肾动脉狭窄患者肾动脉支架置入术后再狭窄及肾功能和血压的改变

目的评估肾动脉支架术后再狭窄的发生及肾功能及血压的改变。方法对135 例单侧或双侧肾动脉明显狭窄(管腔内径减少≥70％)的患者行肾动脉支架置入术(PTRAS),术后行肾动脉造影、血压及血肌酐(Scr)的随访观察。结果 135例患者植入147枚支架均获成功。术后肾动脉造影随访率70％,平均随访时间为(7．2±5．6)月,再狭窄率为7．4％。血压及肾功能随访率为95％,平均随访时间(22±6)月,随访患者的收缩压与舒张压均明显下降,分别为 [(172±23)比(159±20)mm Hg,P<0．05,(93±16)比(85±13)mm Hg,P<0．05]。但术后12个月及24个月Scr和GFR与术前比较无显著性差异。结论肾动脉支架置入术后的再狭窄率较低,PTRAS有助于患者的血压控制。     

经皮腔内肾动脉支架成形术治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的疗效分析

目的探讨经皮腔内肾动脉支架成形术(percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting,PTRAS)治疗动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis,ARAS)的疗效。方法回顾分析2002年1月-2008年12月,采用PTRAS治疗69例ARAS患者的临床资料。男47例,女22例;年龄42～88岁,平均66.2岁。单侧66例,其中1例为单功能肾;双侧3例。肾动脉造影显示肾动脉狭窄程度为70%～99%。合并高血压67例,外周血管病损69例,冠心病34例,糖尿病44例,高血脂症36例。观察患者术后肾功能及血压变化并分析疗效。结果 1例肾动脉狭窄程度为99%的患者因急性夹层导致急性肾动脉闭塞,改行急诊旁路移植术;余68例均成功植入肾动脉支架,成功率为98.6%。68例肾动脉支架成功植入者中,1例术后3个月失访,1例术后6个月死于心肌梗死;余66例获随访,随访时间13～60个月,平均32个月。随访12个月时,血清肌酐水平为(107.8±35.4)μmol/L,与术前(104.1±33.8)μmol/L比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);9例肾功能改善(13.6%),48例稳定(72.8%),9例恶化(13.6%),肾功能获益率为86.4%。64例术前高血压患者随访12个月时,收缩压自术前(163±34)mm Hg(1mm Hg=0.133kPa)降至(132±24)mm Hg,舒张压自术前(89±17)mm Hg降至(78±11)mm Hg,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);4例高血压治愈(6.3%),52例改善(81.2%),8例失败(12.5%),高血压获益率为87.5%。随访12个月时2例(3.0%)出现再狭窄。结论 PTRAS治疗ARAS的手术成功率高,有助于高血压患者血压控制和稳定肾功能,远期疗效需进一步随访观察。     

移植肾动脉血流峰值速度加快与移植肾动脉狭窄相关性研究

目的:探讨肾移植术后半年内移植肾动脉血流峰值速度加快与移植肾动脉狭窄相关性。方法:回顾性分析我院102例肾移植患者术后半年内移植肾多普勒超声图像检查结果及临床资料,比较患者收缩期血流峰值速度(PSV)、血压及移植肾功能。结果:102例患者中,有27例患者出现较高的PSV,其中4例患者呈现持续性PSV升高,经行移植肾动脉造影检查而确诊为移植肾动脉狭窄(TRAS),行经皮肾动脉支架植入术(PTRAS)后,PSV降至正常,血压恢复正常,随访6~13个月未见狭窄复发。结论:在肾移植术后半年内,移植肾动脉PSV加快未必是肾动脉狭窄,可先随访观察,若超声提示PSV呈持续性升高,尤其是伴顽固性高血压,则需行移植肾动脉造影明确是否是TRAS。PTRAS是TRAS安全有效的治疗方法。     

肾动脉狭窄的腔内治疗经验

目的探讨腔内治疗肾动脉狭窄的临床疗效及影响因素。方法2003年2月至2005年6月共收治19例肾动脉狭窄患者,分析其中行腔内治疗12例的临床资料。其中动脉硬化9例,多发性大动脉炎1例,纤维肌性发育不良2例。结果本组12例,均有严重高血压,1例肾功能异常。支架置入10例,技术成功率91．7％(11／12)。随访12例,随访时间3—15个月,随访平均6．5个月,患者血压从(172±26／98±15)降至(156±22／88±14)mmHg。高血压治愈2例,改善6例,未愈4例,高血压控制率为66．7％。术后肾功能无明显变化。无并发症和死亡病例。再狭窄1例,再狭窄率为8．3％。结论严格掌握手术适应证,腔内治疗肾动脉狭窄是安全、有效的。     

血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄的临床研究

目的探讨血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄的安全性及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年8月~2015年9月我院行血管内支架置入术的85例肾动脉狭窄患者临床资料,观察其手术成功率、围手术期并发症发生率及临床疗效。结果 85例患者共成功植入85枚球扩式肾动脉支架,手术成功率100%。围手术期未发生动脉夹层、支架内血栓形成、急性肾功能衰竭等并发症。术后血压较术前呈逐渐下降趋势,服用降压药数减少,肾功能-血肌酐稳定。85例患者随访6个月~7年,平均(21.3±18.4)个月。随访期间发现肾动脉再狭窄8例(9.4%),均为无症状性狭窄。无责任血管相关的肾功能恶化。结论血管内支架成形术治疗肾动脉狭窄能解除血管狭窄,可有效改善血压,防止肾功能恶化,是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

自体肾移植术治疗顽固性肾血管性高血压的临床价值(附5例报告)

目的:总结采取自体肾移植术(renal autotransplantation,RAT)治疗因重度肾动脉狭窄(renal artery stenosis,RAS)所致顽固性肾血管性高血压(intractable renal vascular hypertension,IRVH)的经验并探讨其临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析武汉协和医院收治5例IRVH患者的临床资料及随访结果,观察术后患者血压改善情况及移植肾功能状况,并复习相关文献。结果:4例单侧重度RAS患者术后血压均降至正常范围,于术后20~35天停服降压药物。1例双侧RAS患者左侧行自体肾移植术后血压明显下降,出院后1个月右侧行经皮腔内肾动脉支架成形术(percutaneous transluminal renal artery stenting PTRAS),术后63天停服降压药物。随访6个月~3年,5例患者血压维持在正常范围,移植肾功能正常。结论:针对于肾动脉重度狭窄的患者,当无法行PTRAS术时,RAT可作为首选的治疗方法,而且疗效确切。     

肾动脉狭窄的介入治疗分析

目的 分析介入治疗肾动脉狭窄（RAS）的疗效。方法自2003年3月至2008年3月共收治45例RAS患者,53支肾动脉中单纯行腔内球囊扩张术（PTA）治疗11支,行球囊扩张及内置支架术（PTA／Stent）治疗者42支,随访9～48个月,检测患者的血压与血肌酐水平,并作肾动脉彩超。结果手术成功率为100％。手术后高血压治愈者9例,改善28例,肾功能改善12例。肌纤维发育不良及多发性大动脉炎的血压改善有效率均为100％,高于动脉粥样硬化的有效率65．1％（P〈0．05）。行彩色多普勒超声检查肾动脉18支,发现再狭窄者7支。结论PTA和PTMStent治疗肾动脉狭窄具有微创、安全、有效的优点。     

支架成形术治疗粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄的疗效观察：附27 例报告

目的:探讨支架成形术治疗粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(ARAS)的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析3年来应用支架成形术治疗的27例ARAS患者的临床资料.所有患者术后均定期(术后1,3,6,12个月)随访检测肾动脉狭窄率,肾动脉阻力指数(RI),血压,血肌酐(SCr),肾小球滤过率(GFR)及服用降压药物的种数.结果:27例患者手术均获成功,技术成功率100％.与术前比较,患者术后各时间点各项观察指标均明显改善,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).1年随访期间,肾动脉再狭窄发生率14.8％(4/27),肾动脉RI改善率92.6％ (25/27),收缩压改善率85.2％ (23/27),舒张压改善率74.1％ (20/27),SCr改善率66.7％(18/27),GFR改善81.5％(22/27),服用降压药物种数减少63.0％(17/27).结论:应用支架成形术治疗ARAS能明显改善肾功能,降低血压,减少口服降压药种类,有较好的安全性和疗效.     

单侧动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄经皮支架植入术疗效观察

目的评估肾动脉支架植入术(PTRAS)联合最佳药物治疗单侧动脉粥样硬化性肾动脉狭窄(UARAS)患者的疗效,寻找PTRAS疗效良好的预测指标。方法回顾性分析2011年7月至2015年10月在本院行PTRAS术的UARAS共51例患者的临床资料。根据狭窄侧与非狭窄侧肾素水平比值(RVRR)分为二组:肾血管性高血压组[(RVRR≥1.5),21例,RH组]及原发性高血压组[(RVRR1.5),30例,EH组],比较PTRAS前后血压及肾功能,并分析肾功能好转的相关因素。结果51例UARAS患者,收缩压由(158±14)mm Hg降至(142±10)mm Hg(P0.001);舒张压由(87±11)mm Hg降至(83±7)mm Hg(P=0.03)。降压药物应用的种类由(2.7±0.8)种降至(2.4±0.9)种(P=0.07)。肌酐水平由(102±63.4)μmol/L降至(102±57.0)μmol/L(P0.05)。EH组收缩压、舒张压、降压药物应用的种类数均有明显下降(P均0.05),EH组仅收缩压明显下降(P0.05)。术前肾动脉狭窄处收缩期峰值流速(PSV)300 cm/s并且肾主动脉比率(RAR)3.74的患者治疗前后收缩压、舒张压、降压药的种类数均有显著下降(P均0.05);而PSV≤300 cm/s或RAR≤3.74患者仅有收缩压在治疗前后有显著下降(P0.05)。相关因素分析发现64%肾功能好转患者术前基线尿蛋白0.6 g/d,肾功能未好转患者仅有23%(P=0.03)。结论PTRAS联合药物治疗可以给UARAS患者血压带来显著益处。RVRR≥1.5、PSV300 cm/s、RAR3.74、术前基线尿蛋白0.6 g/d是PTRAS疗效良好的预测指标。     

肾动态显像在介入治疗肾动脉狭窄中的应用

肾动脉狭窄（RAS）是临床常见疾病。经皮肾动脉腔内支架成形及植入术（PTRAS）是治疗RAS的主要方法,但其应用尚存争论,且缺乏筛选PTRAS适应证的有效方法。肾动态显像是能反映肾血流灌注及肾功能的无创性检查方法,可早期提示肾功能下降、预测术后肾功能改善情况。本文对肾动态显像在介入治疗RAS中的应用进行综述。     

Long-term effects of arterial stenting on kidney function for patients with ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and renal insufficiency.

It is uncertain whether renal artery stent placement in patients with atherosclerotic renovascular renal failure can prevent further deterioration of renal function. Therefore, the effects of renal artery stent placement, followed by patency surveillance, were prospectively studied in 63 patients with ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and renal dysfunction (i.e., serum creatinine concentrations of >120 micromol/L (median serum creatinine concentration, 171 micromol/L; serum creatinine concentration range, 121 to 650 micromol/L). Pre-stent renal (dys) function was stable for 28 patients and declining for 35 patients (defined as a serum creatinine concentration increase of > or =20% in 12 mo). The median follow-up period was 23 mo (interquartile range, 13 to 29 mo). Angioplasty to treat restenosis was performed in 12 cases. Five patients reached end-stage renal failure within 6 mo, and this was related to stent placement in two cases. Two other patients died or were lost to follow-up monitoring within 6 mo, with stable renal function. For the remaining 56 patients, the treatment had no effect on serum creatinine levels if function had previously been stable; if function had been declining, median serum creatinine concentrations improved in the first 1 yr [from 182 micromol/L (135 to 270 micromol/L ) to 154 micromol/L (127 to 225 micromol/L ); P < 0.05] and remained stable during further follow-up monitoring. In conclusion, stent placement, followed by patency surveillance, to treat ostial atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis can stabilize declining renal function. For patients with stable renal dysfunction, the usefulness is less clear. The possible advantages must be weighed against the risk of renal failure advancement with stent placement.     

肾动脉狭窄80例外科治疗

目的 探讨肾动脉狭窄外科治疗方法的选择和疗效.方法 回顾性分析1997年11月到2008年8月80例肾动脉狭窄患者的外科治疗经验.男性53例,女性27例,年龄9～80岁.病变包括动脉硬化42例,大动脉炎23例,肌纤维发育不良11例.共接受外科治疗83人次,其中腹主动脉肾动脉旁路术13例,自体肾移植术5例,肾切除术1例,肾动脉内膜切除术1例,肾动脉狭窄段切除吻合术1例,球囊扩张术14例,支架成形术48例.结果 围手术期死亡1例.63例获得随访,随访时间1～129个月,2例死亡.随访患者血压(135.7±15.8)/(80.1±8.5)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133kPa),较术前(149.8±18.3)/(88±13.6)mm Hg下降(P<0.01).总的降压有效率为65.6%,动脉硬化、大动脉炎、肌纤维发育不良患者的降压有效率分别为50%、73.3%和100%(P<0.05).随访患者肌酐(112.7±53.6)/μmol/L,低于术前(131.7±91.7)μmol/L(P<0.05).结论 肾动脉狭窄通过外科治疗可以有效改善血压和肾功能,动脉硬化病变首选支架成形,肌纤维发育不良性病变首选球囊扩张,大动脉炎性病变首选手术治疗.     

术前合并肾功能不全对心脏移植受者预后的影响分析

目的  评估心脏移植术前合并肾功能不全对围手术期死亡和并发症发生及长期生存的影响,并比较术前血清肌酐（Scr）和估测肾小球滤过率（eGFR）在术前风险评估中的差异。方法  回顾性分析1 095例心脏移植受者的临床资料,根据术前Scr分为Scr < 133 μmol/L组（980例）、Scr 133~176 μmol/L组（83例）和Scr≥177 μmol/L组（32例）;根据术前eGFR分为eGFR≥90 mL/（min·1.73 m²）组（436例）、eGFR 60~89 mL/（min·1.73 m²）组（418例）和eGFR < 60 mL/（min·1.73 m²）组（241例）。分析不同分组受者术后肾功能的转归情况及围手术期和远期结局。评价eGFR和Scr对心脏移植术后肾功能损伤和远期生存的影响。结果  随着术前Scr升高,受者术后使用连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）的比例增加,术后机械循环辅助的比例增加,术后并发症发生率增加,机械通气时间和重症监护室（ICU）入住时间延长,院内病死率增加,3组间差异均有统计学意义（均为P < 0.05）。随着术前eGFR的下降,受者术后使用CRRT辅助的比例增加,术后使用主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）的比例增加,机械通气时间和ICU入住时间延长,院内病死率增加,3组间差异均有统计学意义（均为P < 0.05）。Scr≥177 μmol/L是受者术后死亡的独立危险因素[校正风险比（HR）3.64,95%可信区间（CI）1.89~6.99,P < 0.01]。以Scr及以eGFR为指标的分组中,3组间的术后肾功能损伤累积发生率和远期生存率差异均有统计学意义（均为P < 0.05）。术前Scr < 133 μmol/L的受者中,术后远期肾功能损伤随时间的累积发生率随术前eGFR降低而升高（P < 0.01）,而不同eGFR分层的患者术后远期生存率差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论  心脏移植术前合并肾功能不全与围手术期和远期预后不良相关。心脏移植术前Scr和eGFR均是术后肾功能损伤发生的独立危险因素。Scr对于术前肾功能评估的灵敏度较低,但预测围手术期死亡风险的准确性更高。eGFR是术前评估肾功能更为敏感的指标,可以早期发现肾功能异常,早期采取有效措施从而减少对预后的不良影响。     

亲属活体肾移植64例临床分析

观察亲属供肾肾移植的临床效果.方法 对64例亲属供肾肾移植的临床资料进行总结分析.结果所有供者无手术并发症,术后5~12 d内出院,术后1周血清肌酐(Scr)(91±25)μmol/L,术后2周供者肾功能恢复到术前水平.受者术后1周平均Scr 142 μmol/L.术后发生急性排斥反应的8例,给予甲泼尼龙及抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)冲击治疗后逆转.移植肾功能正常者55 例,移植肾失功行规律血液透析3例,死于肺部感染2例,死于结核性脑膜炎1例,死于心力衰竭1例,死于移植后肝衰竭1例,因经济原因不规则服药发生慢性排斥反应死亡1例.结论 亲属活体供肾对供者来说短期内肾功能及日常生活无明显影响,短期内是安全、有效、可行的,并且在一定程度上缓解了肾源紧缺问题.     

Improved renal function after renal artery revascularization

An experience with 20 patients with renovascular hypertension and renal insufficiency secondary to renal artery stenosis is presented. The mean follow-up was 29 months. Eighteen patients had atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis and two patients had transplant renal artery stenosis. The mean preoperative blood pressure of 162 +/- 5 mmHg decreased significantly to 105 +/- 2 mm Hg (p less than 0.001). The serum creatinine also decreased from a mean preoperative level of 4.7 +/- 0.7 mg/dl to a mean postoperative level of 2.3 +/- 0.3 mg/dl (p less than 0.001). Similarly, the creatinine clearance improved from a mean preoperative level of 28 +/- 2 ml /min to a mean postoperative level of 45 +/- 8 ml/min (p less than 0.03). Four patients (20%) with improved renal function died from 4 days to 15 months postoperatively. Two patients (10%) have progressed to end stage renal disease. These findings demonstrate that renal revascularization is clearly beneficial in the short-term and long-term improvement of renal function.     

Renal stenting for incidentally discovered renal artery stenosis: is there any outcome benefit?

We evaluated whether there was a clinical outcome benefit in patients incidentally discovered to have high-grade renal artery stenosis (RAS) and treated with percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty and stenting (PTRAS) at the time of angiogram for another indicated procedure. A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients undergoing renal arteriography over 4 years at our academic tertiary-care referral center. Review of catheterization reports was used to identify patients diagnosed with high-grade RAS (reduction of > or =70% luminal diameter by arteriogram). Patients treated with PTRAS were identified. Baseline and postprocedure blood pressure (BP, an average of at least three independent measurements), glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, and antihypertensive medication regimen were compared for 12 months of follow-up. Over 4 years, 124 patients underwent renal arteriography and 78 (63%) were diagnosed with high-grade RAS. Fifty-eight patients (74% of those with high-grade RAS) received PTRAS. Patients treated with PTRAS had similar baseline characteristics to those with high-grade RAS with no intervention, with the exception of lower diastolic BP (DBP; 74 +/- 11.2 vs. 80 +/- 14.2 mm Hg, p = 0.04) and a higher proportion of hyperlipidemia (78 vs. 55%, p = 0.05). Thirty-eight out of 58 PTRAS patients (66%) received sufficient follow-up to assess outcomes. When baseline and postprocedure variables were compared in PTRAS patients with 12-month follow-up, there was a reduction in systolic BP (SBP, 153 +/- 20.8 vs. 136 +/- 27.2 mm Hg, p = 0.01) and mean arterial pressure (MAP, 103 +/- 11.2 vs. 95 +/- 14 mm Hg, p = 0.04). When these patients were stratified by those with an increase, decrease, or no change in postprocedure antihypertensive medications, significant reductions in SBP, MAP, and DBP were noted only in the patient population that also had an increase in the number of antihypertensive medications. No differences in renal insufficiency were detected. Patients with high-grade RAS incidentally discovered during arteriography performed for extrarenal disease and treated with PTRAS have a modest reduction in BP, which is significant only in those patients with an increased number of antihypertensive medications postprocedure. Caution must be taken in stenting patients with incidental RAS as outcome benefit may be minimal when compared to medical management only.     

Chronic renal artery occlusion: Nephrectomy versus revascularization

Purpose: The surgical management of chronic atherosclerotic renal artery occlusion (RA-OCC) was studied. Methods: From January 1987 through December 1996, 397 consecutive patients were treated for atherosclerotic renal artery disease. Ninety-five hypertensive patients (mean blood pressure, 204 ± 31/106 ± 20 mm Hg; mean medications, 3.0 ± 1.1 drugs) were treated for 100 RA-OCCs. Eighty-four (88%) patients had renal dysfunction, defined by serum creatinine levels ≥1.3 mg/dL (mean serum creatinine level, 2.8 ± 2.0 mg/dL). Demographic characteristics, operative morbidity and mortality, blood pressure/renal function response, and postoperative decline in renal function were examined and compared with that of 302 patients treated for renal artery stenosis (RAS). Results: After operation, there were 5 perioperative deaths (5.2%), 2 (2.8%) after revascularization and 3 (12%) after nephrectomy (P = .11), compared with 12 (4.0%) perioperative deaths in the RAS group (P = .59). After controlling for important covariates, estimated survival and blood pressure benefits did not differ between RA-OCC patients treated by nephrectomy or revascularization (P = .13; 87% vs 92%, P = .54). Excretory renal function was considered improved in 49% of 79 RA-OCC patients with renal dysfunction, including 9 patients removed from dialysis-dependence. Among patients treated for unilateral disease, revascularization for RA-OCC was associated with significant improvement in renal function (P < .01); however, nephrectomy alone did not increase renal function significantly. Improved renal function after operation was associated with a significant and independent increase in survival (P < .01) and dialysis-free survival (P < .01) among patients treated for RA-OCC. In addition, blood pressure benefit, renal function response, and estimated survival did not differ significantly after reconstruction for RA-OCC or RAS. Conclusion: Among hypertensive patients treated for RA-OCC, equivalent beneficial blood pressure response was observed after both revascularization and nephrectomy. In patients who underwent bilateral renal artery revascularization, the change in excretory renal function attributable to repair of RA-OCC cannot be defined. In patients treated for unilateral disease, however, improvement in function was observed only after revascularization. Moreover, improved renal function demonstrated a significant and independent association with improved survival. This experience supports renal revascularization in preference to nephrectomy for RA-OCC in select hypertensive patients when a normal distal artery is demonstrated at operation. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:140-9.)