B超检查眼球穿孔伤患者球内各种强回声的分析及鉴别

目的：分析B超对眼球穿孔伤中出现的各种强回声信号的诊断价值。 方法：对临床确诊为眼球穿孔伤患者,进行B超检查,观察晶状体、玻璃体腔及球壁、球后的影像学表现。 结果：眼球穿孔伤经B超检查球内出现强回声的患者176例176眼中,玻璃体积血146例,晶状体脱位4例,球内异物（包含球壁异物）105例,玻璃体腔内气泡1例,视网膜脱离34例,脉络膜脱离23例,后巩膜破裂9例。每例患者都同时合并以上两种或两种以上体征,每例患者的 B超均表现有强回声信号。对以上病例出现的各种强回声信号总结如下：（1）浓稠的玻璃体积血;（2）球内异物;（3）脱位的晶状体;（4）玻璃体腔内气泡。 结论：眼球穿孔伤由于前房出血,白内障、玻璃体积血或因眼睑肿胀,患者不合作,使眼后段检查很难进行,B超给眼科医生提供了极大的帮助。 B 超对视网膜脱离、球内异物、后巩膜裂伤、出血性脉络膜脱离等都十分敏感,并有特异性的影像。复杂的眼球穿孔伤球内常会出现一些易混淆的强回声信号,B超检查可以对这些声像进行鉴别,这是其他检查方法难以替代的。     

眼后段异物摘出术后再手术的原因分析

目的 探讨眼后段异物摘出术后再手术的原因。方法 对52例(54眼)眼后段异物摘出术后再手术的病例进行回顾性分析。结果 36眼行内路法异物摘出,18眼行外路磁吸术摘出异物。术后23眼(42.59％)因视网膜脱离或增生性玻璃体视网膜病变而再手术。异物摘出术前11眼伴有视网膜脱离,术后9眼复发;术前5眼伴有眼内炎,术后4眼发生视网膜脱离;视力预后以视网膜脱离或增生性玻璃体视网膜病变及眼内炎最差,81.48％的视力<0.1。结论 视网膜脱离或增生性玻璃体视网膜病变是眼后段异物摘出术后再手术的主要原因,术前伴有视网膜脱离和眼内炎是术后发生视网膜脱离的危险因素。     

The Efficacy of Fluid-Gas Exchange for the Treatment of Postvitrectomy Retinal Detachment

Purpose

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of fluid-gas exchange for the treatment of postvitrectomy retinal detachment.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the records of 33 consecutive patients (35 eyes) who underwent fluid-gas exchange treatment for postvitrectomy retinal detachment using the two-needle pars plana approach technique.

Results

The retinal reattachment rate was 80.0% after complete intravitreal gas disappearance following the fluid-gas exchange; the overall success rate was 65.7%. Visual acuity was improved or stable in 80.0% of cases; a two-line or greater vision improvement or a best-corrected visual acuity of 0.4 or better occurred in 62.9% of cases. The success rates for superior retinal detachments and posterior pole retinal detachments were 76.5% and 85.7%, respectively.

Conclusions

Fluid-gas exchange represents a simple and cost-effective alternative outpatient procedure for retinal reattachment without reoperation for the treatment of superior and posterior pole retinal detachments.     

Concurrent removal of intravitreal lens fragments after phacoemulsification with pars plana vitrectomy prevents development of retinal detachment

AIM: To evaluate the outcomes of ‘‘concurrent vitrectomy’’ to retrieve dislocated lens fragment during phacoemulsification. METHODS: In a retrospective, observational case series, data of patients who underwent ‘‘concurrent’’ pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for dislocated lens fragments between the period 2000 and 2008 were reviewed. Data collected included patient demographics, pre-operative visual acuity, intra-operative occurrence of retinal breaks, duration of follow up, post-operative intraocular pressure, final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), presence of cystoid macular edema (CME) and occurrence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). RESULTS: A total of 58 eyes of 58 patients were included in the study. At 12mo the mean postoperative BCVA was logMAR 0.17 (20/30) with a range of logMAR 0 to 0.69 (20/20 to 20/100), with 96.6% (56/58) of patients showing post-operative improvement in visual acuity (P=0.005). None of the patients developed postoperative retinal detachment, endophthalmitis or non-resolving uveitis at 12mo. CONCLUSION: Our study results suggest concurrent PPV for retained lens fragments after cataract surgery is beneficial and may decrease the risk of glaucoma and prevent development of RRD.     

Robot-assisted intraocular surgery: development of the IRISS and feasibility studies in an animal model

Purpose

The aim of this study is to develop a novel robotic surgical platform, the IRISS (Intraocular Robotic Interventional and Surgical System), capable of performing both anterior and posterior segment intraocular surgery, and assess its performance in terms of range of motion, speed of motion, accuracy, and overall capacities.

Patients and methods

To test the feasibility of performing ‘bimanual'' intraocular surgical tasks using the IRISS, we defined four steps out of typical anterior (phacoemulsification) and posterior (pars plana vitrectomy (PPV)) segment surgery. Selected phacoemulsification steps included construction of a continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and cortex removal in infusion–aspiration (I/A) mode. Vitrectomy steps consisted of performing a core PPV, followed by aspiration of the posterior hyaloid with the vitreous cutter to induce a posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) assisted with triamcinolone, and simulation of the microcannulation of a temporal retinal vein. For each evaluation, the duration and the successful completion of the task with or without complications or involuntary events was assessed.

Results

Intraocular procedures were successfully performed on 16 porcine eyes. Four eyes underwent creation of a round, curvilinear anterior capsulorhexis without radialization. Four eyes had I/A of lens cortical material completed without posterior capsular tear. Four eyes completed 23-gauge PPV followed by successful PVD induction without any complications. Finally, simulation of microcannulation of a temporal retinal vein was successfully achieved in four eyes without any retinal tears/perforations noted.

Conclusion

Robotic-assisted intraocular surgery with the IRISS may be technically feasible in humans. Further studies are pending to improve this particular surgical platform.     

Retinal tears after posterior vitreous detachment and vitreous hemorrhage in patients on systemic anticoagulants

Aims or Purpose

To determine the rate of retinal tears (RTs) after posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and vitreous hemorrhage (VH) in patients on systemic anticoagulants.

Methods

In all, 260 eyes of 260 patients with an acute PVD and VH were followed for evidence of an RT or detachment. Patients were divided into those taking systemic anticoagulants and those not taking anticoagulants.

Results

A total of 137 patients (53%) were taking anticoagulants, 123 (47%) were not. Overall, 72% of patients not taking any anticoagulant had evidence of an RT, whereas 46% of patients taking an anticoagulant had an RT (P-value 0.0002). Also, 37% of patients not taking an anticoagulant had a retinal detachment (RD), whereas 23% of patients taking any anticoagulant had an RD (P-value 0.01).

Conclusions

In patients with an acute PVD and VH using anticoagulants, RTs and RDs were common. Anticoagulation status may be an important contributing factor in predicting the incidence of an RT or detachment.     

Validation of patient symptom diary in acute posterior vitreous detachment

Purpose

The purpose of the study is to determine the validity of an original patient symptom diary in recording symptoms of posterior vitreous detachment (PVD).

Methods

In this prospective cohort study, all patients presenting to the Hotel Dieu hospital emergency eye clinic between September 2008 and July 2009 diagnosed with acute PVD were offered enrollment in the study. Patients were given the Queen’s University posterior vitreous detachment patient diary at the initial visit after detailed eye examination, assessment of risk factors for retinal tears and detachments and a thorough explanation of their presenting complaints to record their symptoms related to PVD. At a random point during their six-week follow up, the patients were verbally asked the same questions being recorded in the diary over the phone. At the six-week follow up visit, the diaries were collected and the verbal results were compared with the written results.

Results

There was substantial to near perfect agreement between the verbal questions and written answers. Cohen’s kappa scores for flash frequency, flash intensity, floater frequency, and floater type were 0.6229, 0.6389, 0.6495, and 0.8603, respectively.

Conclusions

The Queen’s University posterior vitreous detachment patient diary is a useful tool for investigating the quantity, quality and change in symptoms of patients presenting with PVD in the first 6 weeks of initial presentation.     

Systemic Steroid-Pulse Therapy in a Patient with Idiopathic Choroidal Detachment: A Case Report

Aim

To report on the effectiveness of systemic steroid-pulse therapy in treating idiopathic choroidal detachment.

Case Presentation

Our patient developed idiopathic choroidal detachment after cataract surgery for pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and glaucoma filtration surgery. Systemic steroid-pulse therapy was performed, and the choroidal detachment resolved completely.

Conclusion

We suggest systemic steroid-pulse therapy as a treatment option for idiopathic choroidal detachment with low intraocular pressure.Key Words: Cataract surgery, Idiopathic choroidal detachment, Systemic steroid-pulse therapy     

Chorioretinectomy for perforating eye injuries

Purpose

To report the outcomes of chorioretinectomy in severe ocular injuries where a foreign body penetrated the choroid or perforated the globe.

Methods

The study sample consisted of a retrospective, non-comparative, consecutive interventional case series of 13 perforating or severe intraocular foreign body ocular injuries that were treated at a single institution from March 2008 to March 2010. All the patients were operated with 20-gauge three-port pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) by removing the choroid and/or retina with scar tissue at the perforation site of the foreign body. The reports of patients were examined for best-corrected visual acuity, globe survival, retinal detachment status, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Results

A total of 13 eyes of 13 patients with a mean age of 25.8±9.0 years (range, 11–38 years) were followed for a median of 13.8±5.4 months (range, 8–29 months). The mean time period between injury and the vitreoretinal surgery was 13.6±9.3 days. All had an exit/impact site wound, eight of which were located in the posterior pole, which caused choroidal and retinal incarceration in the macular area. PPV together with chorioretinectomy, endolaser applications, silicone oil tamponade, with/without encircling band, and lensectomy surgery was applied to all of them. Final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥20/200 occurred in 4 of 13 (30.76%) patients. Globe survival rates were 100% (13 of 13), and final retinal attachment rate was 84.6% (11 of 13). The proliferative vitreoretinopathy rate was 2 of 13 (15.3%).

Conclusion

Chorioretinectomy is a surgical option that may decrease post-traumatic proliferative vitreoretinopathy and tractional retinal detachment rates, thus improving final BCVA and increasing globe survival rates when a foreign body penetrates the choroid and perforates the globe.     

Spontaneous Closure of a Full-Thickness Stage 2 Idiopathic Macular Hole without Posterior Vitreous Detachment

Objective

We report a 50-year-old female patient with a stage 2 idiopathic macular hole that closed spontaneously.

Method

The case is presented on the basis of an observational case report.

Results

The stage 2 idiopathic macular hole closed spontaneously in 6 weeks with a lamellar defect in the outer retina due to the formation of the bridging retinal tissue, but without any evidence of the common mechanisms of spontaneous closure such as posterior vitreous detachment or epiretinal membrane formation.Key words: Macular holes, Posterior vitreous detachment, Retina, Optical coherence tomography     

A Case of Mature Natural Killer-Cell Neoplasm Manifesting Multiple Choroidal Lesions: Primary Intraocular Natural Killer-Cell Lymphoma

Purpose

Natural killer (NK) cell neoplasm is a rare disease that follows an acute course and has a poor prognosis. It usually emerges from the nose and appears in the ocular tissue as a metastasis. Herein, we describe a case of NK-cell neoplasm in which the eye was considered to be the primary organ.

Case

A 50-year-old female displayed bilateral anterior chamber cells, vitreous opacity, bullous retinal detachment, and multiple white choroidal mass lesions. Although malignant lymphoma or metastatic tumor was suspected, various systemic examinations failed to detect any positive results. A vitrectomy was performed OS; however, histocytological analyses from the vitreous sample showed no definite evidence of malignancy, and IL-10 concentration was low. Enlarged choroidal masses were fused together. Three weeks after the first visit, the patient suddenly developed an attack of fever, night sweat, and hepatic dysfunction, and 5 days later, she passed away due to multiple organ failure. Immunohistochemisty and in situ hybridization revealed the presence of atypical cells positive for CD3, CD56, and Epstein-Barr virus-encoded RNAs, resulting in the diagnosis of NK-cell neoplasm. With the characteristic clinical course, we concluded that this neoplasm was a primary intraocular NK-cell lymphoma.

Conclusions

This is the first report to describe primary intraocular NK-cell neoplasm. When we encounter atypical choroidal lesions, we should consider the possibility of NK-cell lymphoma, even though it is a rare disease.Key Words: Natural killer-cell neoplasm, Choroidal tumor, Primary intraocular lymphoma, Epstein-Barr virus, CD56     

晶状体或人工晶状体脱入玻璃体腔伴视网膜脱离手术疗效

目的探讨玻璃体切除术治疗晶状体或人工晶状体脱入玻璃体腔伴视网膜脱离的临床疗效和并发症。方法对在我院进行标准睫状体平坦部三切口闭合式玻璃体切除术的26例（26只眼）晶状体或人工晶状体脱入玻璃体腔伴视网膜脱离者行回顾性分析。其中眼挫伤后晶状体脱位7只眼,白内障术中晶状体脱位和术后人工晶状体脱位19只眼。对人工晶状体脱人玻璃体腔者术中经角膜缘摘出人工晶状体,对晶状体脱入玻璃体腔者直接在玻璃体腔内行晶状体核超声乳化吸出。其中14只眼行硅油填充,12只眼行C3F8填充,16只眼联合巩膜外加压。术后随访6-18个月,平均（11．50±2．67）月。结果26只眼均顺利摘出人工晶状体或超声乳化吸出玻璃体腔内晶状体核,视网膜最终完全复位23只眼（88．46％）,部分复位2只眼（7．69％）,失败1只眼（3．85％）,后者系由病程长,增生性玻璃体视网膜病变（PVR）严重所致,术后大部分患者视力有不同程度的提高。结论玻璃体切除术治疗晶状体或人工晶状体脱入玻璃体腔伴视网膜脱离可获得较好解剖效果,但功能恢复较差。     

Safety and efficacy of intravitreal injection of recombinant erythropoietin for protection of photoreceptor cells in a rat model of retinal detachment

Purpose

To elucidate the safety and efficacy of exogenous erythropoietin (EPO) for the protection of photoreceptor cells in a rat model of retinal detachment (RD).

Methods

Recombinant rat EPO (400 ng) was injected into the vitreous cavity of normal rats to observe the eye manifestations. Retinal function was assessed by flash electroretinograms. Histopathological examination of retinal tissue was performed at 14 days and 2 months after injection, respectively. To investigate the inhibitory effect of EPO on photoreceptor cell apoptosis in RD rats, 100, 200, or 400 ng EPO was injected into the vitreous cavity immediately after RD model establishment. Apoptosis of photoreceptor cells was determined at 3 days after injection. Caspase-3 activation was measured by western blot analysis and immunofluorescence, respectively, and the level of Bcl-X_L expression was analyzed by western blot.

Results

Intravitreal injection of EPO 400 ng into normal rats had no significant impact on retinal function, morphology, or structure. Apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells apparently increased after RD and was significantly reduced following EPO treatment. The thickness of the outer nuclear layer in the RD+400 ng group was significantly thicker than that in other experimental RD groups both at 14 days and at 2 months after RD (P<0.05). Western blot and immunofluorescence analyses showed decreased caspase-3 activation and increased Bcl-X_L expression following EPO treatment.

Conclusion

Intravitreal injection of EPO 400 ng is safe, and EPO may suppress caspase-3 activation and enhance Bcl-X_L expression, resulting in inhibition of apoptosis and protection of photoreceptor cells.     

Retinal complications of cataract surgery

Cataract surgery, like any surgical procedure, has associated complications. Acute retinal complications include globe perforation, dislocated lens fragments, hemorrhagic choroidal detachment, and endophthalmitis. Late retinal complications include retinal detachment, cystoid macular edema, and exacerbation of diabetic retinopathy and other retinal conditions. Proper and timely management of retinal complications from cataract surgery is crucial in maximizing visual outcomes. Many of the complications and current management strategies will be outlined in this review.     

Trans-scleral dye injection during vitreous surgery to identify clinically undetectable retinal breaks causing retinal detachment

Background/aims

Finding all retinal breaks is a critical step in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery in order to prevent persistent/recurrent retinal detachment (RD). We describe a technique of trans-scleral dye injection into the subretinal fluid under the detached retina in the context of recurrent/persistent RD in vitrectomized eyes, in order to determine the location of clinically unidentified (occult) retinal breaks causing RD.

Methods

Retrospective consecutive single-surgeon case-series analysis of patients presenting with a repeat RRD after having been treated with pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) as the method of primary RRD repair. Trans-scleral injection of subretinal vision blue (TSVB) was used to help identify retinal breaks during repeat vitrectomy. Outcome measures: successful detection of a break; location of breaks; persistent retinal attachment; final visual acuity (VA); complications.

Results

There were 395 cases of RRD during the 3-year period reviewed. TSVB was used for eight instances in seven eyes. All eight instances were repeat RRD. TSVB facilitated occult break detection in 7/8 instances of use. Breaks were at or adjacent to the previous cryo site in three instances. Persistent retinal attachment was achieved in 5/7 cases. Final VA increased in 5/7 cases. There was no evidence of complications as a result of TSVB injection.

Conclusions

TSVB coupled with indentation to vent a plume of dye through an occult break during vitreous surgery is a relatively simple technique that may facilitate the identification of occult retinal breaks and help achieve anatomical success and functional success.     

多种影像方法联合诊断眼内异物及其并发症

目的 评估CT、B超、X线拍片、MRI及超声生物显微镜（UBM）联合诊断和定位眼内异物及其并发症的准确性及价值。方法 对103例眼内异物患者的临床病例资料进行回顾性研究,内容包括：致伤原因、影像学检查及临床验证。结果 CT对103例患者眼内异物的显示率达100%,能较好地显示异物位置,大致确定异物为金属或非金属,但对异物的大小和形态显示不清,低密度异物显示不良,对眼内并发症的显示率较低。B超对103例患者眼内异物的显示率为93.2%,对眼前段异物和眼球后异物显示较差（分别为11/16和4/6）,但对眼内异物的并发症如玻璃体混浊、视网膜脱离显示良好。X线正、侧位拍片可清晰地显示眼内金属异物大小和形态。MRI对眼内低密度异物显示优于CT。UBM对眼前段低密度异物显示较好。结论 在眼内异物的诊断和定位中,CT的优势在于显示较高密度异物及其与眼球壁的关系,B超的优势在于显示异物与眼球壁的关系及眼内并发症,X线拍片的优势在于显示金属异物大小和形态,MRI的优势在于显示眼部非磁性低密度异物,UBM的优势在于显示眼前段低密度和细小异物。多种影像学方法联合应用可为手术提供较为全面的信息。     

A 25-Year-Old Man with Exudative Retinal Detachments and Infiltrates without Hematological or Neurological Findings Found to Have Relapsed Precursor T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Background

Precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (pre-T-ALL) may cause ocular pathologies such as cotton-wool spots, retinal hemorrhage, and less commonly, retinal detachment or leukemic infiltration of the retina itself. However, these findings are typically accompanied by the pathognomonic hematological signs of acute leukemia.

Case Presentation

In this case report and review of the literature, we describe a particularly unusual case of a 25-year-old man who presented to our hospital with bilateral exudative retinal detachments associated with posterior pole thickening without any hematological or neurological findings. The patient, who had a history of previously treated pre-T-ALL in complete remission, was found to have leukemia cell infiltration on retinal biopsy.

Conclusion

Our case underscores the fact that the ophthalmologist may be the first provider to detect the relapse of previously treated leukemia, and that ophthalmic evaluation is critical for detecting malignant ocular infiltrates.Key Words: Leukemia, Retinal detachment, Ophthalmology     

Microincision cataract surgery combined with vitrectomy: a case series

Aim

The objective of this study was to present the results of combined phacovitrectomy using 1.8 mm microincision cataract surgery (MICS) with special emphasis on the anterior segment complications in this group.

Methods

Retrospective, single-centre case series involving consecutive patients undergoing phacovitrectomy in a single centre in the United Kingdom during a 6-month period.

Results

A total of 52 eyes underwent combined MICS and pars plana vitrectomy. Intraoperative complications included posterior capsule rupture (n=2), minor iris trauma during phacoemulsification (n=1), iatrogenic retinal tears (n=2), and entry site break (n=1). Postoperatively two cases had significant inflammation, one of which resulted in 360° posterior synaechiea, iris bombe, and raised intraocular pressure. Other complications included mild posterior synaechiae (n=2), posterior capsular opacification (n=3), cystoid macular oedema (n=1), and hyphaema (n=1), which spontaneously resolved. There were no cases of intraocular lens decentration. Two patients who underwent surgery for retinal detachment repair subsequently redetached. Among those having surgery for macular hole, non-closure was seen in one patient and one patient developed a retinal detachment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, sub-2 mm MICS is a safe and effective technique in dealing with vitreoretinal disorders necessitating cataract surgery at the same time.     

Post-brachytherapy tumor endoresection for treatment of toxic maculopathy in choroidal melanoma

Purpose

Toxic tumor syndrome may occur when the irradiated choroidal melanoma releases cytokines, by exudation from irradiated ischemic tissue. We report our experience and outcomes in a series of post-brachytherapy tumor endoresection to mediate radiation complications.

Methods

Patients who underwent endoresection of a choroidal melanoma treated with iodine-125 plaque brachytherapy were evaluated. Baseline patient and tumor parameters were tabulated.

Results

Five patients underwent post-brachytherapy tumor endoresection with intraocular gas or silicone oil tamponade. Three of the five patients underwent concomitant phacoemulsification with intraocular lens placement. Initial tumor height ranged from 2.03–8.91 mm (mean 5.81 mm). Time between brachytherapy and endoresection ranged from 13–62 months (mean 26.8 months), and total follow-up time from brachytherapy ranged from 2.5–9.75 years (mean 5.2 years). Vision post-brachytherapy and pre-endoresection ranged from 20/30 to 20/400. Final visual acuity ranged from 20/70 to no light perception. One patient developed neovascular glaucoma. Radiation maculopathy increased in all patients. One patient developed metastasis at last follow-up. No patient developed exudative retinal detachment, none had local treatment failure, and none required enucleation.

Conclusion

Although tumor endoresection post-brachytherapy is a technically feasible procedure, all patients in our series experienced progressive radiation maculopathy with gradual visual decline.