通心络联合阿托伐他汀、阿司匹林对ApoE~(-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化病变的影响

目的观察通心络与阿托伐他汀、阿司匹林联合应用对ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响,为缺血性心脑血管病的防治提供一种优选方案。方法将ApoE-/-小鼠随机分为模型组(AS)、阿托伐他汀组(ATO)、阿司匹林组(ASP)、通心络组(TXL)、ATO联合ASP组(A+A)以及3药联用ATS低剂量组(ATS-L)、高剂量组(ATS-H),饲以高脂饲料同时灌胃给药,每组20只;另选20只同系C57BL/6J小鼠作为正常对照组(CON),饲以普通饲料;12周末HE染色观察血管病理形态变化,酶比色法、ELISA法检测血脂及血清高敏C-反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平,Western blot检测主动脉胞间黏附分子(ICAM-1)、血管细胞黏附分子(VCAM-1)及单核细胞趋化因子-1(MCP-1)的蛋白表达。结果 HE染色显示AS组动脉内皮剥脱,内皮下可见大量泡沫细胞和胆固醇结晶,斑块形成明显。血清TC、TG、LDL、hs-CRP水平较CON组均明显升高(P<0.01),HDL明显降低(P<0.01);主动脉ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MCP-1蛋白表达明显增多(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,各用药组均能不同程度的降低TC、TG、LDL、hs-CRP水平(P<0.05或P<0.01),下调主动脉ICAM-1、VCAM-1及MCP-1蛋白表达(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中ATO、ASP、TXL 3组间上述各指标无明显差异(P>0.05);A+A及ATS-L组上述各指标水平均明显低于3药单用组(P<0.05或P<0.01),但均高于ATS-H组(P<0.05);ATS-H组血清HDL水平明显高于其他各用药组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。且三药联用ATS干预后动脉内皮完整,内皮下泡沫细胞明显减少,脂质斑块明显消退。结论通心络联合阿托伐他汀、阿司匹林不仅具有确切的调脂作用,而且能够协同抗炎,延缓AS脂质斑块的形成,其综合疗效明显优于三药单用及两西药联用,具有协同增效之优势。     

银杏内酯B对ApoE基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的探讨银杏内酯B(ginkgolide B,GB)对ApoE基因敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法 12只8周龄C57BL/6J小鼠为正常组,24只8周龄♂ApoE-/-小鼠为阳性模型组以及药物组;药物组每天给予GB 0.6 mg灌胃。8周后处死小鼠,用病理学方法观察小鼠动脉斑块、脂质沉积以及巨噬细胞表达。用ELISA方法测定血浆RAN-TES含量。结果电镜结果显示模型组动脉斑块较大,血管内膜损伤明显,而GB组小鼠动脉内表面损伤明显减轻,斑块较小。HE染色显示了同样的结果,模型组斑块较大,GB组斑块较小。血浆RANTES测定正常组为123.81 ng.L-1,模型组为359.16 ng.L-1,GB组为193.36 ng.L-1,各组之间差异存在统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 GB能有效地减轻ApoE-/-小鼠的动脉粥样硬化损伤,并降低血浆RANTES含量,其药理学机制可能与抑制血小板功能相关。     

益气滋阴活血通络方对动脉粥样硬化斑块内新生血管的影响

目的 探讨益气滋阴活血通络方对动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块内血管新生的影响。方法 首先构建动脉粥样硬化ApoE-/-小鼠模型，用高脂饲料喂养雄性ApoE-/-小鼠12周，在造模完成后，将模型小鼠随机分为空白组、高脂对照组、益气滋阴活血通络中药复方组、阿托伐他汀组，并分别予以蒸馏水、益气滋阴活血通络中药复方、阿托伐他汀干预12周，以检测小鼠动脉斑块内新生血管的密度。通过免疫组化检测中药复方对动脉粥样硬化模型动脉斑块内血管新生的影响。结果 与空白组、高脂对照组比较，在益气滋阴活血通络中药复方、阿托伐他汀组中、高剂量组斑块内新生血管密度系数都有明显降低(P<0.05)。免疫组化结果表明，中药复方组和阿托伐他汀组治疗后减少了斑块内新生血管的表达。结论 益气滋阴活血通络方具有稳定AS斑块的作用，益气滋阴活血通络方可以通过抑制血管新生，从而降低新生血管在斑块内的表达，起到稳定斑块的作用。     

基质金属蛋白酶-9在动脉粥样硬化血管中的异常表达

目的了解基质金属蛋白酶-9在Apo-E基因敲除小鼠的动脉粥样硬化斑块血管中的表达。方法 8只5周龄,雄性SPF级C57BL/6J小鼠为对照组(NS组)。8只相同周龄,雄性SPF级载脂蛋白E基因敲除(C57BL/6J-ApoE-/-)小鼠为实验组(FS组)。高脂(1%胆固醇+15%猪油)喂食15周,20周龄取材检测。结果 FS组和NS组体重分别为(29.10±2.53)g和(33.20±5.18)g,差异无统计学有意义(P>0.05)。FS组较NS组血清总胆固醇显著增高,分别为(13.52±1.58)mEq/L和(2.12±0.35)mEq/L,差异有统计学有意义(P<0.01)。NS组主动脉管壁正常,无AS斑块;FS组主动脉出现典型的AS斑块,胶原纤维明显减少。免疫组化显示NS组可见主动脉血管内、中膜MMP-9呈散在弱阳性表达;而其在FS组则是内膜表达明显增高,呈强阳性表达。FS组主动脉弓MMP-9在mRNA及蛋白水平的表达较NS组均明显增高。mRNA平均光密度值为(11.61±1.92)和(1.52±0.40),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);蛋白平均光密度值为(190.40±102.71)和(40.19±26.83),差异有统计学有意义(P<0.01)。结论在高脂喂食的载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化模型中,MMP-9高表达可能与动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成和胶原纤维明显减少有关。     

基于Cav-1/NF-κB通路探讨调脾护心方抗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制

目的:研究调脾护心方对载脂蛋白基因敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化(AS)的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法:将40只雄性ApoE-/-小鼠分为空白组、模型组、辛伐他汀组(阳性对照,5 mg/kg)以及调脾护心方低、高剂量组(50、150 mg/kg),每组8只。除空白组小鼠给予普通饲料外,其余各组小鼠均给予高脂饲料以复制AS模型。造模后,各给药组小鼠均灌胃相应药物,空白组和模型组小鼠均灌胃等容生理盐水,每天1次,连续12周。末次给药后,采用分光光度法检测各组小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平,采用硝酸酶还原法检测血清一氧化氮(NO)水平;采用酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清白细胞介素6(IL-6)、血管细胞黏附分子1(VCAM-1)水平;分离胸主动脉,以苏木精-伊红染色,观察各组小鼠胸主动脉斑块形成情况,并计算校正斑块面积;采用蛋白质印迹法检测各组小鼠胸主动脉组织中核因子κB(NF-κB)p65、小窝蛋白1(Cav-1)、一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)蛋白的表达情况。结果:与空白组比较,模型组小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C、IL-6、VCAM-1水平均显著升高,HDL-C、NO水平均显著下降(P<0.01);胸主动脉斑块明显,校正斑块面积显著增大(P<0.01),该组织中NF-κB p65、Cav-1蛋白的相对表达量均显著升高,eNOS蛋白的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,各给药组小鼠血清TC、TG、LDL-C水平以及辛伐他汀组和调脾护心方高剂量组小鼠血清IL-6、VCAM-1水平均显著下降,各给药组小鼠血清HDL-C、NO水平均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);各给药组小鼠胸主动脉斑块减少,校正斑块面积均显著缩小(P<0.05或P<0.01),该组织中NF-κB p65、Cav-1蛋白的相对表达量均显著下降,eNOS蛋白的相对表达量均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:调脾护心方可调节血脂水平、降低炎症因子水平、抑制AS斑块的形成,其机制可能与其抑制Cav-1/NF-κB通路有关。     

青蒿素对ApoE-/-基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的探讨青蒿素对ApoE-/-基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化以及炎症因子的影响。方法将20只ApoE-/-基因敲除小鼠分为青蒿素组和PBS处理组,每组10只,经高脂喂养8周,与对照组小鼠(C57BL/6J标准饮食小鼠,10只)比较,通过血管大体油红O染色评价斑块面积;HE染色观察病变形态及血浆中炎症因子的变化。结果与对照组比较,PBS处理组及青蒿素组均可见动脉硬化斑块,炎症因子水平升高。青蒿素组的动脉硬化程度及炎症因子水平均明显低于PBS处理组。结论青蒿素可以改善ApoE-/-基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化进展。     

自发性高血压大鼠颈动脉中膜基质金属蛋白酶-9和基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-2的表达及替米沙坦的干预作用

目的:观察自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)颈动脉基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)和基质金属蛋白酶抑制剂-2(TIMP-2)的表达,并探讨替米沙坦对其的干预作用.方法:30只雄性12周龄的SHR随机分为3组:高血压组(SHR)、替米沙坦低剂量组(TelL)、替米沙坦高剂量组(TelH),并设同周龄雄性的WKY大鼠为对照组(WKY,n=10).干预18周,观察各组大鼠SBP、颈动脉中膜胶原面积百分比.用免疫组化评估MMP-9和,TIMP-2在颈动脉中膜的表达水平.结果:两周后TelH组SBP明显低于SHR组(P<0.01),其降压作用持续至实验结束,而TelL组SBP与SHR组无统计学差异(P>0.05).SHR组中膜胶原面积百分比明显高于WKY组(P<0.01),TelH、TelL组的中膜胶原面积百分比低于SHR组(P<0.05).SHR组中膜MMP-9的吸光度值(IOD)明显低于WKY组(P<0.01).TelH、TelL组中膜MMP-9的IOD值高于SHR组(P<0.05).SHR组中膜TIMP-2的IOD值明显高于WKY组(P<0.01),TelH、TelL组中膜TIMP-2的IOD值低于SHR组(P<0.05).结论:SHR颈动脉中膜MMP-9表达减少,TIMP-2表达增多,替米沙坦能通过降压及上调MMP-9、下调TIMP-2的表达,从而减轻颈动脉的纤维化.     

气血并治方有效组分对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化不稳定斑块的干预作用

目的探讨气血并治方水提取物有效组分(CWQB)配伍对载脂蛋E基因敲除(ApoE-)小鼠晚期动脉粥样硬化不稳定斑块的干预作用及其可能的作用机制。方法6周龄ApoE-小鼠,给予高脂饲料,随机分为模型组、辛伐他汀2.5mg·kg-1组、CWQB 72和360mg·kg-1组。从24周龄起灌胃给药,每日1次,连续12周。同时取同龄C57BL/6小鼠作为正常对照。36周龄时麻醉处死,检测血脂水平和主动脉病理变化,免疫组织化学及计算机图像处理系统分析主动脉斑块中巨噬细胞内CD68的表达和平滑肌细胞内α-肌动蛋白的表达。结果CWQB及辛伐他汀均能降低小鼠的血脂水平,降低其胆固醇含量,升高高密度脂蛋白水平。CWQB大剂量组和辛伐他汀组可见主动脉斑块纤维帽厚度增加,斑块面积和管腔面积的比值下降;斑块中平滑肌细胞内α-肌动蛋白表达增加,巨噬细胞内CD68表达减少。结论CWQB具有一定的消减和稳定主动脉斑块的作用,其机制可能与其降低血脂水平、减少斑块内巨噬细胞浸润和增加血管平滑肌细胞数量有关。     

NFATc1与OX40-OX40L在ApoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化中的表达及意义

目的 探讨活化T细胞核因子c1(NFATc1)与OX40-OX40配体(OX40L)在载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化(AS)中的表达及意义.方法 选取16只ApoE-/-小鼠作为手术组,应用颈动脉硅胶圈植入法快速制作斑块模型;另选16只C57BL/6J小鼠作为对照组.免疫组化检测颈动脉粥样斑块中NFATc1表达,RT-PCR和流式细胞术分别检测淋巴细胞NFATc1、OX40及OX40L mRNA和蛋白表达.结果 NFATc1在手术组颈动脉斑块中显著表达,而在对照组中不表达;手术组NFATc1、OX40、OX40L mRNA和蛋白表达均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);ApoE-/-小鼠NFATc1与OX40、OX40L表达均呈正相关(r分别为0.938、0.964,P＜0.01).结论 NFATc1与OX40-OX40L在AS发生发展中发挥着重要作用,NFATc1可能是受OX40-OX40L调控的下游分子.     

有氧运动对ApoE-/-小鼠生物钟基因Cry1表达的影响及其抗动脉粥样硬化机制

目的观察有氧运动对ApoE-/-小鼠主动脉生物钟基因Cry1表达的影响并探讨其发挥抗动脉粥样硬化作用的机制。方法研究实施时间:2022年3月至2022年11月。22只8周龄雄性ApoE-/-小鼠随机分成模型组(11只)和运动组(11只), 运动组进行12周的跑台运动, 每2周对小鼠称重并记录体质量变化情况。比色法测定血清中三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的浓度;酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清中白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的浓度;组织化学染色法观察主动脉组织斑块形成及脂质沉积程度;real-time PCR和免疫组织化学染色检测主动脉管壁Cry1基因表达情况。采用独立样本t检验或单因素方差分析。结果与模型组相比, 运动组小鼠的体质量降低(P<0.01), 血清LDL-C、TC、TG、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α含量下降(均P<0.01), HDL-C含量升高(P<0.01), 主动脉斑块面积及脂质沉积情况减轻(均P<0.01), 主动脉组织中Cry1...     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Penetration and action of edoxudine in vitro and in vivo

The penetration of 5-ethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (edoxudine, Aedurid) from gel base with and without the addition of urea and other adjuvant has been studied in an in vitro model using guinea pig skin. The formulation of 3% edoxudine gel with 5% urea showed the best results. In vivo experiments on hairless mice infected intracutaneously with herpes simplex virus type 1 also showed this formulation's good efficacy as compared to other formulations.     

Mechanisms of antiplatelet and antithrombotic activity of midazolam in in vitro and in vivo studies

Dopamine regulates various physiological functions in the central nervous system and the periphery. Dysfunction of the dopamine system is implicated in a wide variety of disorders and behaviors including schizophrenia, addiction, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Medications that modulate dopamine signaling have therapeutic efficacy on the treatment of these disorders. However, the causes of these disorders and the role of dopamine are still unclear. Studying the dopamine system in a model organism, such as Caenorhabditis elegans, allows the genetic analysis in a simple and well-described nervous system, which may provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of dopamine signaling. In this review, we summarize recent findings on pharmacological and biochemical properties of the C. elegans dopamine receptors and their physiological role in the control of behavior.     

Extraction and determination of prednisolone in drugs and excipients in ointments and creams and the uniformity of distribution in prednisolone ointment

For the purpose of measuring the contents of prednisolone in low concentrated ointments and creams an instruction was elaborated that includes several steps of extraction, in the resulting solution of which the assay of the steroid by Blue Tetrazolium reaction will be done. The procedure permits the determination of prednisolone in presence of most of usual ingredients of ointment bases except wool alcohols. Also no influence is given by some remedies combined with prednisolone for topical application except coal tar solution. The results confirm a correct reflection of the steroid contents declared respectively the recovery of the steroid added to various ointment bases. Introducing discussion to content uniformity concerning low concentrated ointments is made, and some deviations are shown.     

Comparative in vivo and in vitro studies of phenytoin protein binding and in vitro lipolysis in plasma of pregnant and nonpregnant rats

This investigation was designed to determine the cause of the changes in drug protein binding that occur in rat plasma, particularly in plasma from pregnant animals, during in vitro drug-protein binding measurements. In vivo estimates of phenytoin binding in plasma were obtained from steady-state CSF-plasma concentration ratios in pregnant and nonpregnant rats. Immediate ultrafiltration of heparin- or EDTA-anticoagulated plasma yielded phenytoin free fraction values that were in good agreement with in vivo estimates for nonpregnant rats but that were about one-third higher than in vivo estimates for pregnant animals. In vitro free fraction values tended to increase during incubation of plasma and/or during equilibrium dialysis. The concentrations of the four major endogenous free fatty acids were similar in plasma of pregnant and nonpregnant rats if determined immediately after blood collection. Six hours of incubation at 37 degrees C caused fatty acid concentrations to increase about fivefold and twofold in heparin-anticoagulated plasma from pregnant and nonpregnant animals, respectively. The corresponding increases in EDTA-anticoagulated plasma were only about twofold and 1.14-fold, respectively. These changes were associated with decreased plasma protein binding of phenytoin. The in vivo differences between pregnant and nonpregnant rats with respect to phenytoin binding in plasma are not due to differences in fatty acid concentrations, but the in vitro differences are due primarily to corresponding differences in free fatty acid concentrations if extensive in vitro lipolysis occurs.     

Mathematical modelling of in situ and in vitro efflux of ciprofloxacin and grepafloxacin

The efflux process due to p-glycoprotein-like mechanisms of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and grepafloxacin (GRX) has been studied "in situ" in rats and "in vitro" in Caco-2 cells. The results were modelled by a curve fitting procedure which allowed the characterization of the passive (Pd) and carrier mediated parameters (Vm and Km) from the raw data without initial velocities estimation. CIP absorption in rat was characterized as a passive diffusion at the assayed concentrations. Although the involvement of an efflux transporter cannot be ruled out, its relevance in the transport of the fluoroquinolone is negligible. In GRX absorption, an efflux process is implicated and it is detected in both absorption models. GRX permeability depends on the intestinal segment, reflecting the previously reported different expression level of the efflux transporters along the gut in rat. A first attempt to correlate the "in vitro" and the "in situ" data has been done. The mathematical model has been constructed using very simplistic assumptions and it will require further refinement but, nevertheless, the results are promising and demonstrate that a good modelling approach helps to identify the system critical parameters and how the system behaviour change when the parameters are modified as it happens when we move from the "in vitro" to the "in situ" level. Predicted versus experimental permeability values show a good correlation, demonstrating that the relevance of the secretion process "in situ" in rat can be predicted from the "in vitro" cell results.     

Comparison of in vitro and in vivo developmental toxicity and pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in the rat

The rat whole embryo culture was compared to an in vivo experiment with regard to embryotoxicity as well as exposure characteristics, using phenytoin as a model compound. Intra-embryonic concentrations and their embryotoxic effects were determined on gestation day 11 after in vitro administration of 50-150 microg/ml or in vivo gavage of 500-1500 mg/kg body-weight on gestation day 10. In addition, exposure kinetics were studied in vivo after a single oral dose on gestation day 10, and developmental defects on gestation day 21 were scored. The embryotoxic effects observed on gestation day 11 were more pronounced after in vitro exposure in comparison to in vivo exposure at similar intra-embryonic concentrations. Exposure of phenytoin on gestation day 10 in vitro via the culture medium resulted in general embryotoxicity on gestation day 11, whereas in vivo effects as determined on gestation day 11 were minimal. Plasma concentrations of phenytoin increased and plateaued around 35 microg/ml during the 48 hr monitoring period. Plasma concentration curves and pharmacokinetic parameters did not show remarkable differences between the dose groups, indicating that absorption is the limiting factor at the dose range used. Although the developmental effects were minimal as observed in vivo on gestation day 11, specific malformations (defects encompassing the urogenital. craniofacial and skeletal systems) were observed on gestation day 21. These findings show that with similar intra-embryonic concentrations of phenytoin the embryotoxicity in rat whole embryo culture was not comparable with the in vivo embryotoxicity as determined on gestation day 11. This discrepancy may at least partly be explained by differences in exposure characteristics.     

Comparison of pulmonary and hepatic glucuronidation and sulphation of ethanol in rat and rabbit in vitro

1. Pulmonary and hepatic UDP-glucuronyltransferase and sulphotransferase activities in subcellular fractions from rats and rabbits were determined, comparing ethanol with known substrates for these enzymes.

2. No ethyl glucuronide formation was detected with either hepatic or pulmonary microsomal incubations.

3. Chromatographic, autoradiographic and scintillation counting analysis indicated that ethanol is sulphated by rat and rabbit pulmonary cytosol, although this activity was approx. 2–6% of that in liver.

4. Rat hepatic and pulmonary sulphotransferase activities with β-naphthol were approx. 13 and 60 times higher than with ethanol, respectively.

5. Rabbit hepatic and pulmonary sulphotransferase activities with both substrates were higher than those in rat.