目标导向液体治疗对肾移植术后早期功能恢复及并发症的影响

目的 探讨目标导向液体治疗对肾移植术后早期功能恢复及并发症的影响。
方法 选取肾移植患者100例,男67例,女33例,年龄18～65岁,ASA Ⅲ或Ⅳ级,将患者随机分为两组：目标导向液体治疗组（G组）和传统液体治疗组（C组）,每组50例。G组根据目标导向液体治疗原则调整补液速度使每搏变异度（SVV）＜13%,心脏指数（CI）＞2.5 L·min^-1·m^-2,MAP＞80 mmHg。C组术中调整补液速度以维持CVP 8～12 mmHg,MAP＞80 mmHg。记录术中补液量、尿量及术后第1天、第2天尿量。于麻醉后10 min（T0）、移植肾动脉开放后10 min（T1）、术毕即刻（T2）抽取动脉血,测定氧合指数、乳酸和血钾浓度。计算术前、术后1、2、3、4、5、6、7、14 d和术后1、3、6个月的肌酐清除率。记录术后心脑血管并发症、肺部并发症、早期急性排斥反应、移植肾功能恢复延迟等并发症的发生情况。
结果 G组术中补液量、尿量、术后第1天尿量明显多于C组（P＜0.05）。T2时G组血钾浓度明显低于C组（P＜0.05）。两组不同时点氧合指数和乳酸浓度差异无统计学意义。术后30、90 d G组肌酐清除率明显高于C组（P＜0.05）,其余时点两组肌酐清除率差异无统计学意义。两组术后并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。
结论 与传统液体治疗比较,目标导向液体治疗能改善移植肾早期灌注,加快肾功能恢复。     

目标导向液体治疗对腹腔热灌注化疗患者机体氧供需平衡及组织灌注的影响

目的探讨目标导向液体治疗(goal-directed fluid therapy,GDFT)对腹膜癌行腹腔热灌注化疗术患者围术期机体氧供需平衡及组织灌注的影响。方法选择择期全麻下行腹膜癌热灌注化疗的患者80例,男61例,女19例,年龄30~60岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,随机分为常规液体治疗组(C组)和每搏变异度(SVV)为导向液体治疗组(S组),每组40例。术中应用FloTrac/Vigile系统连续监测血流动力学,记录入手术室后(T0)、气管插管后5 min(T_1)、腹腔热灌注化疗开始前(T_2),热灌注化疗30min(T_3)、热灌注化疗60min(即热灌注结束时,T_4)、热灌注化疗结束后30min(T_5)、手术结束时(T_6)的MAP、HR、CVP、CI、PaO_2、SaO_2、PvO_2、ScvO_2和Lac。根据公式计算氧供(DO2I)及氧耗指数(VO2I)。结果 S组患者输液总量,晶体液量及尿量明显低于C组患者,但胶体液量明显高于C组(P0.05)。与T_1时比较,T_3、T_4时两组患者MAP明显降低,T_4时C组HR明显增快、CI明显降低,T_3~T_6时C组和T_3~T_5时S组CVP明显升高(P0.05);T_3~T_5时S组患者MAP及CI明显高于C组,HR明显慢于C组(P0.05)。与T_1时比较,T_4、T_5时C组DO2I明显降低,T_3~T_6时C组VO_2I,O_2ER及Lac水平明显升高,ScvO_2明显降低(P0.05);与T_1时比较,T_4~T_6时S组VO2I明显升高(P0.05),T_3、T_4时ScvO_2明显降低(P0.05);T_4、T_5时S组DO_2I明显高于C组,T_3~T_6时S组VO2I,O_2ER及Lac水平明显低于C组,ScvO2明显高于C组(P0.05)。结论每搏变异度为导向液体治疗能够有效维持血流动力学稳定,增加机体氧供,降低氧耗,保证组织微循环灌注。     

目标导向液体治疗下晶体液与胶体液输注对肝切除术患者组织灌注和术后恢复的影响

目的比较目标导向液体治疗下晶体液与胶体液在择期肝切除术中的应用价值。方法选择择期全麻下行肝切除术患者70例,男42例,女28例,年龄18~65岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,随机分为三组:常规液体治疗组(C组,n=24)、目标导向胶体液组(G1组,n=23)和目标导向晶体液组(G2组,n=23)。C组主要根据MAP进行术中液体管理,G1、G2组桡动脉连接Flotrac/Vigileo系统监测每搏量变异度(SVV)和心脏指数(CI),术中以MAP、SVV和CI为指导行目标导向液体治疗。当SVV13%,G1组给予250ml胶体液快速填充,G2组则给予相同容量晶体液快速填充;当CI2.5L·min~(-1)·m~(-2)则给予多巴酚丁胺2.0~10.0μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)持续泵注直至CI≥2.5L·min~(-1)·m~(-2)。检测麻醉诱导前5min(T_1)、肝脏切除前5min(T_2)、肝脏切除后5 min(T_3)和手术结束时(T_4)的中心静脉氧饱和度(ScvO2)、乳酸(Lac)和血糖(Glu)浓度。记录手术时间、液体出入量及术中血管活性药物使用情况。记录排气时间、下床时间和术后住院时间,记录术前、术后肝肾功能指标及术后并发症发生情况。结果与C组比较,G1组晶体液、胶体液和总液体用量明显减少(P0.05),排气时间、下床时间、术后住院日明显缩短(P0.05),T_3、T_4时ScvO_2明显升高,Glu浓度明显降低,T_2~T_4时Lac浓度明显降低(P0.05),术后第3、5天ALT和AST浓度明显降低(P0.05)。与G1组比较,G2组晶体液用量明显增加,恶心呕吐发生率明显升高(P0.05)。两组排气时间、下床时间、术后住院时间、肝肾功能差异无统计学意义。结论肝切除术中运用目标导向液体治疗策略可能有助于改善微循环和组织氧合、保护肝功能、促进胃肠功能恢复、缩短术后住院时间。与晶体液比较,采用胶体液填充可以降低术后恶心呕吐发生率,而在组织灌注和术后恢复等方面未见明显差异。     

目标导向液体治疗对老年单肺通气患者局部脑氧饱和度及血流动力学的影响

目的观察目标导向液体治疗(goal-directed fluid therapy,GDFT)对老年单肺通气患者局部脑氧饱和度(rSO_2)及血流动力学的影响。方法选择择期全麻下行中段食管癌根治术患者58例,男44例,女14例,年龄65~79岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法分为两组:传统液体治疗组(C组)和GDFT组(G组),每组29例。所有患者均通过桡动脉连接FloTrac/Vigileo监测系统连续监测MAP、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)和每搏量变异度(SVV)。C组根据MAP、CVP及尿量行传统液体疗法;G组于SVV指导下行GDFT,维持CI 2.5~4.0L·min~(-1)·m~(-2)。所有患者于术中持续监测rSO_2,计算术中rSO_2平均值(rSO_2)、术中rSO_2最小值(rSO_2min)以及rSO_2较基础值下降的最大百分比(rSO_(2%max));记录入室建立监测后(T_1)、单肺通气前(T_2)、单肺通气30 min(T_3)、单肺通气1h(T_4)及术毕(T_5)时的MAP、HR、CVP、CI及SVV;记录术中晶体液和胶体液用量、总输液量、出血量、尿量以及血管活性药物的使用情况。结果与C组比较,T_3、T_4时G组MAP明显升高(P0.05);T_3~T_5时G组CVP明显下降、CI明显升高(P0.05);T_2~T_5时G组SVV明显下降(P0.05)。G组rSO_(2%max)明显低于C组(P0.05),两组rSO_2和rSO_(2min)差异无统计学意义。与C组比较,G组术中晶体液用量[(668±187)ml vs(1 052±221)ml]、总输液量[(1 212±318)ml vs(1 519±329)ml]、尿量[(211±47)ml vs(278±54)ml]及血管活性药物使用[4例(14%)vs 14例(48%)]明显减少(P0.05),胶体液用量明显增加[(544±103)ml vs(467±94)ml,P0.05]。结论基于SVV的GDFT可稳定老年患者单肺通气时的血流动力学,维持脑氧供需稳定。     

肺超声在预测老年患者术中不同液体治疗策略下肺损伤程度中的应用

目的观察不同液体治疗策略对行腹腔镜下结肠癌根治术老年患者术中肺功能的影响,探讨肺超声预测肺损伤程度的可行性。方法选择2017年5月至2018年8月腹腔镜下结肠癌根治术老年患者73例,男38例,女35例,年龄65～80岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。采用随机对照法分为两组:目标组(G组,n=37)和对照组(C组,n=36)。G组以每搏变异度(SVV)、MAP为指导,将CI≥2.5 L·min~(-1)·m~(-2)作为目标行目标导向液体治疗;C组以MAP、CVP、术中尿量为指导行常规输液。记录开气腹前(T_0)、开气腹后(T_1)、肠吻合时(T_2)、关气腹前(T_3)、关气腹后(T_4)的PaCO_2、PaO_2、氧合指数(OI)、气道峰压(PIP),记录肺损伤程度评分、晶体入量、胶体入量、液体总入量、出血量、输血情况以及术后肺部并发症情况等。结果与C组比较,T_2—T_4时G组PaCO_2明显降低,PaO_2和OI明显升高(P0.05);T_3—T_4时G组PIP明显降低,肺损伤程度评分明显降低(P0.05)。与C组比较,G组晶体入量、胶体入量、液体总入量、出血量、术中需输血例数和术后肺水肿例数明显减少(P0.05)。肺损伤程度评分与术后肺部并发症总例数呈明显正相关(r=0.534,P0.001)。结论老年患者术中目标导向液体治疗,肺损伤程度轻,术后并发症少,同时联合肺超声技术,可及时准确评估肺损伤程度,更利于围术期肺保护,值得推广。     

目标导向液体治疗对脊柱侧弯矫形手术患者术中局部脑氧饱和度和术后并发症的影响

目的观察目标导向液体治疗(GDFT)对脊柱侧弯矫形手术患者术中局部脑氧饱和度(rSO_2)和术后并发症的影响。方法择期全麻下行脊柱侧弯矫形手术患者60例,男12例,女48例,年龄48～75岁,BMI 19～28 kg/m~2,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组。对照组采取传统液体管理方法维持MAP基础值的80%,CVP 8～12 mmHg,尿量0.5 ml·kg~(-1)·h~(-1)。观察组通过桡动脉连接FloTrac/Vigileo监测系统,并在每博量变异度(SVV)指导下行GDFT,维持CI2.5 L·min~(-1)·m~(-2)。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、麻醉诱导后5 min(T_1)、俯卧位时(T_2)、切皮时(T_3)、内固定时(T_4)、矫形时(T_5)、术毕(T_6)的rSO_2,并计算rSO_2平均值■、rSO_2最小值(rSO_(2min))以及rSO_2较基础值下降的最大百分比(rSO_(2%max))。记录术中晶体液和胶体液用量、总输液量、出血量、尿量及去甲肾上腺素的使用情况。记录术后住院期间肺部炎症、恶心呕吐、心律失常、发热及低血压等并发症的发生情况。结果与对照组比较,观察组术中晶体液用量、总尿量明显减少(P0.05),胶体液用量明显增加(P0.05),去甲肾上腺素使用量明显减少(P0.05),术中■、rSO_(2min)明显升高(P0.05),术后住院期间肺部炎症及恶心呕吐发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论目标导向液体治疗可以升高脊柱侧弯矫形手术患者术中rSO_2,减少术后住院期间肺部炎症及恶心呕吐的发生。     

目标导向液体治疗对老年患者腹腔镜膀胱根治性全切并肠代膀胱术中组织灌注的影响

目的探讨目标导向液体治疗(goal-directed fluid therapy,GDFT)对老年患者腹腔镜膀胱根治性全切并肠代膀胱术中组织灌注的影响。方法择期行腹腔镜膀胱根治性全切并肠代膀胱术患者30例,年龄60~82岁,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,随机分为常规输液组(C组,n=15)和目标导向液体治疗组(G组,n=15)。C组术中行常规液体治疗管理,G组行GDFT,管理目标是在连续心排血量(pulse-induced contour cardiac output,PiCCO)系统监测下控制每搏变异度(SVV)≤13%、心脏指数(CI)≥2.5L·min~(-1)·m~(-2)、ScvO_2≥73%。观测和记录麻醉诱导前(T_1)、气管插管后5min(T_2)、气腹和改变体位后5min(T_3)、气腹后1h(T_4)、气腹结束开腹后5min(T_5)、开腹后1h(T_6)和手术结束即刻(T_7)的血流动力学及组织灌注指标。结果 G组液体总入量明显低于C组(P0.05);两组MAP、SVV组间组内差异无统计学意义;T_4、T_6和T_7时G组CI明显高于C组,T_5、T_6时G组HR明显快于C组(P0.05)。T_3、T_4时两组中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO_2)明显高于T_1时(P0.05);T4、T5时G组乳酸(aLac)含量明显低于C组(P0.05);两组中心静脉-动脉血二氧化碳分压差(Pcv-aCO_2)、氧供指数(DO_2I)和氧摄取率(O_2ERe)组间组内差异均无统计学意义。结论以SVV、CI、ScvO_2为导向的GDFT可维持有效循环血容量及血压以保证全身灌注,降低aLac,改善微循环,对氧供需平衡、术后并发症及转归无明显影响。     

目标导向液体治疗对缺血型烟雾病患者脑血管重建术后谵妄的影响

目的探讨目标导向液体治疗对缺血型烟雾病患者脑血管重建术后谵妄(POD)的影响。方法择期行颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合术的缺血型烟雾病患者40例,男24例,女16例,年龄18～59岁,BMI 18.5～24.0 kg/m~2,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,Suzuki分期≥3,MMSE评分24分。采用随机数字表法将其分为两组(n=20):常规补液组(R组)和目标导向液体治疗组(G组)。R组采用常规4-2-1补液原则,维持CVP 5～10 cmH_2O;G组采用目标导向液体治疗,维持每搏量变异度(SVV)10%。两组维持MAP波动幅度在基础值20%以内,MAP下降幅度超过基础值20%以上时,静脉注射麻黄碱6～10 mg或输注去甲肾上腺素0.01～0.03μg·kg~(-1)·min~(-1)。记录麻醉诱导前即刻(T_0)、血管阻断前10 min(T_1)、阻断后10 min(T_2)、血管开放后10 min(T_3)时的局部脑氧饱和度(rSO_2)、MAP、HR、BIS值、鼻咽温。于T_1—T_3时采集动脉血样1 ml,行血气分析,并测定Hct和PaCO_2。于术后3 d,采用CAM量表评估患者POD的发生情况。结果两组不同时点MAP、HR、鼻咽温、BIS值、Hct和PaCO_2差异无统计学意义;与T_0时比较,T_1—T_3时G组患者两侧rSO_2明显升高,T_3时R组患侧rSO_2明显升高(P0.05);与R组比较,T_1—T_3时G组患者两侧rSO_2明显升高(P0.05)。与R组比较,G组患者补液量明显减少,POD发生率明显降低(P0.05)。结论目标导向液体治疗可降低缺血型烟雾病患者脑血管重建术后POD的发生率,其机制可能与改善rSO_2有关。     

每搏量变异度指导的目标导向液体治疗对胃肠肿瘤患者术中、术后胃肠功能的影响

目的探讨基于每搏量变异度(SVV)指导的目标导向液体治疗(goal-directed fluid therapy,GDFT)对胃肠肿瘤手术患者术中、术后胃肠功能的影响。方法选取2016年1月至2017年2月择期行胃肠道肿瘤根治术患者60例,男31例,女29例,年龄60~85岁,ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法将患者分为以中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO_2)指导的液体治疗组(C组,n=30)和以SVV指导的目标导向液体治疗组(G组,n=30)。记录麻醉诱导前(T_0)、肿瘤摘除即刻(T_1)、术毕(T_2)和术后6h(T_3)时动、静脉血pH、BE、HCO_3~-、Lac。抽取T_0、T_3时静脉血测定脂多糖(LPS)、降钙素原(PCT)的浓度。记录术中所输注的晶体液量、胶体液量、总液量、出血量、腹腔冲洗液量、多巴胺使用率等。记录患者术后PACU时间、术后排气、进食及住院时间。结果 T_2、T_3时G组动脉血BE明显高于C组,T_2时动脉血Lac、T_3时动/静脉血Lac明显低于C组(P0.05);T_3时G组LPS、PCT明显低于C组(P0.05);G组胶体液输注量明显多于,晶体液输注量和总液量明显少于C组(P0.05);G组术后PACU时间、排气时间、进食时间、术后住院时间明显短于C组(P0.05)。结论对于行胃肠肿瘤手术患者,采用以SVV指导的目标导向液体治疗更有利于维持患者的酸碱平衡,降低感染的发生率,促进术后胃肠功能的恢复,减少住院时间。     

SVV目标导向液体治疗对腰椎手术老年患者内脏灌注的影响：采用胃黏膜内pH值评价

目的采用胃黏膜内pH(pHi)值评价每搏量变异度(SVV)目标导向液体治疗对腰椎手术老年患者内脏灌注的影响。方法择期全麻下行腰椎手术老年患者160例, 性别不限, 年龄65～80岁, ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级, 采用随机数字表法分为2组(n=80):SVV目标导向液体治疗组(G组)和传统液体治疗组(C组)。G组以SVV<15%作为目标行目标导向液体治疗, C组以MAP、CVP和尿量为指导行常规输液。记录2组患者术中晶体液用量、胶体液用量、总输液量、出血量、尿量、血管活性药物的使用情况及围术期输血情况;记录2组患者麻醉诱导前(T1)、手术开始后1 h(T2)及术毕(T3)时CI、SVV、pHi值、胃黏膜CO2分压(PgCO2)、PaCO2和动脉血气分析结果;记录2组患者术后并发症发生情况、排气时间、排便时间和住院时间。结果与C组相比, G组患者术中晶体液用量、总输液量、尿量及血管活性药物使用率降低, 胶体液用量升高, T2, 3时CI和pHi值升高, SVV、Pg-aCO2和动脉血Lac浓度降低(P<0.05), 术中出血量、动脉血pH值、PaCO2、BE、患者术后并发症发生率、排...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.