Outcome of cadaver kidney transplantation in 23 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing cause of end-stage renal failure worldwide. Yet, only a minority of type 2 diabetics are considered today for kidney transplantation (KT). The scarcity of data on the outcome of such patients after KT prompted us to review our experience. METHODS: Between 1 January 1983 and 30 June 1996, 23 patients with type 2 DM received a first cadaver KT at a mean age of 57+/-9 (41-73) years, after a dialysis period ranging from 5 to 72 (mean 25+/-18) months. Only nine patients had a history of coronary and/or peripheral vascular disease before KT. All were given cyclosporin- or tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Post-KT follow-up ranged from 4 to 181 (mean 70+/-38) months. Outcome analysis focused on the impact of cardiovascular complications. RESULTS: Patient survival at 1, 5 and 8 years was 91, 83 and 76% respectively. Death was due to infection in three patients and to a cardiovascular event in two. The actuarial risk of coronary, cerebrovascular, peripheral vascular, and any cardiovascular event after KT was 14, 13, 9 and 30% at 1 year, 20, 13, 50 and 58% at 5 years, and 20, 46, 66 and 72% at 8 years respectively. Post-KT hospital readmissions averaged 10 days/patient-year and were mostly related to the management of peripheral vascular disease. CONCLUSION: KT is an excellent therapeutic option for selected patients with type 2 DM. Peripheral vascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity following KT. KT should be considered in type 2 diabetics with a low/medium cardiovascular risk.     

Diabetes-induced albuminuria: role of antidiuretic hormone as revealed by chronic V2 receptor antagonism in rats.

BACKGROUND: Vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone, is elevated in diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the V(2) receptor-mediated actions of vasopressin contribute to the albuminuria of diabetes. METHODS: Fourteen adult male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced DM were treated over 9 weeks with a selective, non-peptide, orally active V(2) receptor antagonist (SR 121463) and were compared to 14 untreated diabetic rats (control). The dose of antagonist was adapted in order to maintain urine osmolality close to plasma osmolality, but not to induce the formation of hypoosmotic urine. Every second week, urine was collected in metabolic cages for two 24 h periods. RESULTS: Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) rose regularly and significantly with time in the untreated control group, whereas it did not rise in treated rats. Interestingly, a variable pattern of UAE increase over time was observed in different rats of the control group. Some rats exhibited pronounced progression of albuminuria with time, while others showed no or only a very modest rise. An a posteriori partition of the control group into 'progressors' and 'non-progressors' revealed that progressors had more intense urinary concentrating activity, higher creatinine clearance and larger relative glomerular mesangial area than the other subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that V(2) receptor-mediated actions of vasopressin play a critical role in the albuminuria of diabetes. It also reveals that individual rats, like humans, seem to exhibit an unequal susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy, or at least to albuminuria, a factor considered to be one of its early manifestations.     

Renal function and structure in albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: In type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy the cause of albuminuria is heterogeneous and our knowledge of the relationship between kidney structure and function in these patients is limited. Therefore, a long-term study evaluating the structural-functional relationship in albuminuric type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy was performed. METHODS: Mesangial volume of total glomerular volume (Vv (mes/glom)), fractional area of focal interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy of cortical area (FF) and percentage of sclerosed glomeruli (S/G) were measured on kidney biopsies from 49 type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was determined at least 3 times (median 8 (range 3-20)) in each patient. Patients were followed for 7.0 (1.1-17) years. Albuminuria and blood pressure were measured every 3-6 months. RESULTS: Biopsies revealed diabetic glomerulopathy (DG-group) in 69% of the patients (27 male/7 female) and normal glomerular structure (n=9) or glomerulonephritis (n=6) were found in 31% (13 male/2 female) (NDG-group). In the DG-group GFR decreased from 97+/-5 to 66+/-5 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (mean+/-SE) (P<0.001), with a rate of decline in GFR of 5.3+/-0.8 ml/min/year and in the NDG-group from 93+/-7 to 74+/-11 ml/min/1.73 m(2) (P<0.01), with a rate of decline in GFR of 3.2+/-0.9 ml/min/year, P=0.09 between groups. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased from 109+/-2 to 100+/-2 mm Hg (P<0.001) (DG-group) and remained unchanged in the NDG-group. An association between Vv (mes/glom) and rate of decline in GFR was revealed mainly in the NDG-group (DG-group; r=0.31, P=0.07 and NDG-group; r=0.74, P<0.01). Furthermore, the rate of decline in GFR seemed to be associated with FF in the NDG group (r=0.48, P=0.07). Percentage of S/G was not associated with the rate of decline in GFR. Vv (mes/glom) was associated with mean albuminuria during follow-up in the DG group; r=0.38, P<0.03 (NDG group; r=0.51, P=0.09). Albuminuria was an independent predictor of the rate of decline in GFR in both groups (DG-group; r=0.40, P<0.05 and NDG-group; r=0.61, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed a tendency to a faster rate of decline in GFR in the DG-group compared to the much smaller NDG-group, characterized by marked heterogeneity of the underlying kidney lesions and rate of GFR loss. A large mesangial volume fraction was associated with increased albuminuria and loss in GFR. Albuminuria acted as a progression promoter in both groups.     

老年2型糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白及尿白蛋白与骨密度变化的分析

目的观察2型糖尿病老年男性患者血糖水平、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）、尿白蛋白排泄率（AER）与骨密度（BMD）变化的关系。方法老年2型糖尿病男性患者68例，对照组23例，分别测定血糖、HbAlc、AKP、Cr、尿AER值、骨密度。糖尿病患者根据HbAlc〈7％为Ⅰ组，若AER〈200μg／min为ⅠA组，AER〉200μg／min为IB组。HbAlc〉7％为Ⅱ组，若AER〈200μg／min为ⅡA组，AER〉200μg／min为ⅡB组。结果糖尿病组与对照组相比，骨密度显著降低（P〈0．01），糖尿病组ⅡB组BMD明显低于ⅡA组、ⅠA组、ⅠB组（P〈0．05）。结论糖尿病患者BMD比正常人显著降低，血糖控制不达标并AER升高患者的BMD下降比血糖控制达标尿蛋白阴性患者更为显著。     

Long-term prognosis of patients after kidney transplantation: a comparison of those with or without diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Compared with non-diabetic subjects, patients with type 2 diabetes and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have seldom been selected for renal transplantation. It was the aim of this study to compare the long-term prognoses of the two groups of patients after transplantation and to identify factors associated with allograft rejection. METHODS: In a retrospective analysis, we studied all 333 consecutive patients who received a kidney transplant at our centre since 1992. Mean follow-up in 302 out of 333 patients (91%) was 3.3+/-1.5 (0.1-11.7) years. At the time of transplantation, diabetes mellitus (type 1, n=3; type 2, n=46) was known in 49 patients. RESULTS: Patients with diabetes mellitus were older [patients without diabetes (n=253) vs patients with diabetes (n=49), 52.2+/-12.6 vs 58.8+/-13.1 years, respectively; P=0.002], but they had very good diabetes control [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of patients with diabetes 6.3+/-0.9% vs those without diabetes 5.2+/-1.0%, P=0.03]. Even during their follow-up, patients with diabetes showed a tendency to further improvement (HbA1c for patients with diabetes 5.7+/-0.9% vs those without diabetes 5.5+/-0.9%, P=0.30). At the end of follow-up also, there were no differences between the groups with respect to blood pressure control (patients with diabetes 135.3+/-28.2/79.6+/-17.2 mmHg vs patients without diabetes 130.9+/-28.7/78.8+/-17.1 mmHg, P=0.33/0.78) and renal function (creatinine, 142.9+/-61.6 vs 151.8+/-68.2 micromol/l, P=0.38; glomerular filtration rate, 63.1+/-23.3 vs 59.1+/-24.0 ml/min/1.73 m(2), respectively, P=0.30). In total, 26 patients had acute transplant rejections [eight patients with diabetes (prevalence 16.3%) vs 18 patients without diabeteses (prevalence 7.1%), P=0.11]. In multivariate analysis, the most important parameter associated with the incidence of transplant rejections was the preceding fasting blood glucose (R2=0.044, beta=0.21, P=0.009). All other parameters included in the model (body mass index, time since transplantation, diabetes duration, immunosuppressive therapy, HbA1c and HLA mismatch) revealed no associations. CONCLUSIONS: Following kidney transplantation, the prevalence of rejections in patients with diabetes mellitus is slightly but not significantly higher than in non-diabetic subjects. One of the most important risk factors seems to be fasting blood glucose. Hence, following renal transplantation, treatment strategies should focus not only on optimal immunosuppressive therapy and HLA matching, good HbA1c and blood pressure control, but also on maintaining near-normal fasting blood glucose levels.     

Kidney transplantation in type 2 diabetic patients: a comparison with matched non-diabetic subjects.

BACKGROUND: Because they generally are older and frequently have co-morbidities, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease seldom are selected for renal transplantation. Thus, information on transplantation results from controlled studies in this high-risk category of patients is scarce. We have compared the results of kidney transplantations in type 2 diabetic patients with carefully matched non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: All first cadaveric renal transplants performed in type 2 diabetic patients from January 1, 1988 to December 31, 1998 in our centre were included. Non-diabetic controls were individually matched with diabetic patients with respect to year of transplantation, sex, age, selected immunological parameters, and graft cold ischaemia. RESULTS: We included 64 type 2 diabetic and 64 non-diabetic patients who were followed for a mean period of 37+/-27 and 41+/-31 months, respectively, after renal transplantation. Patient survival at 1 and 5 years post-transplant was 85 and 69 vs 84 and 74% (P=0.43, NS), while graft survival rates censored for patient death were 84 and 77 vs 82 and 77% for diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, respectively (P=0.52, NS). With graft survival results not censored for death with functioning graft, no significant change was seen (diabetic vs non-diabetic group: 77 and 54 vs 73 and 61%, P=0.19, NS). Age, but not the presence of diabetes, was the only factor significantly affecting patient survival when both patient groups were pooled. With regard to post-transplant complications requiring hospitalization, there was a significant difference only in the number of patients who had amputations (diabetic vs non-diabetic group: 8 vs 0, P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Patient and graft survival after kidney transplantation was similar in type 2 diabetic and matched non-diabetic subjects, with more amputations occurring in the diabetic group. Thus, at a single-centre level renal transplantation results almost equivalent to those in non-diabetic patients may be achieved in type 2 diabetes mellitus.     

Effect of glycemic control on microalbuminuria development among type 2 diabetes with high-normal albuminuria

This study was aimed at revealing the factors and the interrelationships between factors on microalbuminuria development among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients. Between 2004 and 2011, 461 T2D patients with a baseline urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) of <30?mg/g, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of >60?mL/min were evaluated retrospectively. Sixty-eight (14.8%) subjects had developed microalbuminuria in a mean follow-up of 6.82 years. Statistical analysis had revealed that the higher baseline UACR (10?mg/g; sensitivity, 80.9%, specificity, 63.6%; AUC?=?0.774) and glycohemoglobin level (HbA1c) (8%; sensitivity, 72.1%, specificity, 61.6%; AUC?=?0.698) were the two independent microalbuminuria risk factors. When considering the risk of microalbuminuria, the data were normalized with respect to subjects with low-normal UACR (<10?mg/g) and HbA1c??8%, high-normal UACR/HbA1c?8% were 2.59 (p?=?0.107), 6.15 (p?=?0.001), and 16.96 (p?10%) showed a progressively increase of the hazard risk in baseline high-normal UACR group. But the same correlation was not shown in the low-normal UACR group. This study identified the relationships of high-normal albuminuria and glycemic control on microalbuminuria development among T2D patients. Glycemic control is especially beneficial for T2D patients with baseline high-normal UACR in preventing microalbuminuria development.     

Urinary kallikrein excretion is related to renal function change and inflammatory status in chronic kidney disease patients receiving angiotensin II receptor blocker treatment

Aim: This study was to evaluate the correlation of urinary kallikrein to renal function, proteinuria and urinary cytokines in chronic kidney disease patients in a longitudinal follow up. Method: We measured urinary kallikrein and cytokines in 50 patients who were followed up for 12 months. Results: Using regression model we found that the kallikrein excretion (estimated by log kallikrein/creatinine) was positively correlated to log estimated glomerular filtration rate in the beginning and the end of follow up (P = 0.049 and 0.006, respectively). No correlation existed between kallikrein excretion and proteinuria. The kallikrein excretion decreased after 12 months of follow up, which was also associated with the decrease of log estimated glomerular filtration rate. There was a significant positive correlation between the log urinary kallikrein and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) concentration (correlation coefficient = 0.277; P = 0.049). Urinary kallikrein excretion was also positively correlated with serum MCP‐1 level (correlation coefficient = 0.431; P = 0.002). No correlation existed between urinary kallikrein and transforming growth factor β‐1 or tumour necrosis factor‐α concentration. Conclusion: Urinary kallikrein excretion is positively correlated to renal function, serum and urinary inflammatory mediator MCP‐1 in chronic kidney disease patients. These findings indicate that urinary kallikrein excretion may reflect the change of renal function and kidney inflammatory status.     

血清B2微球蛋白在评价高龄慢性肾脏病患者肾功能中的作用

目的探讨血清B2微球蛋白（B2-MG）在高龄慢性肾脏病（CKD）患者肾小球滤过率（GFR）的评估价值。方法选择高龄男性CKD病患者57例,SPECT检测患者肾小球滤过率,检测血清胆-MG、血肌酐（SCr）、血清半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（CysC）水平。结果血清B2-MG水平不受年龄、体质量、身高等影响（P〉0．05）,在CKD3～5期存在统计学差异（P〈0．05）。血清B2-MG与肾小球滤过率相关性系数在CKD5期最高,CKD3～5期性均低于SCr;在CKD3、4期稍优于CysC,在5期低于CysC。结论血清胆-MG在高龄CKD5期与肾小球滤过率相关性最高,在CKD3～5期也许不优于SCr,能否作为高龄CKD肾小球率过滤评价较好的指标还需要大样本研究进一步的证实。     

A retrospective analysis of kidney function and risk factors by Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation in elderly Chinese patients

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease accounts for much of the increased mortality, especially in the elder population. The prevalence of this disease is expected to increase significantly as the society ages. Our aim was to evaluate the kidney function and risk factors of reduced renal function among elderly Chinese patients. This study retrospectively collected clinical data from a total of 1062 inpatients aged 65 years or over. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated with the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Renal function and risk factors were also analyzed. For all 1062 subjects, the mean eGFR was 71.0?±?24.8?mL/min/1.73?m², and the incidence rates of reduced renal function, proteinuria, hematuria and leukocyturia were 31.1%, 11.8%, 6.6% and 8.7%, respectively. The eGFR values were 83.4?±?28.4, 72.2?±?22.9, 67.8?±?24.3 and 58.8?±?29.1?mL/min/1.73?m² in the groups of 60–69, 70–79, 80–89 and ≥90 years age group (F?=?15.101, p?=?0.000), respectively; while the incidences of reduced renal function were 12.8%, 27.0%, 37.8% and 51.7% (χ²?=?36.143, p?=?0.000). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that hyperuricemia (OR?=?4.62, p?=?0.000), proteinuria (OR?=?3.96, p?=?0.000), urinary tumor (OR?=?2.92, p?=?0.015), anemia (OR?=?2.45, p?=?0.000), stroke (OR?=?1.96, p?=?0.000), hypertension (OR?=?1.83, p?=?0.006), renal cyst (OR?=?1.64, p?=?0.018), female (OR?=?1.54, p?=?0.015), coronary artery disease (OR?=?1.53, p?=?0.008) and age (OR?=?1.05, p?=?0.000) were the risk factors of reduced renal function. In conclusion, eGFR values decreased by age, while the incidence of reduced renal function, proteinuria, hematuria and leukocyturia increased with age. Treatment and control of comorbidities may slow the decline of renal function in elderly patients.     

A prespecified exploratory analysis from FIDELITY examined finerenone use and kidney outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes

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The influence of contrast media on kidney function in patients with stable coronary artery disease

Aims. To investigate the incidence of contrast media-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) referred for elective coronary intervention following hydration routines. The reversibility of CIN was followed in a 6 month-period. Methods and results. A total of 447 patients referred for elective coronary intervention due to suspected CAD were included. Blood samples were collected before and 24 h after intervention and medical records were obtained. Patients had no drinking fluid restrictions and were routinely treated with a 1000 ml saline infusion. All patients were invited to a 6-month examination and collection of blood samples. Results. A total of 19 patients (4.3%) developed CIN. CIN patients had a pre-investigation higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGRF), lower level of kidney failure and lower creatinine level than non-CIN patients. Kidney function was not normalized in CIN patients 6 months after the intervention. Two patients still met the definition of CIN. Conclusion. With no restriction in fluid intake and supplementary infusion of saline, only a few patients with stable CAD developed early indications of CIN during elective coronary interventions. Kidney function and the amount of contrast media used was not a predictor of CIN development. The induced CIN was not completely normalized in a 6-month follow-up period.     

Outcomes of pancreas transplants for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to examine how effectively pancreas transplants provide long-term glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We used guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) to appropriately classify recipients with type 2 DM (vs. type 1 DM). RESULTS: From 1994 through 2002, a total of 17 patients with type 2 DM underwent a pancreas transplant at our center. Mean recipient age was 52.5 yr. The mean age at diabetes onset was 35.7 yr; mean duration, 16.8 yr. Most recipients had one or more secondary complications related to their diabetes: retinopathy (94%), neuropathy (76%), or nephropathy (65%). At the time of their transplant, three (18%) were on oral hypoglycemic agents alone and 14 (82%) were on insulin therapy. Of the 17 transplants, seven (41%) were a simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (SPK); four (24%), pancreas after kidney transplant (PAK); and six (35%), pancreas transplant alone (PTA). One recipient died during the perioperative period because of aspiration. The other 16 recipients became euglycemic post-transplant and had a functional graft at 1 yr post-transplant (patient and graft survival rates, 94%). Now, with a mean follow-up of 4.3 yr post-transplant, the patient survival rate is 71%. The four additional deaths were because of sepsis (n = 2), suicide (n = 1), and unknown cause (n = 1). All four of these recipients were insulin-independent at the time of death, although one was on an oral hypoglycemic agent. Of the 12 recipients currently alive, 11 remain euglycemic without requiring insulin therapy or oral hypoglycemic agents; one began insulin therapy 1.2 yr post-transplant (current daily dose, 60 units). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that pancreas transplants can provide excellent glucose control in recipients with type 2 DM. All 16 (94%) of our recipients whose transplant was technically successful were rendered euglycemic. Long-term results were comparable with those seen in transplant recipients with type 1 DM.     

腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术对老年糖尿病病人影响的研究

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹胆囊切除术对老年糖尿病病人的影响。方法2002年8月至2006年6月采用前瞻性方法分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术（观察组35例）和开腹胆囊切除术（对照组34例）对老年2型糖尿病病人手术前后血糖、胰岛素及胰岛素抵抗的影响。结果观察组术后即时血糖明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）；观察组术后即时胰岛素与对照组差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）；观察组术后胰岛素敏感性明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术对老年2型糖尿病病人血糖及胰岛素抵抗的影响明显小于开腹胆囊切除术。     

A neutralizing VEGF antibody prevents glomerular hypertrophy in a model of obese type 2 diabetes, the Zucker diabetic fatty rat.

BACKGROUND: Antagonism of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has improved the outcome in experimental nephropathies of various origins, including diabetic nephropathy in a type 1 diabetic rat model and a type 2 diabetic mouse model. Neutralizing VEGF antibodies prevented glomerular hypertrophy in these models. We examined the renal effects of VEGF blockade in an obese rat model of type 2 diabetic nephropathy and investigated the mechanism underlying the inhibition of glomerular hypertrophy. METHODS: Twenty female Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, fed a high-fat diet and aged 10 weeks, were treated with VEGF antibodies or an irrelevant isotype-matched IgG. Ten heterozygous (fa/+) littermates served as additional non-diabetic, lean controls. Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and creatinine clearance (CrCl) were assessed at baseline, and at 3 and 5 weeks. Kidney weight and glomerular volume were determined at the end of the study. Glomerular apoptosis was examined with anti-active caspase-3 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: All obese animals had established diabetes, hyperlipidaemia and normal blood pressure, which were not influenced by VEGF antibody treatment. ZDF control rats had increased UAE, CrCl, kidney weights and glomerular volumes compared with non-diabetic, lean control rats. VEGF antibody treatment prevented the glomerular hypertrophy, but did not affect UAE, CrCl and kidney weight. Glomerular anti-active caspase-3 immunostaining was not different between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of VEGF prevented early glomerular hypertrophy in ZDF rats with established diabetes. Increased apoptosis of glomerular endothelial cells does not appear to underly the inhibition of glomerular growth.     

2型糖尿病患者的风险感知及影响因素分析

目的了解2型糖尿病患者的风险感知水平及其影响因素。方法采用糖尿病相对性风险感知问卷对268名2型糖尿病患者进行调查。结果相对性风险感知总得分2.55±0.37,各维度得分由高到低依次为:担心3.39±0.51,相对性环境风险2.84±0.39,个人风险控制2.74±0.47,乐观性偏差2.52±0.67,个人疾病风险2.17±0.78。女性及文化程度高者感知的个人风险控制和乐观性偏差显著高于男性及文化程度低者(P0.05,P0.01),非在岗者的担心水平显著高于在岗者(P0.05)。相对性风险感知总分与病程呈正相关(P0.01),个人风险控制与空腹血糖呈负相关(P0.05),个人疾病风险与年龄、病程呈正相关(均P0.01)。乐观性偏差、病程、年龄、个人风险控制、担心、家庭月收入是个人感知的疾病风险的独立影响因素。结论 2型糖尿病患者的风险感知水平偏低,应根据不同人口学特征和疾病临床特征,采取有效的健康风险沟通和个性化健康干预。     

中药治疗肾虚血瘀证2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症患者用药规律研究

目的探讨中药治疗肾虚血瘀证2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症患者用药规律。方法收集中药治疗193例肾虚血瘀证2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症患者病案资料,通过数据挖掘技术和关联规则分析中药的频次、四气五味归经、核心药物、药对等。结果共搜集处方582首,含药255味。有茯苓、白术、黄芪、泽泻、生地、桂枝应用频次超过40%;温性药92味,甘味药156味,入肝经药123味。复杂网络图显示茯苓、红花、黄芪、泽泻、白术、桂枝、陈皮、柴胡为核心药物。中药药对关联规则显示地黄-牡丹皮、茯苓-山药、白术-陈皮、山药等为常用药对。结论初步总结通过寒温并用、补泻兼顾、以甘味为主的补肾健脾活血中药治疗肾虚血瘀证2型糖尿病合并骨质疏松症患者的用药规律。     

老年2型糖尿病患者血红蛋白与骨质疏松的相关性研究

目的 研究老年2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)住院患者血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)与骨质疏松的关系.方法 纳入首都医科大学宜武医院内分泌科住院的老年T2DM病例498例,测量患者的骨密度,分为骨质疏松组(160例)和非骨质疏松组(338例).测定Hb、空腹血糖(fast...