Local Infiltration Analgesia for Postoperative Pain After Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Postoperative pain after hip arthroplasty (HA) is very common and severe. Currently, use of routine analgesic methods is often accompanied by adverse events (AEs). Local infiltration analgesia (LIA) for controlling pain has been a therapeutic option in many surgical procedures. However, its analgesic efficacy in HA and its safety remain unclear. Data from 9 randomized controlled trials, involving 760 participants, comparing the effect of LIA with that of placebo infiltration or no infiltration on patients undergoing HA were retrieved from an electronic database, and the pain scores, analgesic consumption, and AEs were analyzed. Effects were summarized using weighted mean differences, standardized mean differences, or odds ratio with fixed or random effect models. There was strong evidence of an association between LIA and reduced pain scores at 4 hours at rest (P < .00001) and with motion (P < .00001), 6 hours with motion (P = .02), and 24 hours at rest (P = .01), and decreased analgesic consumption during 0 to 24 hours (P = .001) after HA. These analgesic efficacies for LIA were not accompanied by any increased risk for AEs. However, the current meta-analysis did not reveal any associations between LIA and the reduced pain scores or analgesic consumption at other time points. The results suggest that LIA can be used for controlling pain after HA because of its efficacy in reducing pain scores and thus can reduce analgesic consumption on the first day without increased risk of AEs.PerspectiveThis is the first pooled database meta-analysis to assess the analgesic effects and safety of LIA in controlling pain after HA. The derived information offers direct evidence that LIA can be used for patients undergoing HA because of its ability to reduce pain scores and analgesic consumption without any additional AEs.     

Characterization of Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty in a Real-World Setting and Pain-Related Medication Prescriptions for Management of Postoperative Pain

ABSTRACT

Presently, no “gold-standard” exists for the management of pain after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery. Understanding pain management methods used in clinical practice and the associated patient outcomes are necessary to fill gaps in pain management strategies. This study characterizes medication use in the immediate postoperative period among patients undergoing TKA at an academic medical center. Additionally, pre- and postoperative measures of pain (numeric pain rating scale), physical function (Knee Society Scale and Lower Extremity Function [LEFS]), and quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form [SF]-36) were evaluated. The patient data were extracted from a clinical database at the University of Utah Orthopedic Clinic between September 1, 2008, and November 30, 2010. A total of 168 patients (mean age 64.0 ± 10.1 years, 63.1% were female, mean body mass index [BMI] 31.7 ± 7.1 kg/m²) were included. The most common comorbidities in these patients were osteoarthritis, hypertension, and major depressive disorders. Bupivacaine and fentanyl were commonly given on the day of surgery with oxycodone, hydrocodone/acetaminophen, and celecoxib prescribed at hospital discharge. Preoperative pain levels were reduced by half at 6 weeks. Physical function and quality of life were similar to established benchmarks and previously reported levels, respectively. Confirmation of results over a longer follow-up period is warranted.     

计算机导航治疗与传统方法进行膝关节置换手术效果比较的系统评价

目的对计算机导航治疗与传统方法进行膝关节置换手术的放射学及术后功能评价进行Meta分析。方法计算机检索Cochrane Library（CCTR）及Cochrane协作网肌骨组专业试验数据库、MEDLINE（1966～2009）、EMbase（1980～2009）、PubMed、NRR（http：//www.update-software.com/National/）、CCT（http：//www.controlled-trials.com）和中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）,手工检索中文骨科文献,收集计算机导航技术与传统方法比较进行膝关节置换手术的临床随机对照试验（RCT）。评价纳入研究的方法学质量后,采用RevMan 4.2.8软件进行Meta分析。结果共纳入18个RCT,包括2439例患者,其中A级5个,B级13个。Meta分析结果显示：①在放射学测量上,两种方法：对下肢机械轴的测量精确性有差异[WMD=–0.56,95%CI（–0.74,–0.38）],对股骨冠状轴和矢状轴及旋转角度的测量无明显差异[WMD（95CI）分别为–0.29（–0.58,0.00）、–1.64（–3.49,0.21）及–0.11（–0.87,0.66）];对胫骨冠状轴的测量无明显差异[WMD=–0.31,95%CI（–0.69,0.06）],而对矢状轴的测量有明显差异[WMD=–0.69,95%CI（–1.10,–0.28）];对胫股冠状角的测量无明显差异[WMD=0.03,95%CI（–0.78,0.84）],对髌骨倾斜角及髌骨旋转角度也无明显差异[WMD（95%CI）分别为–1.45（–3.12,0.22）及–0.34（–0.71,0.02）]。②在操作时间上两者有明显差异[WMD=13.31,95%CI（10.00,16.63）],在并发症及出血量方面两者无明显差异[RR及95%CI分别为1.65（0.87,3.13）及–74.81（–184.71,35.09）。③在术后功能评价上,纳入研究均随访超过6个月,两者在关节活动度、KSS评分及OXFORD评分上无明显差异[WMD（95%CI）分别为–2.17（–5.66,1.33）、6.28（–3.69,16.25）、–0.31（–2.05,1.43）]。结论与传统方法相比较,计算机导航技术进行膝关节置换手术：①下肢机械轴的测量及胫骨矢状轴的测量上两者有显著差异,而在股骨冠状轴和矢状轴及旋转角度的测量上,胫骨冠状轴及胫股冠状角的测量上,以及髌骨倾斜角及髌骨旋转角度的测量上,两者无明显差异。②因计算机导航属于新技术领域,操作不熟练,故在操作时间上,两者差异较大,而并发症及出血量方面,两者无明显差异。③在功能评价上（随访超过6个月）,两者无明显差异,而长期随访效果有待进一步研究。     

全膝关节置换术股内侧肌入路与内侧髌旁入路比较的系统评价

目的 系统评价经股内侧肌入路全膝关节置换术的有效性及安全性。 方法 计算机检索Cochrane 图书馆、EMbase、PubMed 和CBM,全面搜集经股内侧肌入路和内侧髌旁入路膝关节置换术的所有临床对照试验,按Cochrane 系统评价方法评价纳入研究质量,并使用RevMan 5.0 软件进行Meta 分析。 结果 最终纳入8 个研究,包括4 个RCT,2 个半随机对照试验,2 个非随机对照试验。Mata 分析结果显示,股内侧肌入路组与内侧髌旁组相比,外侧支持带松解率［RR=0.75,95%CI（0.52,1.08）,P=0.12］、术后6 周膝关节屈曲活动度［MD=2.65,95%CI（– 1.20,6.50）,P=0.18）］、手术时间［MD=1.04,95%CI（– 3.50,5.58）］及术后不良反应［OR=1.04,95%CI（0.43,2.52）,P=0.94］差异均无统计学意义。此外,1 个研究提示两组术中出血量差异无统计学意义,2 个研究提示股内侧肌入路组术中出血量要少于内侧髌旁入路组,1 个研究未作统计学分析;2 个研究提示两组术后直腿抬高时间上无差异,另1 个研究提示术后直腿抬高时间股内侧肌入路组要短于内侧髌旁入路组。 结论 现有证据表明,股内侧肌入路全膝关节置换术在外侧支持带松解率、术后6 周膝关节屈曲活动度、手术时间和术后不良反应方面与内侧髌旁入路的效果相似,但两者术中出血量和直腿抬高时间有无差异尚不能判断。受纳入研究质量限制,上述结果还有待开展更多高质量的临床试验来进一步证实。     

人工全膝关节置换前后的康复治疗

目的：探讨人工全膝关节置换（TKA）术后的康复治疗效果。方法：90例110膝行TKA的患者，在术前后均给予康复指导和训练，并采用美国特种外科医院（HSS）膝关节评分标准进行疗效评定。结果：术后21d独立行走68例（75．6％），扶拐行走22例（24．4％），其中内翻畸形1例（1．1％），无膝过伸；膝关节屈膝90。有75膝（68．2％），100。19膝（17．3％），〉110。12膝（10．9％），510。屈曲畸形4膝（3．6％）；术后疼痛消失86膝（78．2％），明显改善22膝（20％），无改善2膝（8．2％）。临床疗效评定，达优88膝（80％），良15膝（13％），优良率93％。结论：加强患者术前后的康复治疗，有利于减少膝关节疼痛和增加膝关节活动度和肌力。     

Comparison Between Periarticular Analgesia Versus Intraarticular Injection for Effectiveness and Safety After Total Knee Arthroplasty

PurposeIn most studies, local infiltration analgesia (LIA) can provide better analgesic effect in the early postoperative period, but the optimal technique is unknown. Our study was designed to evaluated the early clinical efficacy and safety of periarticular analgesia versus intraarticular injection in Total knee arthroplasty (TKA).DesignA prospective study was conducted on 100 patients admitted for TKA. Subjects were divided into two groups: 50 in group A, 50 in Group B.MethodsPatients in group A received periarticular analgesia with ropivacaine 300 mg and morphine 5 mg (the drugs were diluted with saline to 50 ml) in the periosteal borders, posterior capsule and extensor apparatus and subcutaneous tissues during surgery. After stitching of joint capsule, tranexamic acid (TXA) 2 g (20 ml) was injected into the articular cavity. Group B patients had all of the 70 mL mixture (ropivacaine 300 mg, morphine 5 mg and TXA 2 g) injected intraarticularly after stitching of the joint capsule. We assessed postoperative length of stay (LOS), knee functional outcome, pain, and complications after surgery.FindingsThere was no statistical difference in visual analog scale (VAS) scores for knee pain between the two groups on postoperative day (POD)1, 3, or 30 (P > .05). Mean postoperative LOS was 7.40 ± 1.98 days in Group A, compared to 8.02 ± 2.09 days in Group B (P > .05). No significant differences between groups were seen in the mean swelling ratio (P > .05), and no significant differences were found in the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score and range of motion (ROM) at 30 days follow-up (P > .05). There was also no statistical difference in the incidence of complications (such as superficial wound infection, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and nausea and vomiting) between the Group A and the Group B.ConclusionsIn conclusion, it seems that intraarticular injection had a similar analgesic effect compared with periarticular injection when adopting a multi-modal analgesia regimen. Our results suggest that there is no obvious advantage with the use of periarticular injections compared to intraarticular injection. The authors believe that intraarticular injection may be a better technique compared with periarticular injections in the absence of a drainage tube because intraarticular injection can reduce the number of surgical steps and have similar postoperative outcomes.     

全膝关节置换术前本体感觉训练对术后的影响

目的：探讨全膝关节置换术前本体感觉训练对术后功能恢复的影响。方法：选取48例严重膝关节骨关节炎且拟行全膝关节置换术的患者,随机分为2组。训练组26例在行全膝关节置换术前6周进行本体感觉训练,包括膝屈曲位、双单腿、睁闭眼等的平板训练,固定自行车练习等。对照组22例未进行本体感觉训练。2组分别在行全膝关节置换术前后6周进行膝关节本体感觉测试（即膝关节主动复位误差角度值）;术后6周进行膝关节功能评分（Hospital for Special Surgery,HSS）;以Biodex 3等速系统测量2组患者双膝关节主动复位误差角度,以作为个体本体感觉能力优劣的代表。结果：术后6周训练组患膝关节主动复位误差角度值明显小于术前及对照组（P〈0.05）。HSS项目中的疼痛、行走功能、肌力及稳定性评分,训练组均明显高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论：全膝关节置换术前进行本体感觉训练,可以提高患者术后本体感觉及肢体功能。     

初次全膝关节置换术后放置与不放置引流对术后快速康复的影响

目的 探讨初次全膝关节置换术(TKA)后放置与不放置引流对术后快速康复的影响.方法 回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年9月本院接受初次TKA的膝骨关节炎患者80例.A组(n=40)术后常规放置引流管,B组(n=40)术后不放置引流管,比较两组术后血清炎症因子指标、术后疼痛评分、术后并发症发生率、术后离床活动时间、住院...     

人工全膝关节置换术髌骨置换有效性的系统评价

目的系统评价人工全膝关节置换术（Total knee arthroplasty,TKA）髌骨置换的疗效。方法计算机检索PubMed（1950～2008．6）、OVIDMEDLINE（1950～2008．6）、OVIDCINAHU1950～2008．6）、OVIDEBM（2008年第2季度）、CBMdisc（1978～2008．6）、CNKI（1981～2008．6）,手工检索《中华外科杂志》等6种中文主要外科杂志。收集比较人工全膝关节置换术髌骨置换与髌骨不置换的随机对照试验（RCT）,评价纳入研究的方法学质量,并提取有效数据采用Stata10．0软件进行Meta分析,以比较髌骨置换组和髌骨不置换组中因髌股关节问题再手术、膝前痛及膝关节HSS评分（The Knee Societyscore）的差异：结果共纳入13个RCT,包括1566例患者。Meta分析结果显示：髌骨置换组凶髌股关节问题再手术的发生率显著低于髌骨不置换组[H=13,RR=0．34,95％CI（0．19,0．59）,P〈0．01]。按随访时间进行亚组分析,随访〈5年亚组再手术发生率差异无统计学意义[RR=0．40,95％CI（0．16,1．00）,P=0．05],随访≥5年亚组,再手术发生率髌骨置换组显著低于髌骨不置换组[RR=0．30,95％CI（0．14,O．62）,P〈0．01]。在屁著性膝前痛及随访时膝关节HSS功能评分上,两组差异均无统计学意义。结论髌骨置换术后因髌股关节问题再手术的发生率显著低于非髌骨置换组,这种差异在长期随访时更为明显。在膝前痛发生率和膝关节HSS评分上,髌骨置换组与髌骨不置换组相比差异无统计学意义。由于纳入研究存在不同形式的偏倚,得出的结论还需要大样本、多中心及长期随访的随机对照试验来进一步证实。     

全膝关节置换术后的康复治疗要点与相关研究

康复治疗对人工膝关节置换术后的临床效果至关重要，是术后膝关节功能能够达到预期效果的重要措施。肌力训练、关节活动度训练、本体觉训练及行走步态训练是术后康复治疗最重要的内容。为最大限度地恢复膝关节功能，综合康复训练必不可少，包括各种主动肌力训练增加膝关节伸、屈肌力；早期持续被动膝关节活动度训练增加关节活动度；本体感觉训练改善膝关节的运动控制能力、姿势校正及平衡维持能力；行走步态训练矫正异常行走步态等。     

全膝关节置换术加速康复循证护理实践方案的构建

目的 构建全膝关节置换患者加速康复循证护理实践方案。方法 本研究以爱荷华循证实践模式为指导,开展指南检索、筛选与纳入、推荐意见提取,通过德尔菲专家咨询与患者围手术期症状与治疗体验质性研究,进行指南推荐意见的筛选与行动方案的构建。结果 研究共纳入12篇指南,通过德尔菲专家咨询纳入推荐意见43条,结合患者质性访谈所得8类围手术期健康问题进行整合。形成术前行动方案9个模块,包括预后不良危险因素、焦虑与失眠、疼痛、营养、出血、凝血（深静脉血栓）、感染、便秘、活动;术中行动方案1个模块即手术方案模块;术后行动方案8个模块,内容包括疼痛、营养、便秘、引流与出血、凝血（深静脉血栓）、运动与康复、感染、焦虑与失眠。结论 全膝关节置换患者加速康复循证护理实践方案依托最佳证据、结合临床实践现状、医护人员的专业判断及患者意愿制定,可为促进全膝关节置换术患者加速康复提供管理策略。     

同一住院周期一期与分期双侧全膝关节置换疗效比较

  目的  比较同一住院周期内进行一期双侧全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty, TKA)和分期双侧TKA的临床差异。  方法  回顾性分析2003至2008年因双膝原发性骨关节炎, 在本院一个住院周期内接受双膝关节表面置换手术且随访资料满2年的患者233例。根据双侧膝关节手术时间不同分为一期手术组和分期手术组, 分别比较两组患者术前因素、治疗因素和疗效间的差异。术前因素包括年龄、体重指数(体重kg/身高m²)、病程时间(从起病到手术)和术前合并症; 治疗因素包括术前住院时间、总住院时间、双侧手术总时间、双侧术中总止血带时间、双侧手术总引流量、总输血量; 疗效判定采用术前HSS评分、术后2年时HSS评分及HSS评分改善程度(末次与术前HSS评分的差值)作为量化标准, 并统计并发症的种类及例数。  结果  一期手术组患者191例(男性31例, 女性160例), 分期手术组患者42例(男性5例, 女性37例)。分期手术组术前合并症率明显高于一期手术组, 但两组年龄、体重指数、病程时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。分期手术组总住院时间明显长于一期手术组(P < 0.01), 但一期手术组总输血量明显多于分期手术组(P < 0.01), 两组术前住院时间、总手术时间、总止血带时间、总引流量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组术前、术后2年时HSS评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。一期手术组术后伤口并发症率高于分期手术组, 两组仅有小腿肌间静脉发生血栓, 且发病率比较差异无统计学意义。两组均无严重并发症发生、住院死亡率均为0。  结论  在合理选择患者并进行完善的术前准备下, 同一住院周期内一期双膝TKA和分期双膝TKA具有相同的安全性和临床效果。     

全膝关节置换术对本体感觉的影响

目的：探讨全膝关节置换术后对患侧本体感觉的影响。方法：选取48例全膝关节置换术后3个月的患者（置换组）和50例同龄正常人（健康组）,以Biodex 3等速系统测试双膝关节主动复位的误差角度,以作为个体本体感觉能力优劣的评估指标。结果：置换组患者术侧膝关节主动复位误差角度显著大于健康组的左右膝（P〈0.05）。结论：全膝关节置换术后患者的个体本体感觉明显降低,因此其运动康复计划中应包含本体感觉的训练。     

初次人工膝关节置换术后患者伤口引流血量观察与护理

目的 探讨人工膝关节置换术后时间与引流血量的关系,比较术后不同引流方式对引流血量及异体血输入情况的影响.方法 观察120例人工膝关节置换术后患者8 h内引流血量情况,分析其变化趋势;观察术后不同引流方式的引流血量及异体血输入情况.结果 人工膝关节置换术后8 h内的引流血量占总引流量的90%以上,其中术后最初4 h为出血高峰期.应用普通引流袋和自体血回输装置术后引流血量比较,差异无统计学意义,两种方法术后异体血输入情况比较,差异有统计学意义.结论 在对初次人工膝关节置换术后伤口引流的护理中,需加强术后8 h内尤其是术后最初4 h的监护,防止血压急剧下降甚至失血性休克的发生.同时应用自体血回输装置进行伤口引流可有效补充自体血,减少异体血输注,防止相关并发症.