HPLC法测定消炎汤合剂中绿原酸的含量

目的 :采用 HPL C法测定绿原酸的含量 ,为消炎汤合剂的质量控制提供检测方法。方法 :采用 Kromasil C1 8色谱柱 (4.6 mm× 2 5 0 mm ,5μm) ,甲醇 - 0 .4 %磷酸水溶液 (15∶ 85 )为流动相 ,流速 1.0 ml/ min,检测波长 32 7nm。结果 :绿原酸在 0 .1～ 2 .0μg范围内线性关系良好 (r =0 .9999) ,平均回收率为 95 .1%± 1.2 8% ,日内及日间的 RSD均小于 2 %。结论 :本方法具有快速、简便、灵敏、准确、经济等特点 ,适用于消炎汤合剂的质量控制。     

HPLC同时测定新复霜中氯霉素和倍他米松的含量

目的　建立新复霜中氯霉素和倍他米松的含量测定方法。方法　采用HPLC法 ,色谱柱为 μBondapakC18(10 μm ,3.9mm×30 .0mm) ,流动相为甲醇 - 0 .0 2 5mol·L-1NaH2 PO4(6 5∶35 ) ,检测波长 2 4 0nm ,流速 1 2ml·min-1,柱温 4 5℃ ,灵敏度 0 .0 2AUFS。结果　氯霉素的线性范围为 2 0 0 .0～ 5 0 0 .0mg·L-1,平均回收率为 10 .3 2 % (RSD为 0 . 83%～ 2 .17% ) ;倍他米松的线性范围为2 1.0～ 5 2 .5mg·L-1,平均回收率为 10 0 .8% (RSD为 1.11%～ 2 .6 4 % )。结论　所用方法简便、准确 ,适合新复霜的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定清火片中大黄素的含量

目的 :建立高效液相色谱法测定清火片中大黄素含量的方法 ,为制定其质量控制标准提供依据。方法 :采用C1 8色谱柱 (15 0 mm× 4 .6 mm,5μm) ;以甲醇 - 0 .1%磷酸 (80∶ 2 0 )为流动相 ;流速 1.0 ml/min;检测波长为 2 5 4 nm;柱温 :室温。结果 :平均回收率为 98.72 % ,RSD=1.2 6 % (n =6 )。结论 :该方法简便、准确、稳定且无干扰 ,可为该制剂的质量控制方法。     

紫外分光光度法测定替硝唑膜剂中替硝唑的含量

目的　建立测定替硝唑膜剂中替硝唑含量的分析方法。方法　样品经超声处理过滤后用紫外分光光度法 ,在波长 317nm处测定吸光度 ,以标准对照法计算含量。结果　线性范围为 5 0～ 2 5 0mg·L-1(r =0 9999) ,样品加样回收率为 99 5 % ,日内、日间RSD分别为 0 4 3%、0 2 2 %。结论　所建立的方法简便、灵敏、准确 ,可用于该制剂的质量控制     

反相高效液相色谱法测定复方利咽颗粒中黄芩苷的含量

目的　为了控制复方利咽颗粒的质量 ,建立反相高效液相色谱 -紫外检测法测定其主要有效成分黄芩苷的含量。方法　采用 Symmetry Shield TMRP1 8色谱柱 ( 1 5 0 mm× 3.9mm,5μm) ,流动相甲醇 -水 -磷酸 ( 4 6:5 4 :0 .2 ) ;流速为 1 m L.min-1,检测波长 2 80nm,柱温 30℃。结果　黄芩苷与其它组分可达基线分离 ,黄芩苷在 1 0～ 5 0 ng范围内线性关系良好 ,r =0 .9999。平均回收率为 1 0 0 .7% ,RSD为 2 .1 %。结论　本法操作简便快速 ,灵敏准确 ,可作为复方利咽颗粒的质量控制方法。     

RP-HPLC法测定氨酚待因缓释胶囊中磷酸可待因和对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的测定氨酚待因缓释胶囊 (PCSRC)中磷酸可待因和对乙酰氨基酚的含量。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法进行测定。流动相为 5 0mmol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液 (磷酸调节 pH值至 4 0 ) 甲醇 四氢呋喃 (V∶V∶V =80 0∶10 0∶37 5 ) ,检测波长为 2 80nm ,流速为 1mL·min-1。结果RP HPLC法测定磷酸可待因和对乙酰氨基酚的线性范围分别为 0 0 2 36～ 0 2 36 0 g·L-1和 0 2 5 77～2 5 77g·L-1,方法回收率分别为 10 0 3%和 10 0 1% ,RSD分别为 0 2 9%和 0 5 2 %。结论该法灵敏、准确、重现性好 ,可以满足氨酚待因缓释胶囊的质量控制要求。     

HPLC法测定复方乌鸡丸中芍药苷的含量

目的　为了控制复方乌鸡丸的质量 ,建立芍药苷含量测定的HPLC法。方法　色谱条件为 :ODS柱 ,乙腈 :0 0 5mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液 (13∶87)为流动相 ,流速 1 0ml·min-1,检测波长为 2 30nm。结果　平均回收率为 90 0 0 % ,RSD =1 88%。结论　此方法简便 ,灵敏 ,准确 ,重复性好 ,可用于该制剂的质量控制     

HPLC测定理气复胃口服液中大黄素和大黄酚的含量

目的　建立理气复胃口服液中大黄素和大黄酚的含量测定方法 ,以控制该产品的质量。方法　采用反相高效液相色谱法 ,使用C18柱 ,甲醇 - 0 1%磷酸溶液 (79∶2 1)为流动相 ,流速 1 0ml·min-1,检测波长 2 5 4nm。结果　大黄素和大黄酚的进样量分别在 0 0 0 8～ 0 0 80 μg和 0 0 15 8～ 0 15 78μg范围内 ,与其峰面积有良好的线性关系 (r =0 9999) ,大黄素和大黄酚的平均加样回收率分别为 99 4 5 %和 10 2 0 4 %。结论　该方法简便易行、准确可靠 ,可用于理气复胃口服液的质量控制     

高效液相色谱法测定感冒止咳冲剂中葛根素的含量

目的　测定感冒止咳冲剂中葛根素的含量。方法　采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为ODS -C18柱,流动相为甲醇～1 4 %醋酸溶液(2 2∶78)。检测波长为 2 5 0nm。结果　平均加样回收率为 99 87%,RSD =1 0 5 %(n =5)。结论　方法简便,重现性好,其它成分无干扰。提供了感冒止咳冲剂的质量控制方法。     

HPLC法测定天乐胶囊中的葛根素含量

目的 :建立了天乐胶囊中葛根素含量的测定方法。方法 :采用HPLC法 ,色谱柱为C18,柱温 4 0℃ ;流动相 :甲醇 0 5 %磷酸溶液 (2 0∶80V/V) ,流速 1 0mL·min-1;检测波长 2 5 0nm。结果 :线性范围 :2 9 2～ 14 6 0 μg·min-1,平均回收率 98 5 % ,RSD =0 78%。结论 :建立的定量方法可用于该品的质量控制     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.