三种口腔修复支架材料调磨后不同抛光方法对其表面粗糙度的影响

目的：研究钴铬合金、高钻铬钼合金（Vitallium2000合金）和纯钛三种支架材料调磨后不同的抛光方法对其粗糙度的影响,为临床选择合适的抛光方法提供参考。方法：将三种金属铸件常规抛光,每种金属均匀调磨后按不同处理方式随机分成四组,用粗糙度测试仪测量各组的粗糙度值并进行统计学分析,电子显微镜观察铸件表面形貌。结果：相同的材料,随着抛光程序的增加,其表面粗糙度值除钴铬合金和Vitallium2000中使用抛光机布轮加抛光液组和使用绒轮加抛光膏组结果差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）外,其它组均明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;相同的抛光方法,纯钛组所测得的粗糙度值比钻铬,VitaUium2000合金组大,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。钴铬和Vitallium2000组每组间两两比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。显微镜下观察其表面形貌与上述粗糙度值相一致。结论：临床钴铬合金和Vitallium2000合金金属支架在试戴调磨后可使用金刚砂橡皮轮＋绒轮蘸抛光膏抛光即可达到良好的抛光效果,而纯钛需在上述抛光基础上继续增加抛光机布轮抛光液抛光;使用相同的抛光方法,纯钛的抛光效果比其它两种材料稍差,提示了临床上针对纯钛铸件的抛光应仔细、认真。     

不同抛光方法对纯钛铸件表面耐腐蚀性影响的研究

目的：评价不同抛光方法对纯钛铸件表面耐腐蚀性的影响。方法：制作纯钛试件30个,随机分为机械抛光组、化学抛光组和电解抛光组对其表面进行抛光处理。然后在人工唾液中,运用电化学方法测量试件的自然腐蚀电位（Ecorr）、极化电阻（Rp）、腐蚀电流密度（Icorr）。应用扫描电镜观察试件腐蚀前后表面形貌的变化。结果：在人工唾液中,三组之间Ecorr、Rp和Icorr的比较分别有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,两两比较显示三组之间均有差异。结论：铸造纯钛试件表面的耐腐蚀性为电解抛光组〉化学抛光组〉机械抛光组。     

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目的    比较机械抛光、化学抛光和电解抛光对纯钛铸件表面耐腐蚀性的影响。方法    2008年11月至2009年3月于哈尔滨工业大学理学院实验室将30个钛铸件随机分为机械抛光组、化学抛光组和电解抛光组,每组10个。机械抛光组：在金相试样抛光机上抛光;化学抛光组：置于化学抛光液中抛光;电解抛光组：进行电解抛光处理。然后在人工唾液中,运用电化学方法测量试件的自腐蚀电位（Ecor）、极化电阻（Rp）、自腐蚀电流密度（Icorr）。应用扫描电镜观察试件表面腐蚀前后的形态变化。结果    化学抛光组的Ecorr r、Icorr值均高于电解抛光组（P < 0.01）,低于机械抛光组（P < 0.01）;而Rp值则低于电解抛光组（P < 0.01）,高于机械抛光组（P < 0.01）。扫描电镜观察表明, 机械抛光组试件表面有明显的腐蚀痕迹,化学抛光组试件表面有轻微的腐蚀痕迹,电解抛光组试件表面无明显的腐蚀痕迹。结论    应用电解抛光法处理的钛铸件,其表面耐腐蚀性明显提高,本电解抛光液具有临床应用价值。     

不同表面处理对纯钛的耐腐蚀性研究

目的：研究不同表面处理方式对纯钛耐腐蚀性的影响。方法：制作纯钛试件36件,分别进行机械抛光和电解抛光后,浸泡于不同氟浓度(0%、0.05%、0.2%)人工唾液中,(37.0±1.0)℃浸泡4周,测量浸泡前后表面粗糙度并观察表面形貌。结果：浸泡前后电解抛光组表面粗糙度均小于机械抛光组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);浸泡后纯钛表面粗糙度随氟浓度升高而增加。无氟存在时浸泡前后两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),加入氟后均与前组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),电解抛光组与机械抛光组组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。显微镜下观察其表面形貌与粗糙度值结果一致。结论：电解抛光方式的耐腐蚀性优于机械抛光;氟离子对纯钛具有腐蚀性;高氟制品对纯钛的耐腐蚀性影响较大,选用纯钛修复体的患者,建议电解抛光后戴入口内。     

两种抛光方法对纯钛和钴铬合金粗糙度的影响

目的：研究两种抛光方法对纯钛和钴铬合金表面粗糙度的影响。方法：将纯钛和钴铬合金各分为3组,除一个对照组外,其余两组分别进行机械法和化学法抛光。记录试件抛光后的减重率（wt%）,测量表面粗糙度Ra值,并用扫描电镜（SEM）观察试件表面形态变化。结果：同种金属经过不同抛光处理后,减重率和表面粗糙度Ra值都有显著差异（P〈0.01）,且纯钛和钴铬合金分别经过同种抛光处理后,减重率和表面粗糙度也均有显著差异（P〈0.01）。扫描电镜观察表明,化学抛光后钴铬合金表面更加光滑,均匀一致。结论：与纯钛相比,钴铬合金更容易抛光,且化学法比机械法更易于获得良好的金属表面。     

自动研磨对纯钛铸件表面粗糙度的影响

目的　探讨不同自动研磨条件对纯钛铸件表面研磨效果的影响。方法　分别使用４ 种形态的磨粒,在转速分别为２５０ｒｐｍ 、４５０ｒｐｍ 、和６５０ｒｐｍ 条件下, 对１０ ｍ ｍ ×１０ｍ ｍ ×１ ．４ ｍ ｍ 纯钛铸件分别自动研磨１０ｍｉｎ 、３０ｍｉｎ 、６０ ｍｉｎ 和９０ ｍｉｎ , 使用电子天平和表面粗糙度测定仪分别测定各组试件研磨前后的重量和表面粗糙度（ Ｒａ值） , 并计算出研磨减重率（ Ｗｔ％ ） 。结果　随着自动研磨机的转速增高、研磨时间延长, 钛铸件的研磨量增大, Ｒａ 值随之下降。有较锐边角的磨粒研磨效率高, 适用于粗研磨; 不定形磨粒研磨效率稍差, 但表面粗糙度改善效果好, 可用于中研磨; 而球形磨粒适用于最后抛光。自动研磨后纯钛铸件 Ｒａ 值可降至０ ．３１５５μｍ 。结论　自动研磨机可用于纯钛义齿铸件的研磨、抛光。     

口腔纯钛铸件化学抛光效果的研究

目的:通过研究化学抛光对纯钛铸件表面性能的影响评价其抛光效果.方法:制作板状纯钛铸件40个,随机分为对照组、手工研磨组、自动研磨组和化学抛光组4组,每组10个试件,分别测试其表面粗糙度和维氏显微硬度,然后进行单因素方差分析.结果:化学抛光组铸件表面光滑亮泽,达到镜面效果,其表面粗糙度(Ra值)与其它三组相比差异有显著性(P＜0.01);手工研磨组与自动研磨组相比,其表面粗糙度(Ra值)差异无显著性(P＞0.05).对照组铸件的表面硬化层厚度在2μm～75μm间,其余3组表面均无明显硬化层.结论:口腔纯钛铸件的化学抛光效果良好,具有应用价值.     

微弧氧化纯钛表面对MC3 T3-E 1细胞胶原分泌及成骨基因表达的影响

目的：研究微弧氧化纯钛表面对MC3 T3-E 1细胞胶原分泌和成骨相关基因表达的影响。方法：纯钛圆片分为2个组：微弧氧化组（MAO）和抛光组（PT）,培养板表面（TC）作为对照组。用场发射扫描电镜（FESEM）观察试样表面形态,表面粗糙度仪测量其表面粗糙度。将细胞接种于3组材料表面体外培养,培养第12天用粘胶纤维红染色检测细胞胶原分泌,第16天RT-PCR检测细胞成骨相关基因表达。结果：纯钛表面经微弧氧化处理后形成一层多孔氧化层,表面粗糙度增加（P＜0．01）。细胞在MAO组试件表面的胶原分泌高于PT或TC组表面（P＜0．05）。细胞在MAO组试件表面OSX、COL-Iα1及OPN基因的表达均稍高于PT表面。结论：相比于纯钛抛光表面,微弧氧化纯钛表面更能促进MC3 T3-E 1细胞胶原分泌。     

表面粗糙度对铸造纯钛表面细菌粘附影响的临床研究

目的 评价不同表面形态与表面粗糙度在对纯钛在口腔内戴用0．5年后的细菌粘附量与种类的影响。方法 常规制作纯钛铸造试件30个,分为皱纹形和不同粗糙度的平面形共5组。选择6名口腔粘膜健康的无牙颌受试者,在其上颌总义齿基托磨光面和组织面的不同部位粘固试件。戴用义6个月后,检测各组试件粘附细菌的情况。结果 ①患者个体因素对纯钛铸件表面粘附的细菌量明显的影响,但对细菌地染色分类影响不明显。②同一患者,试件表面粗糙度增加,细菌量明显增大（P＜0．01）,但细菌组成无明显变化;皱纹形试件比平面试件滞留的细菌数量多,除G^＋球菌外,还附着G^-球;相同粗糙度的2个试件,放于组织面者滞留的细菌数量比磨光面者明显减少（P＜0．01）,且前者粘附的主要为G ^-球菌和杆菌。结论 从有益牙周组织健康的角度看,制作纯钛修复体时应可能采用平面形钛制修复体,磨改后应重视抛光,尤其是组织面。     

五种抛光方法对玻璃陶瓷表面粗糙度的影响研究#br#

目的    比较临床上5种常用抛光方法对IPS e.max Press玻璃陶瓷调磨后表面粗糙度的影响。方法    选取临床常用修复材料IPS e.max Press玻璃陶瓷制作试件30个,随机分成6组（每组5个试件）,分别为对照组（常规上釉）、砂石组（绿色碳化硅砂石+氧化铝白砂石依次混合打磨抛光）、松风组（松风Ceramaster精细烤瓷砂石抛光）、EVE组（EVE氧化锆砂石抛光）、道邦组（道邦弹性瓷砂石抛光）、3M组（3M Sof-LexTM抛光套装）。常规调磨后按照各自不同的整体抛光打磨方法分别对试件表面依次进行抛光,扫描电镜下观察各组抛光后试件的表面形态,检测各组抛光后试件的表面粗糙度Ra值。结果　扫描电镜下观察可见3M组和道邦组抛光后试件表面较为平整光滑,划痕较少,与对照组类似;而砂石组和松风组试件表面划痕明显并伴有明显的凹坑;EVE组划痕较少且划痕条纹较平整,方向一致,有少许凹痕较对照组明显。各组抛光后试件的表面粗糙度Ra值由小到大顺序排列为：3M组［（0.207 ± 0.016）μm］、对照组［（0.208 ± 0.015）μm］、道邦组［（0.216 ± 0.025）μm］、EVE组［（0.315 ± 0.017）μm］、松风组［（0.375 ± 0.030）μm］、砂石组［（0.379 ± 0.017）μm］;砂石组、松风组、EVE组Ra值均明显大于对照组（均P < 0.05）,而3M组、道邦组与对照组之间的差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论　5种抛光方法均能有效改善玻璃陶瓷表面粗糙度,不同抛光方法对IPS e.max Press玻璃陶瓷的抛光效果有一定的差异,以3M Sof-LexTM抛光套装抛光效果较佳。     

纯钛铸件化学抛光的实验研究

目的:探讨纯钛铸件的化学抛光效果。方法:3组板状铸件(15mm×15 mm×1.4 mm)分别给予以下3种处理:A组铸件喷砂后不做其它处理;B组铸件喷砂后常规手工研磨;C组铸件喷砂后化学抛光。测试B、C两组铸件的减重率(-wt％),各处理组铸件的表面粗糙度(Ra值)和表面氧化膜厚度。结果:肉眼观察经化学抛光的纯钛铸件表面呈镜面状。化学抛光组的减重率高于手工研磨组,Ra值小于手工研磨组(P<0.05)。其表面存在约8μm厚的氧化膜,且均匀一致。结论:纯钛铸件化学抛光效果良好,具有临床推广价值。     

Surface roughness and fatigue performance of commercially pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4V alloy after different polishing protocols

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Surface quality of cast metal is directly related to service performance under fatigue stress. Surface heterogeneities resulting from either finishing or polishing processes or by corrosive agents such as fluoridated solutions, can negatively affect fatigue life. Cast titanium frameworks are difficult to polish, and an accepted polishing protocol has not been established. PURPOSE: This study evaluated and compared surface roughness of cast commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V alloy submitted to conventional or electrolytic polishing, correlating the results with corrosion-fatigue strength testing performed in artificial fluoridated saliva. Specimens were also tested in air at room temperature to evaluate the effectiveness of the corrosion-fatigue test model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For each metal, 40 dumb-bell-shaped rods, 2.3 mm in diameter at the central segment, were cast. Conventional polishing was performed on 20 specimens of each metal following the manufacturer's instructions. A source of continuous electrical current was used for electrolytic polishing of the other 20 specimens of each metal, which were immersed in an electrolytic solution containing 5% fluoridric acid, 35% nitric acid, and 60% distilled water. Surface roughness, Ra (microm), was measured with a profilometer, and fatigue tests were carried out with a universal testing machine using a load 30% lower than the 0.2% offset yield strength. After failure, the fractured surfaces were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Surface roughness means were analyzed with a 2-way analysis of variance and the Tukey multiple comparisons test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Electrolytic polishing (0.24 +/- 0.05 microm) provided significantly (P <.05) lower surface roughness values than conventional polishing (0.32 +/- 0.06 microm). Regardless of the polishing protocol, surface roughness of Ti-6Al-4V alloy (0.25 +/- 0.06 microm) was significantly lower (P <.05) than that of CP Ti (0.31 +/- 0.05 microm), and the fluoridated environment did not influence fatigue performance. There was no correlation between fatigue performance and surface roughness. CONCLUSION: Surface roughness of Ti-6Al-4V was significantly lower than that of CP Ti. For cast titanium frameworks, the electrolytic polishing regimen was found to be more effective than the manufacturer's polishing instructions with abrasives and rotary instruments. After polishing, differences in surface roughness values did not affect corrosion-fatigue performance.     

齿科用超声波研抛仪的研制

目的研制用于研抛钴铬合金铸件的超声波研抛仪。方法 制造超声波发生器和手机式超声振动系统，调试安装成内科用超声疲研抛仪，以白刚玉微粉为磨料，研抛４０片钴铬合金试式件表面粗糙度。结果 研制出超声波研仪，该仪器研抛钴铬合金试件，显著降低其表面粗糙度。结论 新研制的超声波研抛仪能有效研抛钴铬合金铸件，有一定的应用价值。     

Effect of impression material on surface reactive layer when casting pure titanium in phosphate investment.

We evaluated the effect of impression materials used in preparation of pure titanium castings on the surface reactive layer. Surface roughness of the refractory models before and after firing was smaller when silicone rather than agar impression material was used. The surface roughness of castings prepared with T-invest varied little with the impression material. However, the surface roughness of the castings prepared with CD Titaninvest was less when silicone impression material was used. Surface hardness of the castings was slightly greater when agar impression material was used, and metallic texture analysis of the surface of the castings showed a chill layer and a columnar crystal layer extending from the surface toward the interior. A relatively non-corroded white layer and a markedly corroded black layer were observed in the chill layer, and their thickness was smaller when silicone impression material was used. Use of the Electron Probe Micro Analyzer (EPMA) to determine distribution of various elements in the superficial layer of the casting plates showed that the reactive layer contained less P and Si when silicone impression material was used rather than agar. NH4H2 PO4, which is a component of the bonding material in the investment, was present at a high concentration in the superficial layer of the agar impression material. This shows the importance of preparing refractory models with a non-water-absorbing impression material to obtain pure titanium casting plates with a smaller reactive layer.     

Effect of Different Finishing and Polishing Agents on the Surface Roughness of Cast Pure Titanium

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of finishing and polishing agents on surface roughness of cast commercially pure titanium using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A standardized square steel die measuring 10 x 10 mm with a thickness of 2 mm was machine cut. An impression of this die was used to create wax patterns for casting. Sixty specimens were cast in commercially pure titanium. These were divided into three groups (A, B, and C) of 20 specimens each. Group A specimens were polished with black, brown, and green rubber discs followed by green polishing compound with buff. Group B specimens were polished with black, brown, and green rubber cones, buffed with yellow polishing cake designed for gold alloy. Group C specimens were polished with silicium carbide cones and buffed with orange polishing cake. Surface roughness of the test specimens was measured in microns with a perthometer. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) multiple comparison tests among the different groups. Qualitative analysis was done by SEM photomicrographs. RESULTS: Surface roughness values R(a) for Groups A, B, and C were 0.68 microm, 0.78 microm, and 0.27 microm, respectively. SEM photomicrographs and the statistical analysis revealed that the finishing and polishing were better with Group C test specimens with lower surface roughness values compared with groups A and B. Tests showed that Group C was statistically smoother (p< or = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, surface roughness was less on cast CpTi specimens that were finished and polished from the cutters designed specifically for titanium.     

Effect of casting technique on surface roughness and consequent mass loss after polishing of NiCr and CoCr base metal alloys: a comparative study with titanium

Statement of problem

Surface roughness of cast metal frameworks may lead to difficulties in finishing or polishing procedures and weaken the framework.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to assess the surface roughness of 2 base metal alloys, submitted to different casting techniques, to determine the influence of surface roughness on loss of mass after polishing compared to commercially pure titanium castings.

Material and methods

Forty disk-shaped wax patterns (8 × 2 mm) were randomly assigned to 5 groups (n=8): (1) CoCr alloy (Wironit), acetylene-oxygen flame casting (WFC), (2) NiCr alloy (Verabond II), acetylene-oxygen flame casting (VFC), (3) CoCr alloy, vacuum casting (WVC), (4) NiCr alloy, vacuum casting (VVC), and (5) commercially pure Ti alloy (Ti) melted by electric arc in argon gas atmosphere. WFC and VFC served as controls. Both NiCr and CoCr alloys were invested in phosphate-bonded investment (Termocast). Ti was invested in ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (Rematitam Plus). The wax patterns and casting techniques were standardized. All specimens were cleaned with airborne-particle abrasion (aluminum oxide). Surface roughness (Ra) was assessed using a surface-test analyzer at 3 different sites. To evaluate the loss of mass, the specimens were weighed on a precision balance, then polished with 150-600 grain sandpaper until clinically acceptable (minimum roughness of 0.09 μm). The specimens were then reweighed. A 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey HSD test (α=.05) were performed.

Results

Statistical analysis showed that VVC and WVC had significantly (P=.0050; P=.0057) smoother surfaces (2.43 ± 0.53 and 2.23 ± 0.49, respectively) than VFC and WFC (2.99 ± 0.44 and 2.83 ± 0.61, respectively), but were not significantly different from Ti (2.49 ± 0.62). The loss of mass (in %) was not significantly different for any group (3.18 ± 0.72, 3.14 ± 0.93, 3.36 ± 1.05%, and 4.14 ± 1.28% for VVC, WVC, VFC, and WFC, respectively). The mass loss of Ti was 4.32 ± 1.16.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, the base metal alloys submitted to vacuum casting showed decreased surface roughness, similar to that of titanium, compared to base metal alloys submitted to acetylene-oxygen flame casting. There were no significant differences in loss of mass after polishing for all tested specimens.