔虫２８．３％、鞭虫６．９％、蛲虫１５．３％、钩虫０．４％、华支睾吸虫０．２％、溶组织内阿米巴１．７％、结肠内阿米巴２．３％、哈氏内阿米巴０．２％、微小内蜒阿米巴０．９％、布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．３％和贾第虫１．７％。除蛔虫感染率女性高于男性（χ２＝１０．８５，Ｐ＜０．００１）、贾第虫男性高于女性（χ２＝６．０４，Ｐ＜０．０１）外，其他虫种性别间的差别无显著意义。     

浙江省人群的肠道原虫感染情况

本文报告了浙江省２８个县、１０６个点５５２９１人的肠道原虫调查结果。共查见肠道原虫１１种，分别为：溶组织内阿米巴，哈氏内阿米巴，结肠内阿米巴，微小内蜒阿米巴，布氏嗜碘阿米巴，贾第虫，人芽囊原虫，肠内滴虫，迈氏唇鞭毛虫，结肠小袋纤毛虫，等孢球虫，其感染率分别为：１．５％，４．１％，２．９％，５．９％，０．５％，３．８％，０．８％，０．０７％，０．００７％，０．００７％和０．００４％。本文着重对溶组织内阿米巴、贾第虫、人芽囊原虫的人群分布、职业分布和地区分布作了描述。贾第虫感染主要集中在１５岁以下儿童，其感染率达６．８％。经济水平高的地区感染率显著低于经济收入低的地区。     

青海省西宁市人群寄生虫感染情况的调查

按全国人体寄生虫分布调查实施细则的要求，于１９８９年对该市４个调查点的２０８５人进行了人体寄生虫感染情况的调查，其总感染率为４７．２％。查见１１种虫种，其中蠕虫３种，原虫８种，各种寄生虫感染率分别为蛔虫４０．７％，蛲虫（１２岁以下儿童）１３％，鞭虫１．８％，溶组织内阿米巴０．０５％，结肠内阿米巴１．７％，布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．２％，微小内蜒阿米巴５．４％，哈氏内阿米巴０．１％，贾第虫４．２％，人芽囊原虫０．６％，人毛滴虫０．０５％。男、女人群寄生虫感染率分别为４５．８％和４８．５％（χ２＝１．５２３９，Ｐ＞０．０５）。感染１、２、３、４和５种寄生虫者分别占７６．８％、１９．８％、２．５％、０．７％和０．１％。５－１９岁年龄组感染率最高，尤以学生感染为重（χ２＝８４．４７６３，Ｐ＜０．００５）。该调查表明，应开展肠道寄生虫病的防治工作，特别应加强对儿童和青少年的宣传教育，提高其自我保健意识，以预防感染寄生虫。     

青海省人群的肠道原虫感染状况

１９８８－１９９０年期间，我们采用卢戈氏碘液涂片法粪检原虫，共检查１６０７９人，查见原虫感染者２９６３例，其感染率为１８．４％。查见原虫９种，其感染率分别为：溶组织内阿米巴０．５％，结肠内阿米巴７．２％，布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．７％，微小内蜒阿米巴３．８％，哈氏内阿米巴０．３％，贾第虫４．６％，人芽囊原虫２．６％，人毛滴虫１．１％，结肠小袋纤毛虫０．０１％。各片区感染率分别为：城市为１０．０％，东海农业１８．９％，环湖牧区２２．６％，青南牧区２２．７％，４个片区感染率间差别有极显著意义。男、女感染率分别为１８．４％和１８．５％，两者间差别无显著意义。各民族人群的感染率分别为：汉族１３．３％，土族１４．４％，藏族２２．１％，回族２３．７％，蒙古族２７．７％，撒拉族５３．０％，各民族人群感染率间有极显著性差异。本次调查较全面地了解了本省人体肠道原虫的感染水平和分布特点。     

Entamoeba histolytica and other parasitic infections in south Kanara district, Karnataka

Single stool specimens collected from 1,020 apparently healthy people of the South Kanara District, were processed for intestinal parasites using three parasitological methods viz. (a) Direct smear in physiological saline and D'Antoni's iodine, (b) Zinc sulfate concentration method and (c) by culture in modified Boek and Drbolhav medium. Of these 781 (76.51 per cent) were found to be infected with parasites. The prevalence of various intestinal parasites was: Ascaris lumbricoides (48.33 per cent), Necator americanus (46.86 per cent), Trichuris trichiura (42.75 per cent), Entamoeba coli (23.24 per cent), Entamoeba histolytica (7.94 per cent), Enterobius vermicularis (2.84 per cent), Giardia intestinalis (2.45 per cent), Iodamoeba buitschlii (1.57 per cent), Entamoeba hartmanni (1.37 per cent), Trichomonas hominis (0.88 per cent), Strongyloides stercoralis (0.68 per cent), Hymenolepis nana (0.49 per cent), Chilomastis mesnili (0.10 per cent) and Endolimax nana (0.10 per cent). High incidence of parasitic infections was recorded in females and age group of 6-14 years.     

陕西省人体寄生虫分布调查报告

本文报告陕西省２６县（市）１０３个调查点人群肠道寄生虫分布情况。受检率在９５％以上，人群寄生虫总感染率为４８．１％（２５６４６／５３３２４），共查见肠道寄生虫１７种，其中包括线虫６种，绦虫４种，肠道原虫７种。各种寄生虫感染率分别为：蛔虫４１．６％、鞭虫５．３％、钩虫０．０１％、蛲虫３７．０％、东方毛圆线虫０．００６％、粪类圆线虫０．００２％、猪带绦虫０．００２％、缩小膜壳绦虫０．０２％、微小膜壳绦虫０．０２％、柯氏伪裸头绦虫０．００４％、溶组织内阿米巴０．２％、结肠内阿米巴０．７％、哈氏内阿米巴０．１％、微小内蜒阿米巴０．２％、布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．０２％、贾第虫０．９％和肠内滴虫０．０５％。寄生虫感染率的高低与当地的气温、海拔高低和经济文化因素有关。     

广西人群肠道原虫感染情况的初步分析

１９８７－１９８９年采用生理盐水涂片法和碘液染色法抽查了广西２０个县、１００个点共５１８８３人肠道原虫感染者。共查见肠道原虫１１种。各种原虫感染率分别为：溶组织内阿米巴１．５％、结肠内阿米巴３．２％、微小内蜒阿米巴１．２％、哈氏内阿米巴０．２％、布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．２％、脆弱双核阿米巴０．００２％、贾第虫３．２％、结肠小袋纤毛虫０．０４％、人毛滴虫０．２％、肠内滴虫０．０１％和中华内滴虫０．０１％。男、女人群原虫感染率分别为８．５％和９．１％。０－、５－、１０－、１５－、２０－、３０－、４０－、５０－、６０－、７０－和８０岁以上各年龄组的原虫感染率依次为７．６％、１０．６％、９．４％、９．３％、８．８％、８．９％、８．４％、７．６％、７．１％、８．９％和５．２％。结果表明，５－９岁组儿童的原虫感染率最高，应引起各部门的重视。本区致病原虫的传播与饮用不同水源有关。     

内蒙古自治区人群的肠道原虫感染情况

本文报告内蒙古自治区３０７１３人的肠道原虫调查结果。查见原虫感染者１３０１例，感染率为４．２％。共查见原虫６种，其感染率分别为溶组织内阿米巴１．８％、结肠内阿米巴１．７％、布氏嗜碘阿米巴０．２％、贾第虫０．２％、微小内蜒阿米巴０．２％、哈氏内阿米巴０．０４％。人群原虫感染率在１５％以上者有黄旗和乌海市海南区两地区，在１０％以上的有白旗、商者县和准格尔旗３个地区。敖汉旗的为６．１％，其他的均在３％以下。属本区首次报道的有布氏嗜碘阿米巴。这为全区肠道原虫防治工作提供了可靠依据。