昆虫抗药性机制研究进展

长期以来 ,喷洒杀虫剂是人们控制虫媒病的主要方法。随着杀虫剂的广泛使用 ,昆虫对杀虫剂的抗药性也日益普遍 ,已引起人们越来越多的重视。本文综述近年来昆虫抗药性机制的研究进展     

昆虫抗药性机制研究进展

长期以来，喷洒杀虫剂是人们控制虫媒病的主要方法。随着杀虫剂的广泛使用，昆虫对杀虫剂的抗药性也日益普遍，已引起人们越来越多的重视。本文综述近年来昆虫抗药性机制的研究进展。     

蚊乙酰胆碱酯酶基因突变与抗药性

媒介昆虫的抗药性主要有两种分子机制即基因突变和基因扩增。其中基因突变与抗药性有着密切的关系。蚊对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性的产生可能是由于突触部位的乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂不敏感造成的。这种不敏感性的产生是编码乙酰胆碱酯酶的基因Ace发生突变,从而导致氨基酸替代,这种变化也改变了酶对底物以及杀虫剂的催化活性。     

武进县蚊虫抗药性测定结果初步分析

防治农业害虫长期广泛使用化学杀虫剂,蚊虫对一些杀虫剂产生了不同程度的抗药性,国内外均有报告.为了解武进县蚊虫抗药性现状,对今后蚊虫化学防制提供科学依据,我们于1992年7月下旬在本县开展了中华按蚊成蚊、三带喙库蚊幼虫、淡色库蚊幼虫对常用5种化学杀虫剂的敏感性测定.     

蚊乙酰胆碱酯酶基因突变与抗药性

媒介昆虫的抗药性主要有两种分子机制即基因突变和基因扩增，其中基因突变与抗药性有着密切的关系。蚊对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的抗性的产生可能是由于突触部位的乙酰胆碱酯酶对杀虫剂不敏感造成的，这种不敏感性的产生是编码乙酰胆碱酯酶的基因Ａｃｅ发生突变，从而导致氨基酸替代，这种变化也改变了酶对底物以及杀虫剂的催化活性。     

媒介蚊虫生物杀虫剂杀虫机制及效果研究进展

蚊虫不仅骚扰人类,还能传播多种疾病,严重威胁人类健康。以疟疾、登革热为代表的蚊媒疾病的传播和流行迫使人们更加重视蚊媒防制。大量化学杀虫剂的使用导致蚊虫抗药性问题日益严重,生物防治技术能够避免抗药性产生,且不会对生态环境造成破坏,具有良好的应用前景。本文就细菌类、真菌类、病毒类等媒介蚊虫生物杀虫剂的杀虫机制以及杀虫效果进行综述。     

蚊虫抗药性检测方法研究进展

目前产生抗药性的蚊种达 10 9种之多 ,而且蚊虫产生抗性的杀虫剂种类不断增多 ,抗性地区不断扩大 ,抗性增长的速率也迅速提高 ,成为蚊虫防治的突出问题 [1 ]。抗药性检测是预防抗性发生和发展的前提 ,是抗性治理工作的基础。长期以来 ,蚊虫抗药性检测一直采用传统的生物检测法 ,但在实践中越来越显示出其局限性。近年来 ,随着新的研究技术应用于蚊虫抗药性领域 ,相继出现了多种新的抗药性检测方法。1　生物检测法生物检测法是从现场采集蚊虫 ,饲养繁殖一代 ,给予幼虫或成虫不同浓度 (剂量 )的杀虫剂 ,根据死亡率 (转换成机率值 )和浓度 (剂…     

传疟按蚊抗药性研究进展

我国卫生部于2010年5月印发《中国消除疟疾行动计划（2010-2020年）》,提出在2020年,将全面彻底消除疟疾.控制及消除疟疾的关键在于传播媒介的控制,而按蚊为疟疾主要传播媒介,传疟媒介对杀虫剂的抗药性直接导致了疟疾发病的死灰复燃.为了全面了解疟疾蚊媒的抗药性现状和产生机制,该文对国内外传疟按蚊抗药性现状、产生机制和检测方法进行综述.     

蚊虫病原真菌研究进展

蚊虫为疟原虫、丝虫及多种虫媒病毒的媒介。由蚊虫传播的疾病严重威胁着人类的健康。传统的化学杀虫剂,由于其高效的杀虫性能,一直是世界范围内防制蚊媒疾病的重要手段,曾使得蚊媒疾病的控制取得了意想不到的效果。然而,化学杀虫剂长期、大量的使用带来了严重的后果：环境污染、害虫抗药性上升、杀伤天敌、破坏生态平衡等。因此,人们开始寻找更加科学有效的化学杀虫剂的替代品,生物防制重新受到重视。该文对近年来研究较多的真菌杀虫剂,从其灭蚊能力、灭蚊机制及外界条件的影响等方面作一综述。     

淡色库蚊对常用杀虫剂长期选育的抗性水平及交互抗性

目的了解淡色库蚊对3种常用化学杀虫剂长期选育的抗性状况及5种杀虫剂的交互抗性,为合理有效地进行蚊虫化学防治提供依据。方法采用WHO生物测定方法,测定淡色库蚊对3种杀虫剂长期选育的抗性水平。结果经过42代选育,淡色库蚊对敌敌畏（DDVP）、残杀威和氯氰菊酯的抗性指数分别最高达12．17、11．78和534．31倍。结论经过长期选育,发现淡色库蚊对3种常用化学杀虫剂均产生不同程度的抗药性及交互抗性,提示应采取适当措施克服或延缓蚊虫抗药性的产生和发展。     

微小按蚊抗药性的历史及现状

微小按蚊是我国疟疾传播的主要媒介,为控制疟疾的流行,人们研制并使用了大量的杀虫剂.与此同时,蚊虫也对杀虫剂产生了抗药性.目前,蚊虫的抗药性问题已成为世界性难题,该文从微小按蚊抗性发展、影响蚊虫抗性的遗传基因两方面作了综述,以期为微小按蚊控制提供基础资料.     

安徽淮南中华按蚊溴氰菊酯抗药性和P450单加氧酶活性随蚊龄变化的研究

目的 目的 研究蚊龄对安徽淮南中华按蚊溴氰菊酯抗性和P450单加氧酶活性的影响以及其抗性产生的分子机制。方法 方法 在安徽省淮南市现场采集中华按蚊幼虫, 饲养羽化, 分别在雌蚊羽化后1、 3、 6、 9、 12、 15 d和20 d时, 测定其抗药性和P450单加氧酶活性, 并以实验室敏感蚊作为对照组, 比较二者抗药性和P450单加氧酶活性。结果 结果 随蚊龄增长, 安徽中华按蚊溴氰菊酯抗性和P450单加氧酶活性曲线均呈不对称倒U形变化。1 d龄时, 抗性和P450单加氧酶活性较低; 其后迅速增加, 至3～9 d时达到顶峰, 进入平台期; 随后, 抗性和P450单加氧酶活性均逐渐降低。3～12 d龄蚊虫P450单加氧酶活性高于敏感蚊, 15 d与20 d龄蚊虫与敏感蚊类似, 1 d龄蚊虫则低于敏感蚊。 结论 结论 蚊龄是蚊虫抗性和酶活性检测的混杂因素。P450单加氧酶活性增强可能是当地中华按蚊溴氰菊酯抗性产生的原因之一。采用蚊龄不一致的现场蚊作为测试对象可能会低估其抗性水平, 误导杀虫剂的使用。     

江苏省消除疟疾阶段媒介监测结果分析

目的 分析江苏省消除疟疾阶段媒介监测结果,为输入性疟疾在本地传播的风险评估和消除疟疾后监测提供科学依据。方法 2011-2017年每年6-10月,在江苏省媒介按蚊监测点采用半通宵人饵诱捕法、室外全通宵诱蚊灯法诱捕按蚊,进行按蚊种群和密度监测;采用WHO推荐的强迫接触筒法进行杀虫剂抗性监测。结果 2011-2017年,在江苏省7个媒介按蚊监测点采用半通宵人饵诱捕法共捕获中华按蚊5 106只,年均叮人率分别为1.075、0.786、1.057、0.787、0.790、1.797只/（人·h）和1.185只/（人·h）;采用室外全通宵诱蚊灯法共捕获中华按蚊28 186只,年均灯诱密度分别为57.950、50.932、14.800、4.405、58.070、72.406只/（灯·夜）和17.145只/（灯·夜）。2012年中华按蚊对溴氰菊酯、DDT和马拉硫磷的敏感性、抗性指数均为R级。结论 江苏省传疟媒介主要为中华按蚊,未发现嗜人按蚊;部分疟疾流行区中华按蚊已对溴氰菊酯、DDT和马拉硫磷产生高度抗性。     

Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) across different climatic zones of Iran

Malaria is a main vector-borne public health problem in Iran. The last studies on Iranian mosquitoes show 31 Anopheles species including different sibling species and genotypes, eight of them are reported to play role in malaria transmission. The objective of this study is to provide a reference for malaria vectors of Iran and to map their spatial and temporal distribution in different climatic zones. Shape files of administrative boundaries and climates of Iran were provided by National Cartographic Center. Data on distribution and seasonal activity of malaria vectors were obtained from different sources and a databank in district level was created in Excel 2003, inserted to the shape files and analyzed by ArcGIS 9.2 to provide the maps. Anopheles culicifacies Giles s.l., Anopheles dthali Patton, Anopheles fluviatilis James s.l., Anopheles maculipennis Meigen s.l., Anopheles sacharovi Favre, Anopheles stephensi Liston, and Anopheles superpictus Grassi have been introduced as primary and secondary malaria vectors and Anopheles pulcherrimus Theobald as a suspected vector in Iran. Temporal distribution of anopheline mosquitoes is restricted to April-December in northern Iran, however mosquitoes can be found during the year in southern region. Spatial distribution of malaria vectors is different based on species, thus six of them (except for Anopheles maculipennis s.l. and Anopheles sacharovi) are reported from endemic malarious area in southern and southeastern areas of Iran. The climate of this part is usually warm and humid, which makes it favorable for mosquito rearing and malaria transmission. Correlation between climate conditions and vector distribution can help to predict the potential range of activity for each species and preparedness for malaria epidemics.     

Biolarvicides in vector control: challenges and prospects

Biolarvicides, based on mosquitocidal toxins of certain strains of Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis var israelensis H-14 (Bti) are highly effective against mosquito larvae at very low doses and safe to other non-target organisms. During past two decades various biolarvicide formulations produced in India and abroad have been tested at Malaria Research Centre and some formulations have undergone large-scale operational trials. Biolarvicide formulations of B. sphaericus are useful in the control of Culex and certain Anopheles spp, such as An. stephensi and An. subpictus, but not much effective against An. culicifacies and almost ineffective against Aedes aegypti. Repeated application of B. sphaericus in the same habitat, however, results in the development of resistance in larvae of target mosquitoes. In view of its low specificity for An. culicifacies and the potential for resistance in An. stephensi, B. sphaericus has limited prospects for control of malaria vectors. However, with some resistance management, B. sphaericus can still be used against Culex mosquitoes. On the other hand Bti formulations, which have broader spectrum of activity against Aedes, Culex and Anopheles spp, have not shown significant development of resistance in mosquitoes but their activity in field, particularly against surface feeding anopheline larvae is affected by various bioenvironmental factors, thus requiring weekly application in most habitats. To overcome this problem development of slow release formulations and genetically engineered biolarvicides by transplanting mosquitocidal toxin genes of Bti and B. sphaericus in some other environmentally compatible organisms have been investigated by different scientists.     

高通量测序技术在按蚊共生微生物研究中的应用

按蚊是疟疾的传播媒介,又称疟蚊。在按蚊体内,尤其是肠道内定殖着大量的共生微生物。共生微生物直接或间接地影响蚊虫的营养、发育、繁殖和免疫等重要生理活动。研究表明,肠道共生菌还能影响疟原虫的入侵、发育和传播。按蚊对常用杀虫剂逐渐产生抗性,疟原虫也对抗疟药产生了抗药性,严重阻碍了消除疟疾进程,迫切需要新的疟疾传播阻断战略。利用共生微生物控制和阻断疟疾传播是有潜力的方法之一,因此研究按蚊的共生微生物组成对理解按蚊、共生微生物以及病原体三者间的互作关系,识别用于防控疟疾的候选细菌有重要意义。高通量测序技术的应用有效克服了传统方法的局限性,极大地提高了对按蚊共生微生物多样性的认识。本文将从高通量测序技术在按蚊共生微生物组成、多样性和影响因素及其在疟疾防控中的应用进展进行综述。     

Resistance status of main malaria vector,Liston (Diptera:Culicidae) to insecticides in a malaria Endemic Area,Southern Iran

Objective: To evaluate the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi(An. stephensi) Liston, the main malaria vector in southern Iran, to WHO recommended insecticides. Methods: Larvae of An. stephensi were collected from three different larval habitats in both urban and rural area of Bandar Abbas city and one rural area in Rudan county southern Iran. WHO standard method was used for evaluation of adult and larval mosquito susceptibility. Bendiocarb, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin as insecticide and temephos and chlorpyriphos as larvicide were used at the diagnostic dosages recommended by WHO. Results: Findings of this study showed all larval populations of An. stephensi were completely susceptible to temephos and candidate for resistance to chlorpyriphos. Adult mosquitoes in rural areas of Bandar Abbas city were resistant to pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides. Conclusion: Comparison of the results of this survey with previous studies indicates that the resistance to pyrethroids and carbamates in this malaria endemic region is increasing. Wide use of pesticides in agriculture is certainly effective in increasing resistance. The inter-sectoral coordination and collaboration in health and agriculture seem to be necessary to manage insecticide resistance in malaria vectors.     

Insecticide resistance status and biochemical mechanisms involved in Aedes mosquitoes: A scoping review

Mosquitoes belonging to the genus Aedes pose a significant threat to human health on a global scenario due to their role in transmission of dengue, chikungunya, zika, and yellow fever. In absence of specific medications and vaccines against these diseases, disease prevention relies on vector control. However, in today's world, vector control is facing major challenges due to the onset of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. There are four main mechanisms of insecticide resistance, namely, behavioral resistance, reduced penetration/cuticular resistance, metabolic detoxification, and target site resistance; however, the latter two mechanisms have been studied widely in Aedes mosquitoes. Insecticide resistance in Aedes mosquitoes is widespread throughout the world. This review compiles the degree of insecticide resistance/susceptibility prevailing among different field populations of Aedes mosquitoes worldwide. In addition, the review has detailed the mechanisms providing the resistance phenomenon observed in nature in Aedes mosquitoes.     

套式PCR检测蚊体内疟原虫的研究

目的建立一种敏感、特异而快速的检测蚊体内疟原虫的方法。方法采用套式PCR方法,对人工感染间日疟原虫的嗜人按蚊、感染恶性疟和混合感染间日疟与恶性疟的大劣按蚊以及流行季节现场捕获的中华按蚊体内的疟原虫进行检测。结果28批人工感染间日疟原虫的嗜人按蚊、2批人工感染恶性疟的大劣按蚊和1批混合感染间日疟与恶性疟的大劣按蚊的检测结果与镜检结果符合率为100%;589只现场捕获的中华按蚊中,发现间日疟原虫阳性2只,阳性率为0.34%。结论本方法能快速而敏感地检出蚊体内不同种疟原虫。