Risks of rapid decline renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes

Progressive rising population of diabetes and related nephropathy, namely, diabetic kidney disease and associated end stage renal disease has become a major global public health issue. Results of observational studies indicate that most diabetic kidney disease progresses over decades; however, certain diabetes patients display a rapid decline in renal function, which may lead to renal failure within months. Although the definition of rapid renal function decline remained speculative, in general, it is defined by the decrease of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in absolute rate of loss or percent change. Based on the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes 2012 clinical practice guidelines, a rapid decline in renal function is defined as a sustained decline in eGFR of > 5 mL/min per 1.73 m² per year. It has been reported that potential factors contributing to a rapid decline in renal function include ethnic/genetic and demographic causes, smoking habits, increased glycated hemoglobin levels, obesity, albuminuria, anemia, low serum magnesium levels, high serum phosphate levels, vitamin D deficiency, elevated systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity values, retinopathy, and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. This article reviews current literatures in this area and provides insight on the early detection of diabetic subjects who are at risk of a rapid decline in renal function in order to develop a more aggressive approach to renal and cardiovascular protection.     

Undiagnosed renal impairment in patients with and without diabetes with normal serum creatinine undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

HYPOTHESIS: The recent Dialysis Outcome Quality Initiative publication on the evaluation, classification and stratification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) states that individuals with a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is at greater risk for cardiovascular diseases and cardiac deaths. AIM: To determine the prevalence of kidney dysfunction in a cohort of 1390 patients with and without diabetes with normal serum creatinine undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: Kidney function was estimated using simplified MDRD, Cockcroft-Gault and Jeliffe formulas. RESULTS: Normal serum creatinine was observed in 93% patients. Mean estimated GFR in 1068 non-diabetic patients was significantly higher than in 322 diabetic patients (all formulas). Diabetic females had significantly lower creatinine and estimated GFR, higher high-density lipoprotein and platelet count than diabetic males. A very high prevalence of CKD up to 77% was found in studied diabetic patients. Clinically significant CKD (as defined by GFR < 60 mL/min) was found in 13.0-33.8% patients depending on the formula used to estimate GFR. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CKD (stages 2-3) is high in diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention despite normal creatinine. The risk of contrast nephropathy with worse outcomes is enhanced in these patients, particularly in elderly and females. Evaluation of renal function is important in order to select the appropriate strategy to reduce the cardiovascular risk.     

Outcome of cadaver kidney transplantation in 23 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. Yet, only a minority of type 2 diabetics are considered today for kidney transplantation (KT). The scarcity of data on the outcome of such patients after KT prompted us to review our experience. METHODS: Between 1 January 1983 and 30 June 1996, 23 patients with type 2 DM received a first cadaver KT at a mean age of 57+/-9 (41-73) years, after a dialysis period ranging from 5 to 72 (mean 25+/-18) months. Only nine patients had a history of coronary and/or peripheral vascular disease before KT. All were given cyclosporin- or tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Post-KT follow-up ranged from 4 to 181 (mean 70+/-38) months. Outcome analysis focused on the impact of cardiovascular complications. RESULTS: Patient survival at 1, 5 and 8 years was 91, 83 and 76% respectively. Death was due to infection in three patients and to a cardiovascular event in two. The actuarial risk of coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular, and any cardiovascular event after KT was 14, 13, 9 and 30% at 1 year, 20, 13, 50 and 58% at 5 years, and 20, 46, 66 and 72% at 8 years respectively. Post-KT hospital readmissions averaged 10 days/patient-year and were mostly related to the management of peripheral vascular disease. CONCLUSION: KT is an excellent therapeutic option for selected patients with type 2 DM. Peripheral vascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity following KT. KT should be considered in type 2 diabetics with a low/medium cardiovascular risk.     

Renal function and structure in albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: In type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy the cause of albuminuria is heterogeneous and our knowledge of the relationship between kidney structure and function in these patients is limited. Therefore, a long-term study evaluating the structural-functional relationship in albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy was performed. METHODS: Mesangial volume of total glomerular volume (Vv (mes/glom)), fractional area of focal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy of cortical area (FF) and percentage of sclerosed glomeruli (S/G) were measured on kidney biopsies from 49 type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined at least 3 times (median 8 (range 3-20)) in each patient. Patients were followed for 7.0 (1.1-17) years. Albuminuria and blood pressure were measured every 3-6 months. RESULTS: Biopsies revealed diabetic glomerulopathy (DG-group) in 69% of the patients (27 male/7 female) and normal glomerular structure (n=9) or glomerulonephritis (n=6) were found in 31% (13 male/2 female) (NDG-group). In the DG-group GFR decreased from 97+/-5 to 66+/-5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (mean+/-SE) (P<0.001), with a rate of decline in GFR of 5.3+/-0.8 ml/min/year and in the NDG-group from 93+/-7 to 74+/-11 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (P<0.01), with a rate of decline in GFR of 3.2+/-0.9 ml/min/year, P=0.09 between groups. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased from 109+/-2 to 100+/-2 mm Hg (P<0.001) (DG-group) and remained unchanged in the NDG-group. An association between Vv (mes/glom) and rate of decline in GFR was revealed mainly in the NDG-group (DG-group; r=0.31, P=0.07 and NDG-group; r=0.74, P<0.01). Furthermore, the rate of decline in GFR seemed to be associated with FF in the NDG group (r=0.48, P=0.07). Percentage of S/G was not associated with the rate of decline in GFR. Vv (mes/glom) was associated with mean albuminuria during follow-up in the DG group; r=0.38, P<0.03 (NDG group; r=0.51, P=0.09). Albuminuria was an independent predictor of the rate of decline in GFR in both groups (DG-group; r=0.40, P<0.05 and NDG-group; r=0.61, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed a tendency to a faster rate of decline in GFR in the DG-group compared to the much smaller NDG-group, characterized by marked heterogeneity of the underlying kidney lesions and rate of GFR loss. A large mesangial volume fraction was associated with increased albuminuria and loss in GFR. Albuminuria acted as a progression promoter in both groups.     

Diabetes-induced albuminuria: role of antidiuretic hormone as revealed by chronic V2 receptor antagonism in rats.

BACKGROUND: Vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone, is elevated in diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the V(2) receptor-mediated actions of vasopressin contribute to the albuminuria of diabetes. METHODS: Fourteen adult male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced DM were treated over 9 weeks with a selective, non-peptide, orally active V(2) receptor antagonist (SR 121463) and were compared to 14 untreated diabetic rats (control). The dose of antagonist was adapted in order to maintain urine osmolality close to plasma osmolality, but not to induce the formation of hypoosmotic urine. Every second week, urine was collected in metabolic cages for two 24 h periods. RESULTS: Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rose regularly and significantly with time in the untreated control group, whereas it did not rise in treated rats. Interestingly, a variable pattern of UAE increase over time was observed in different rats of the control group. Some rats exhibited pronounced progression of albuminuria with time, while others showed no or only a very modest rise. An a posteriori partition of the control group into 'progressors' and 'non-progressors' revealed that progressors had more intense urinary concentrating activity, higher creatinine clearance and larger relative glomerular mesangial area than the other subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that V(2) receptor-mediated actions of vasopressin play a critical role in the albuminuria of diabetes. It also reveals that individual rats, like humans, seem to exhibit an unequal susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy, or at least to albuminuria, a factor considered to be one of its early manifestations.     

Metabolic outcomes and renal function after simultaneous kidney/pancreas transplantation compared with kidney transplantation alone for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

In this study, we aimed to compare the metabolic outcomes, renal function, and survival outcomes of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) and kidney transplantation alone (KTA) among end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with ESKD and T2DM who underwent KTA (n = 85) or SPK (n = 71) in a transplant center were retrospectively reviewed. Metabolic profiles, renal function, and survival outcomes were assessed repeatedly at different follow-up time points. Propensity score procedures were applied to enhance between-group comparability. The levels of renal and metabolic outcomes between SPK and KTA over time were examined and analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures approaches. The median follow-up period was 1.8 years. Compared with KTA, SPK resulted in superior metabolic outcomes and renal function, with lower levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; P = 0.0055), fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.015), cholesterol (P = 0.0134), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.0161), and higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; P < 0.001). SPK provided better metabolic outcomes and renal function. The survival outcomes of the recipients and grafts were comparable between the two groups.     

糖尿病肾脏病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与骨代谢生化指标相关性分析

目的分析2型糖尿病患者尿白蛋白排泄率与骨代谢生化指标的相关性。方法选取2013年10月至2015年6月于重庆医科大学附属第一医院内分泌科住院的2型糖尿病患者302名。搜集其基本资料、骨代谢生化指标及骨密度等。按尿白蛋白排泄率(urinary albumin excretion rate,UAER)的水平将其分为正常白蛋白尿组(132名)、微量白蛋白尿组(101名)、大量白蛋白尿组(69名)。并作统计学分析。结果三组间骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)比较差异无统计学意义,2型糖尿病患者25(OH)D3、1型前胶原氨基末端前肽(type I procollagen N-terminal propeptide,P1NP)在大量白蛋白尿组显著低于微量白蛋白尿组、正常白蛋白尿组(P0.05);随着UAER的升高,1型胶原羧基端肽β特殊序列(β-Carboxyl terminal peptide,β-CTX)逐渐升高、骨钙素(bone alkaline phosphatase,BGP)逐渐降低,大量白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组与正常白蛋白尿组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析示P1NP、BGP、25(OH)D3与UAER呈负相关,β-CTX与UAER呈正相关。结论糖尿病肾脏病患者骨代谢生化指标的改变可能早于骨密度反映骨代谢异常。     

Baseline living‐donor kidney volume and function associate with 1‐year post‐nephrectomy kidney function

Living donors may develop kidney dysfunction more often than equally healthy populations. The purpose of this study was to determine whether computed tomography‐assessed remaining kidney volume indexed to body surface area (RKV/BSA) was associated with 1‐year post‐nephrectomy renal function independent of baseline renal function. Using multivariable regression, we modeled 1‐year estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and eGFR <60 mL /min/1.73 m² and considered pre‐determined baseline eGFR subgroups in 151 consecutive donors. Mean ± SD baseline age, eGFR, RKV, BSA, and RKV/BSA were 38 ± 11 years, 97 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m², 153 ± 29 mL, 1.9 ± 0.2 m², and 80.0 ± 12.8 ml/m², respectively; 50% were female and 94% were white. Mean baseline eGFR was greater with increasing RKV/BSA tertiles (92 ± 14, 97 ± 16, 107 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m²; P < 0.001). Post‐nephrectomy eGFR remained separated by RKV/BSA tertiles. At baseline, each SD greater RKV/BSA and eGFR was independently associated with higher adjusted 1‐year eGFR by 2.4 and 9.2 mL/min/1.73 m². Each SD greater age associated with 2.2 mL/min/1.73 m² lower adjusted 1‐year eGFR. Adjusted odds of 1‐year eGFR <60 increased significantly for donors with RKV/BSA <80 mL/m². With baseline eGFR <90, probability of 1‐year eGFR <60 increased to >80% with decreasing RKV/BSA values below 80 mL/m². Those with baseline eGFR >100 rarely developed 1‐year eGFR <60 if RKV/BSA remained >60 mL/m². RKV/BSA independently associated with 1‐year eGFR <60, especially with lower baseline eGFRs. Additional studies should evaluate the predictive utility of this measure and its potential role in donor evaluations and informed consent.     

Relationship between interventricular septum thickness and renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective To investigate the relationship between interventricular septum thickness(IVS) and renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods Two hundred and sixty-five patients of type 2 diabetes without dialysis were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. According to their IVS, the patients were divided into normal group (IVS≤11 mm) and higher IVS group (IVS＞11 mm). All patients according to evaluated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) level were divided into eGFR≥60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 group and eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 group. The demographic characteristic, biochemical examination, eGFR, and proteinuria of different groups were compared. Pearson or spearman correlation was used to analyze the relationship between eGFR, IVS and other parameters. eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 and IVS thickening were analyzed by binary logistic regression. Risk factors affect the prognosis of renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus were analyzed by Cox regression analysis. Results Compared with normal group, patients in the higher IVS group had higher systolic pressure (P=0.002), their level of Scr, BUN, 24 h urinary protein were increased (all P＜0.05), while the level of eGFR, albumin (ALB), hemoglobin (Hb) and fasting blood glucose were decreased (all P＜0.05). The prevalence of hypertension was increased (81.16% vs 58.67%, χ2=11.273, P=0.001), and there was also a difference in the proportion of patients in each stage of CKD (χ2=34.593, P＜0.001). Correlation analysis showed that IVS was positively correlated with BMI, systolic BP, Scr, BUN, 24 h urinary albumin, 24 h urinary protein (all P＜0.05), while negative correlation was observed between the thickened degree of IVS and Hb, albumin, eGFR and total calcium (all P＜0.05). It's worth noting that IVS also correlated with history of hypertension and degree of renal injury (all P＜0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that longer duration of diabetes, higher systolic pressure and BUN were independent risk factors for eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 (all P＜0.05), while higher Hb and Alb were independent protective factors for eGFR＜60 ml?min-1?(1.73 m2)-1 (all P＜0.05). Logistic regression analysis also showed that the baseline increased Scr was independent risk factor for interventricular thickening (P＜0.05), while the increase of fasting blood-glucose was independent protective factor for interventricular thickening (P＜0.05). Cox regression analysis showed that interventricular thickening was an independent risk factor in predicting the progression of type 2 diabetes (HR=1.396, 95%CI=1.098-1.774, P=0.006). Conclusion Interventricular septum thickness is closely related to the state of renal function, as well as is an independent risk factor to predict kidney function decline in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Obesity-related indices are associated with albuminuria and advanced kidney disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of diseases including diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. However, few reports have investigated the relationships between these obesity-related indices and diabetic nephropathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between obesity-related markers with albuminuria and advanced kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Obesity-related indices including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (CI), lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body shape index (BSI), and triglyceride glucose (TyG) index were measured. Albuminuria was defined as a urine albumin/creatinine ratio of ≥30 mg/g. Advanced kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <30 ml/min/1.73 m². A total of 1872 patients with type 2 DM (mean age 64.0 ± 11.3 years, 809 males and 1063 females) were enrolled. In multivariable analysis, 11 high obesity-related indices (BMI, WHR, WHtR, LAP, BRI, CI, VAI, BAI, AVI, ABSI, and TyG index) were significantly associated with albuminuria. In addition, high BMI, WHR, WHtR, LAP, BRI, CI, VAI, and AVI were significantly associated with eGFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m². The results of this study showed that various obesity-related indices were significantly associated with albuminuria and advanced kidney disease in patients with type 2 DM. Screening may be considered in public health programs to recognize and take appropriate steps to prevent subsequent complications.     

老年2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白及尿白蛋白与骨密度变化的分析

目的观察2型糖尿病老年男性患者血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、尿白蛋白排泄率（AER）与骨密度（BMD）变化的关系。方法老年2型糖尿病男性患者68例，对照组23例，分别测定血糖、HbAlc、AKP、Cr、尿AER值、骨密度。糖尿病患者根据HbAlc〈7％为Ⅰ组，若AER〈200μg／min为ⅠA组，AER〉200μg／min为IB组。HbAlc〉7％为Ⅱ组，若AER〈200μg／min为ⅡA组，AER〉200μg／min为ⅡB组。结果糖尿病组与对照组相比，骨密度显著降低（P〈0．01），糖尿病组ⅡB组BMD明显低于ⅡA组、ⅠA组、ⅠB组（P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病患者BMD比正常人显著降低，血糖控制不达标并AER升高患者的BMD下降比血糖控制达标尿蛋白阴性患者更为显著。     

Long-term prognosis of patients after kidney transplantation: a comparison of those with or without diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Compared with non-diabetic subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have seldom been selected for renal transplantation. It was the aim of this study to compare the long-term prognoses of the two groups of patients after transplantation and to identify factors associated with allograft rejection. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, we studied all 333 consecutive patients who received a kidney transplant at our centre since 1992. Mean follow-up in 302 out of 333 patients (91%) was 3.3+/-1.5 (0.1-11.7) years. At the time of transplantation, diabetes mellitus (type 1, n=3; type 2, n=46) was known in 49 patients. RESULTS: Patients with diabetes mellitus were older [patients without diabetes (n=253) vs patients with diabetes (n=49), 52.2+/-12.6 vs 58.8+/-13.1 years, respectively; P=0.002], but they had very good diabetes control [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of patients with diabetes 6.3+/-0.9% vs those without diabetes 5.2+/-1.0%, P=0.03]. Even during their follow-up, patients with diabetes showed a tendency to further improvement (HbA1c for patients with diabetes 5.7+/-0.9% vs those without diabetes 5.5+/-0.9%, P=0.30). At the end of follow-up also, there were no differences between the groups with respect to blood pressure control (patients with diabetes 135.3+/-28.2/79.6+/-17.2 mmHg vs patients without diabetes 130.9+/-28.7/78.8+/-17.1 mmHg, P=0.33/0.78) and renal function (creatinine, 142.9+/-61.6 vs 151.8+/-68.2 micromol/l, P=0.38; glomerular filtration rate, 63.1+/-23.3 vs 59.1+/-24.0 ml/min/1.73 m(2), respectively, P=0.30). In total, 26 patients had acute transplant rejections [eight patients with diabetes (prevalence 16.3%) vs 18 patients without diabeteses (prevalence 7.1%), P=0.11]. In multivariate analysis, the most important parameter associated with the incidence of transplant rejections was the preceding fasting blood glucose (R2=0.044, beta=0.21, P=0.009). All other parameters included in the model (body mass index, time since transplantation, diabetes duration, immunosuppressive therapy, HbA1c and HLA mismatch) revealed no associations. CONCLUSIONS: Following kidney transplantation, the prevalence of rejections in patients with diabetes mellitus is slightly but not significantly higher than in non-diabetic subjects. One of the most important risk factors seems to be fasting blood glucose. Hence, following renal transplantation, treatment strategies should focus not only on optimal immunosuppressive therapy and HLA matching, good HbA1c and blood pressure control, but also on maintaining near-normal fasting blood glucose levels.     

Evaluation of renal function and upper urinary tract morphology in the ileal orthotopic neobladder with no antireflux mechanism

PURPOSE: Long-term renal function is crucial in orthotopic bladder substitutions, and can be influenced by several factors including ureteral obstruction, urinary infection and reflux. In this study we investigated the prevalence of renal functional impairment and the incidence of morphological alterations of the upper urinary tract in patients who had a low pressure ileal neobladder constructed with no antireflux mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1996 to 2002, 70 men received a W-shaped neobladder using refluxing ureterointestinal anastomoses and short afferent limb. Final evaluation of patient status was in November 2003. A total of 20 patients died during followup and mean followup of the remaining 50 patients was 50 months (range 21 to 89). Kidney morphology was evaluated using technetium diethylenetetraminepentaacetic acid nuclear renography and ultrasonography. Total and separate renal function were evaluated by measuring plasma creatinine and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), the latter measured as the renal clearance of technetium diethylenetetraminepentaacetic acid. Measured values of GFR were compared with the results from a group of healthy subjects of the same age. RESULTS: The anastomotic stricture rate was 4%, 2 severe strictures occurred 2 and 4 months after surgery, while 2 moderate strictures were detected with renal scans during the study. Renal scintigraphy revealed an excretory phase within the normal range in 67 of 99 renoureteral units (68%), a short delay in collecting system drainage associated with mild and transient pelvicaliceal dilatation in 23 (23%), and dilatation of the upper urinary tract in the remaining 9 (9%) including obstructive in 2 (2%) and not obstructive in 7 (7%). Mean (+SD) total GFR of the patients was 89.7 (19.6) ml per minute per 1.73 m. Mean total GFR of the control group was 90.6 (11.4) ml per minute per 1.73 m. The comparison between measured GFR of patients and the control group showed no statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Our medium-term data support the assumption that the lack of any antireflux mechanism in orthotopic neobladder, per se, has no detrimental effect on renal function.     

尿蛋白和肌酐的比值与绝经后2型糖尿病患者骨密度相关性研究

目的探讨绝经后2型糖尿病患者骨密度与尿蛋白/肌酐的比值的相关性。方法评估2016年1月至2018年7月来我院就诊的120例2型糖尿病绝经后妇女的情况。收集患者的一般临床和生化指标并分析相关数据之间的相关性。结果120例绝经后2型糖尿病患者中,骨质疏松和骨质减少的患病率分别为34. 2%(41例)和33. 3%(40例)。多元回归分析研究发现年龄、体质量指数、CCr和腰椎骨密度之间显著相关(P0. 05);而股骨骨密度仅与年龄具有密切相关(P0. 05)。进一步研究发现与非蛋白尿患者相比,微量蛋白尿和大量蛋白尿[尿蛋白-肌酐比(UACR)≥30]的患者骨质疏松症发生率显著高于对照组(P0. 05)。结论本研究表明较高的UACR水平可能和绝经后2型糖尿病患者骨质疏松症风险增加相关。     

Kidney transplantation in type 2 diabetic patients: a comparison with matched non-diabetic subjects.

BACKGROUND: Because they generally are older and frequently have co-morbidities, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease seldom are selected for renal transplantation. Thus, information on transplantation results from controlled studies in this high-risk category of patients is scarce. We have compared the results of kidney transplantations in type 2 diabetic patients with carefully matched non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: All first cadaveric renal transplants performed in type 2 diabetic patients from January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1998 in our centre were included. Non-diabetic controls were individually matched with diabetic patients with respect to year of transplantation, sex, age, selected immunological parameters, and graft cold ischaemia. RESULTS: We included 64 type 2 diabetic and 64 non-diabetic patients who were followed for a mean period of 37+/-27 and 41+/-31 months, respectively, after renal transplantation. Patient survival at 1 and 5 years post-transplant was 85 and 69 vs 84 and 74% (P=0.43, NS), while graft survival rates censored for patient death were 84 and 77 vs 82 and 77% for diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, respectively (P=0.52, NS). With graft survival results not censored for death with functioning graft, no significant change was seen (diabetic vs non-diabetic group: 77 and 54 vs 73 and 61%, P=0.19, NS). Age, but not the presence of diabetes, was the only factor significantly affecting patient survival when both patient groups were pooled. With regard to post-transplant complications requiring hospitalization, there was a significant difference only in the number of patients who had amputations (diabetic vs non-diabetic group: 8 vs 0, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patient and graft survival after kidney transplantation was similar in type 2 diabetic and matched non-diabetic subjects, with more amputations occurring in the diabetic group. Thus, at a single-centre level renal transplantation results almost equivalent to those in non-diabetic patients may be achieved in type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Non-albuminuric renal disease among subjects with advanced stages of chronic kidney failure related to type 2 diabetes mellitus

Urinary albumin excretion has been consistently found to be normal in a significant number of subjects with early stages of diabetic kidney disease. This study was aimed to estimate the prevalence and characteristics of non-albuminuric chronic kidney disease associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus among subjects who reach advanced stages of renal failure. Study population was composed of incident patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate <30?mL/min) related to type 2 diabetes in a tertiary hospital from Gran Canaria (Spain) during a period of 2 years. Subjects were classified as normoalbuminuric (urinary albumin-to-creatine ratio [UACR] <30?mg/g), microalbuminuric (UACR ≥30 and <300?mg/g), or proteinuric (UACR ≥300?mg/g). Of 78 eligible patients, 21.8% had normoalbuminuria, 20.5% had microalbuminuria, and 57.7% had proteinuria. Individuals with normoalbuminuria were mostly women and had a lower prevalence of smoking and polyneuropathy than subjects with microalbuminuria or proteinuria. They also presented greater measures of body mass index and waist circumference, higher values of total and LDL cholesterol, and lower values of HbA_1c and serum creatinine than subjects with microalbuminuria or proteinuria. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that female sex (positively) and HbA_1c and polyneuropathy (negatively) were independently associated with absence of albuminuria. In conclusion, around 20% of subjects with diabetes-related advanced chronic kidney disease, characteristically women, have normal urinary albumin excretion. HbA_1c and polyneuropathy are inversely related to this non-albuminuric form of nephropathy.     

Effect of glycemic control on microalbuminuria development among type 2 diabetes with high-normal albuminuria

This study was aimed at revealing the factors and the interrelationships between factors on microalbuminuria development among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Between 2004 and 2011, 461 T2D patients with a baseline urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) of <30?mg/g, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of >60?mL/min were evaluated retrospectively. Sixty-eight (14.8%) subjects had developed microalbuminuria in a mean follow-up of 6.82 years. Statistical analysis had revealed that the higher baseline UACR (10?mg/g; sensitivity, 80.9%, specificity, 63.6%; AUC?=?0.774) and glycohemoglobin level (HbA1c) (8%; sensitivity, 72.1%, specificity, 61.6%; AUC?=?0.698) were the two independent microalbuminuria risk factors. When considering the risk of microalbuminuria, the data were normalized with respect to subjects with low-normal UACR (<10?mg/g) and HbA1c??8%, high-normal UACR/HbA1c?8% were 2.59 (p?=?0.107), 6.15 (p?=?0.001), and 16.96 (p?10%) showed a progressively increase of the hazard risk in baseline high-normal UACR group. But the same correlation was not shown in the low-normal UACR group. This study identified the relationships of high-normal albuminuria and glycemic control on microalbuminuria development among T2D patients. Glycemic control is especially beneficial for T2D patients with baseline high-normal UACR in preventing microalbuminuria development.