室内香烟烟雾动态变化规律的实验研究

本文作者为探明被动吸烟者的实际暴露水平,在实验小室内以IP和CO为指标,对多种吸烟状况进行了连续、自动监测。结果表明,室内香烟烟雾有一个随时间变化而增长和衰减的过程,影响香烟烟雾的主要因素为吸烟量、室内容积和室内通风换气率。     

宁波市新开业宾馆室内空气的卫生学状况

目的 了解宾馆开业时室内空气质量及对从业人员健康的影响。方法 选择4家2～4星级新建并已装修的宾馆于开业后1～4周进行室内空气质量卫生学调查,同时进行从业人员健康影响调查。结果 宾馆内温度、相对湿度、CO、CO2和空气细菌总数与室外对照差异无显著性。甲醛和可吸入颗粒物与室外对照差异有显著性（P<0.05）,其中客房内分别高达（0.42±0.23）mg/m3和（0.13± 0.08）mg/m3。从业人员眼、鼻和咽刺激症状、失眠、头晕和头痛症状阳性率均高于开业5年以上宾馆内从业人员,其中咽、眼刺激症状阳性率高达70.0％和50.0％。结论 新开业宾馆甲醛污染主要来自装饰材料及室内通风换气不足。     

深圳市城区居民室内空气污染现状调查

目的了解深圳市城区居民室内污染现状。方法于2008年12月对南山区28套住宅厨房、客厅、卧室空气中甲醛（HCHO）、二氧化碳（CO2）、可吸入颗粒物（Phi10）、苯系物（苯、甲苯、二甲苯）浓度进行检测,同时调查可能的影响因素。结果28户家庭室内苯系物的平均浓度均〈0．05mg／m^3,HCHO、CO2、PM10的平均浓度分别为0．025mg／m^3、0．077％、0．258mg／m^3;苯系物、HCHO、CO2浓度低于《室内空气质量标准》（GB／T18883—2002）的标准值,PM10平均浓度超标66．7％。厨房、客厅和卧室污染物浓度总体分布差异,以及温度、吸烟对污染物的影响均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,室内相对湿度与PM10浓度呈正相关（P〈0．05）。结论深圳市城区居民室内PM10污染相对严重,高湿度环境可能会使其浓度升高。     

Study of indoor radon levels in high-rise air-conditioned office buildings

A series of measurements were conducted to study the indoor radon pollution in air-conditioned high-rise office buildings. Continuous monitoring of indoor radon levels in nine air-conditioned premises located in six office buildings in Hong Kong was conducted from August 1996 to February 1998. Each of the tests lasted for at least 48 hours. The measurement covered both day time monitoring while the air-conditioning was on and night time monitoring while the air-conditioning was off. The indoor radon level followed inversely the operation pattern of the mechanical ventilation systems in the buildings. During office hours when the mechanical ventilation was on, the indoor radon level decayed and after the mechanical ventilation was off during non-office hours, the radon level increased. The average indoor radon level during office hours on the nine premises varied from 87 Bq/m3 to 296 Bq/m3, and the indoor averaged radon levels over both day time and night time periods without mechanical ventilation were about 25 percent higher. The air infiltration rate and the radon emission characteristics from the building materials were estimated from the radon build-up curves which were observed after the mechanical ventilation was off. The radon decay curve observed after the mechanical ventilation system was turned on was used to calculate the total fresh air intake rate. Average radon emanation rates of the building materials in the six buildings varied from 0.0019 to 0.0033 Bq/m2s. It has been found that building infiltration rate accounted for about 10-30 percent of the total building ventilation rate in the buildings depending on building tightness.     

我国北方农村住宅室内甲醛污染现状及其来源的研究

本文研究了北京远郊顺义县农村不同类型住宅室内甲醛的污染来源、浓度分布以及与住宅平面布置的关系。研究发现,各类住宅室内甲醛浓度超过0.05mg/m~3的样品占0～25％,超过0.08mg/m~3的样品占0～12.5％,超过0.1mg/m~3的占0～8.3％。平均浓度虽均未超过0.05mg/m~3,但新式住宅相对高于旧式住宅,而且前者的主室甲醛浓度高于厨房,最高值可达0.249mg/m~3,主要污染源是室内胶合板家具和装饰物品。旧住宅厨房甲醛高于主室,最高值可达0.407mg/m~3,主要污染源是燃料燃烧。研究中发现,北方农村住宅的设计已不适应随着农民居住水平的提高而出现的新的卫生问题,急待研究设计出既能保暖又有利于通风换气的新的住宅类型。并提出制订室内空气质量卫生标准的必要性。     

Assessment of cadmium and lead released from cigarette smoke]

Cigarette smoke, which contains many harmful compounds, affects not only the smoker's health but also indoor air quality. To evaluate indoor air contamination by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), we measured Cd and Pb contained in the mainstream and sidestream smoke exhaled by experimental smoking of Japanese cigarettes and also determined urinary and blood Cd and Pb levels in smokers and non-smokers and air Cd and Pb levels in smoky environments. 1. One cigarette of each of 7 Japanese brands contained about 1 microgram each of Cd and Pb, of which about 50 ng each was released to the mainstream and 250 ng of Cd and 50 ng of Pb to the sidestream by smoking. 2. The blood Cd level in the smokers was significantly higher than that in the non-smokers. The urinary Cd level in the smokers was slightly higher than that in the non-smokers. The blood Cd level was related to the number of cigarettes smoked daily. Blood and urinary Pb levels did not differ between the smokers and non-smokers, but the blood Pb level was also related to the number of cigarettes smoked daily. 3. The air Cd levels in smoky places such as the smoking car of the special express train, an office, and a pachinko parlor were markedly higher than that in outdoor air. The air Cd concentration was well correlated with the environmental tobacco smoke concentration. On the other hand, the air Pb level was slightly higher in the above smoky places than outdoors. The mean air Pb concentration was not correlated with the environmental tobacco smoke concentration but was higher at higher environmental tobacco smoke concentration in each place.     

湛江市部分住房室内外空气中氡浓度测定

采用活性炭吸附闪烁法测定了湛江市部分住房室内、外空气中的平衡当量氡浓度。结果表明 ,住房室内、外空气中平衡当量氡浓度平均值分别为 2 5 2 7Bq/m3 和 14 6 8Bq/m3 ,室内空气中平衡当量氡浓度显著高于室外 (P <0 0 1) ;不同装饰材料的住房室内空气中平衡当量氡浓度各有差异 ,其中以花岗岩为装饰材料的住房室内平衡当量氡浓度 (31 18Bq/m3 )为最高 ,水泥地板住房 (14 71Bq/m3 )最低     

某居民楼使用不合格建筑材料的卫生学调查

目的 了解不合格建筑材料对居民楼室内空气卫生质量的影响。方法 对采用碱渣代替石灰用于内墙的某居民楼进行调查，调查设使用碱渣的受影响单元组、未使用碱渣的未受影响单元组和室外对照组，检测指标为CO、CO2、 NO2、SO2、甲醛、可吸入颗粒物（IP）、氯化氢、氨和空气细菌总数，现场检测1天，上、下午各1次，同时对居民进行健康询问。结果 受影响单元组室内空气HCl、CO2明显较未受影响单元经且及室外对照组高，差异有非常显著性，受影响单元组55％监测点空气中HCl超出国家居住区在气中有害物质的最高容许浓度，受影响单元钢窗与墙壁交界处被腐蚀。受影响单元组及未受影响单元组甲醛、NO2、NH3均较室个对照组高，差异有非常显著性。室外对照组的IP和细菌总数均显著高于受影响单元组和未受影响单元组，各组的CO、SO2差异不显著。居民易感冒并有头痛、头晕、胸闷、上呼吸道炎症等症状。结论 使用不合格建筑材料影响建筑体本身质量，同时引起室内空气质量恶化，影响居住者身心健康，呼吁国家 应尽快制订有关法规。     

Indoor biological contaminants and symptoms of sick building syndrome in office buildings in Mauritius

This study was carried out to investigate possible relationship between bio-contaminants and symptoms of sick building syndrome among office workers in Mauritius. Viable microbial colonies were collected using a Casella slit sampler in 23 selected indoor office buildings. A questionnaire survey as well as a walk through investigation was undertaken. Physico-chemical measurements were also monitored in the selected offices. Results of this study showed that number of indoor bacterial bioaerosol concentrations ranged between 3 and 1110 CFU/m(3) while fungal counts were 0-196 CFU/m(3). However, most of the buildings showed absence of dust mites. In conclusions fungal contamination was found to be associated with the onset of sick building syndrome symptoms among workers in office buildings in Mauritius.     

档案库房空气甲醛污染调查

目的 探讨档案库房空气甲醛污染情况。方法 选择14个有代表性的档案馆库房,对其甲醛浓度于一年四季的最后一天每4h测定一次,连续24h。结果 在14个档案馆的档案 库房内均测出甲醛,春、夏、秋、冬四季甲醛的浓度分别为0.024、0.109、0.089和0.026mg/m^3。密闭较好的档案库房中的甲醛浓度超过居室中甲醛浓度国家卫生标准（0.08mg/m^3)。结论 档案库房中甲醛的浓度与档案库房的密闭程度、风速和温度有关;档案库房中的甲醛可能来自室内建筑、装饰材料的和 档案纸张和油墨。